專(zhuān)題41 閱讀理解之主旨大意題（練案）解析版 - 副本

1/40高考一輪復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)清單專(zhuān)題41閱讀理解之主旨大意題（練案）解析版（高考考情+思維導(dǎo)圖+真題演練+名校模擬）目錄一、閱讀理解主旨大意題高考考情P1二、閱讀理解主旨大意題思維導(dǎo)圖P2三、閱讀理解主旨大意題真題演練2篇P3四、閱讀理解主旨大意題名校模擬16篇P6【名校模擬一：段落大意題】P6【名校模擬二：文章大意題】P12【名校模擬三：記敘文標(biāo)題概括題】P18【名校模擬四：說(shuō)明文標(biāo)題概括題】P25【名校模擬五：議論文標(biāo)題概括題】P32【名校模擬四：新聞報(bào)道標(biāo)題概括題】P36一、閱讀理解主旨大意題高考考情2022-2024高考閱讀理解考點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)卷別細(xì)節(jié)理解題主旨大意題主旨大意題主旨大意題2024新課標(biāo)I卷91412024新課標(biāo)II卷91412023新課標(biāo)I卷61712023新課標(biāo)II卷61712022新課標(biāo)I卷82412022新課標(biāo)II卷82412024全國(guó)甲卷71612023全國(guó)甲卷81512023全國(guó)乙卷51812022全國(guó)甲卷81332022全國(guó)乙卷10131二、閱讀理解主旨大意題思維導(dǎo)圖三、閱讀理解主旨大意題真題演練【真題演練01】【2023浙江首考】AccordingtotheSolarEnergyIndustryAssociation,thenumberofsolarpanelsinstalled(安裝)hasgrownrapidlyinthepastdecade,andithastogrowevenfastertomeetclimategoals.Butallofthatgrowthwilltakeupalotofspace,andthoughmoreandmorepeopleaccepttheconceptofsolarenergy,fewlikelargesolarpanelstobeinstallednearthem.Solardeveloperswanttoputuppanelsasquicklyandcheaplyaspossible,sotheyhaven’tgivenmuchthoughttowhattheyputunderthem.Often,they’llendupfillingtheareawithsmallstonesandusingchemicalstocontrolweeds.Theresultisthatmanycommunities,especiallyinfarmingregions,seesolarfarmsasdestroyersofthesoil.“Solarprojectsneedtobegoodneighbors,”saysJordanMacknick,theheadoftheInnovativeSitePreparationandImpactReductionsontheEnvironment(InSPIRE)project.“Theyneedtobeprotectorsofthelandandcontributetotheagriculturaleconomy.”InSPIREisinvestigatingpracticalapproachesto“l(fā)ow-impact”solardevelopment,whichfocusesonestablishingandoperatingsolarfarmsinawaythatiskindertotheland.Oneoftheeasiestlow-impactsolarstrategiesisprovidinghabitatforpollinators(傳粉昆蟲(chóng)).Habitatloss,pesticideuse,andclimatechangehavecauseddramaticdeclinesinpollinatorpopulationsoverthepastcoupleofdecades,whichhasdamagedtheU.S.agriculturaleconomy.Over28stateshavepassedlawsrelatedtopollinatorhabitatprotectionandpesticideuse.Conservationorganizationsputoutpollinator-friendlinessguidelinesforhomegardens,businesses,schools,cities—andnowthereareguidelinesforsolarfarms.Overthepastfewyears,manysolarfarmdevelopershavetransformedthespaceundertheirsolarpanelsintoashelterforvariouskindsofpollinators,resultinginsoilimprovementandcarbonreduction.“Thesepollinator-friendlysolarfarmscanhaveavaluableimpactoneverythingthat’sgoingoninthelandscape,”saysMacknick.32.Whatdosolardevelopersoftenignore?A.Thedeclineinthedemandforsolarenergy.B.Thenegativeimpactofinstallingsolarpanels.C.Therisinglaborcostofbuildingsolarfarms.D.Themostrecentadvancesinsolartechnology.33.WhatdoesInSPIREaimtodo?A.Improvetheproductivityoflocalfarms.B.Inventnewmethodsforcontrollingweeds.C.Makesolarprojectsenvironmentallyfriendly.D.Promotetheuseofsolarenergyinruralareas.34.Whatisthepurposeofthelawsmentionedinparagraph4?A.Toconservepollinators. B.Torestrictsolardevelopment.C.Todiversifytheeconomy. D.Toensurethesupplyofenergy.35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Pollinators:ToLeaveortoStay B.SolarEnergy:HopefortheFutureC.InSPIRE:ALeaderinAgriculture D.SolarFarms:ANewDevelopment【答案】32.B33.C34.A35.D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。介紹的是用一種更加友好的方式建立一種新型的太陽(yáng)能農(nóng)場(chǎng)，這種新型的農(nóng)場(chǎng)更有利于保護(hù)各種傳粉昆蟲(chóng)，從而促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展。32.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Often,they’llendupfillingtheareawithsmallstonesandusingchemicalstocontrolweeds.Theresultisthatmanycommunities,especiallyinfarmingregions,seesolarfarmsasdestroyersofthesoil.(通常，他們最終會(huì)用小石頭填滿(mǎn)該地區(qū)，并使用化學(xué)物質(zhì)來(lái)控制雜草。結(jié)果是，許多社區(qū)，特別是在農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)，將太陽(yáng)能農(nóng)場(chǎng)視為土壤的破壞者。)”可知，太陽(yáng)能開(kāi)發(fā)者采用不環(huán)保的方式處理太陽(yáng)能板安裝后產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題，導(dǎo)致人們把太陽(yáng)能農(nóng)場(chǎng)看作是土壤的破壞者，由此可以推斷，開(kāi)發(fā)者在安裝太陽(yáng)能板后忽略了其帶來(lái)的負(fù)面影響。故選B項(xiàng)。33.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“InSPIREisinvestigatingpracticalapproachesto“l(fā)ow-impact”solardevelopment,whichfocusesonestablishingandoperatingsolarfarmsinawaythatiskindertotheland.(InSPIRE正在研究“低影響”太陽(yáng)能開(kāi)發(fā)的實(shí)用方法，其重點(diǎn)是以對(duì)土地更友好的方式建立和運(yùn)營(yíng)太陽(yáng)能農(nóng)場(chǎng)。)”可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方式建立和運(yùn)營(yíng)太陽(yáng)能農(nóng)場(chǎng)，也就是使得太陽(yáng)能農(nóng)場(chǎng)更加環(huán)保。故選C項(xiàng)。34.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Over28stateshavepassedlawsrelatedtopollinatorhabitatprotectionandpesticideuse.(超過(guò)28個(gè)州通過(guò)了與傳粉媒介棲息地保護(hù)和農(nóng)藥使用有關(guān)的法律。)”可知，這些法律都是與保護(hù)傳粉者棲息地和農(nóng)藥使用相關(guān)，所以這些法律的目的是保護(hù)授粉者。故選A項(xiàng)。35.主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Overthepastfewyears,manysolarfarmdevelopershavetransformedthespaceundertheirsolarpanelsintoashelterforvariouskindsofpollinators,resultinginsoilimprovementandcarbonreduction.(在過(guò)去的幾年里，許多太陽(yáng)能農(nóng)場(chǎng)開(kāi)發(fā)商將太陽(yáng)能電池板下的空間改造成各種傳粉媒介的庇護(hù)所，從而改善了土壤并減少了碳排放。)”可知，現(xiàn)在的太陽(yáng)能農(nóng)場(chǎng)在過(guò)去的幾年里已經(jīng)得到了很大的發(fā)展，更重要的是太陽(yáng)能農(nóng)場(chǎng)也變得更加的環(huán)保，這將是未來(lái)發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)的新趨勢(shì)，再結(jié)合全文對(duì)太陽(yáng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的發(fā)展過(guò)程的介紹可以判斷，本文主題是介紹太陽(yáng)能農(nóng)場(chǎng)。故選D項(xiàng)?！菊骖}演練02】（2022新高考I卷D篇）Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對(duì)齊),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(結(jié)構(gòu)),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.”Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety. B.Itsdistribution. C.Itsquantity. D.Itsdevelopment.33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication. B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem. D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.【答案】32.D33.C34.A35.C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本篇是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹因?yàn)轱嬍车母淖儗?dǎo)致了現(xiàn)在在世界上一半的語(yǔ)言中發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的語(yǔ)音。32.D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.（30多年前，學(xué)者CharlesHockett注意到，被稱(chēng)為唇齒音的語(yǔ)音，如“f”和“v”，在吃軟食物的社會(huì)的語(yǔ)言中更常見(jiàn)?，F(xiàn)在，瑞士蘇黎世大學(xué)的DamianBlasi領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一組研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一趨勢(shì)產(chǎn)生的方式和原因。）”可知DamianBlasi的研究重點(diǎn)是在語(yǔ)言的演變上。故選D。33.C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned，makingithardtoproducelabiodentals，whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，古人類(lèi)的上門(mén)牙和下門(mén)牙是對(duì)齊的，因此很難產(chǎn)生唇齒音，唇齒音是通過(guò)下唇接觸上牙齒而形成的。后來(lái)，我們的下顎變成了覆蓋咬合結(jié)構(gòu)，更容易發(fā)出這樣的聲音）”可知，因?yàn)楣糯赡耆说南骂€結(jié)構(gòu)使他們很難發(fā)出唇齒音。故選C。34.A。主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段中的“AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesafterthesoNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.（對(duì)語(yǔ)言數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的分析也證實(shí)，在新石器時(shí)代之后，世界語(yǔ)言的發(fā)音發(fā)生了全球性的變化，在過(guò)去幾千年里，“f”和“v”的使用顯著增加。這些聲音在今天許多狩獵采集者的語(yǔ)言中仍然沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)）”可知，第五段主要是通過(guò)列明數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果來(lái)進(jìn)一步證明研究結(jié)果。故選A。35.C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中““Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（研究小組成員StevenMoran說(shuō):“自從人類(lèi)出現(xiàn)以來(lái)，我們使用的語(yǔ)音不一定保持穩(wěn)定，我們今天發(fā)現(xiàn)的各種語(yǔ)音都是生物變化和文化進(jìn)化等復(fù)雜相互作用的產(chǎn)物?！保笨芍琒tevenMoran認(rèn)為語(yǔ)音是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的動(dòng)態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C。四、閱讀理解主旨大意題名校模擬【名校模擬一：段落大意題】（2024·四川樂(lè)山·三模）Anotheryearofrecordfossilfuelburningleadingtorecordhighglobaltemperatures.Timeisrunningouttosolvetheclimatecrisis,andgreatdisasterscomenearus.You’reprobablyusedtosuchheadlines,andyoumayhavemomentsofhopelessnessaboutthefuture.Butcanyouturnsuchgloom(灰暗)messagingofclimatecrisisintomeaningfulchange?Ourrecentglobalstudysaysyes—butthemessagesmustbeusedwisely.In2019,inhisbook,DavidWallace-Wellspaintedaterrifyinglandscapeofthesufferingawaitingusifwedon’taddressclimatechange,leavingmanyfeelingconsumedbyfearandhelplessness.Noteveryoneisafanofhisgloommessaging.ClimatescientistslikeMichaelMannhavewarnedagainstit,messagingthatitcandepressanddiscouragethepublic,andleadtofurtherclimateinaction.AndthetitleofanewbookbyHannahRitchiestatesclearlythatit’sNottheEndoftheWorld:HowWeCanBetheFirstGenerationtoBuildaSustainablePlanet.Tohelpfigureoutthepreciseimpactofclimategloommessaging,werecentlycompletedalargeexperiment.Ourfindingsrevealedthatgloommessagingwashighlyeffectiveforstimulatingclimatechangeinformationsharing,likepostingontheInternetorsocialmedia.Wallace-Wellswasrightinthisaspect.ButMannandRitchiewerealsoright.Hearingthesemessagesactuallydecreasedpeople’spositivebehaviorsagainstenvironmentalpollution—whenfacedwiththeenormousmessagesoftheclimatecrisis,individual-levelactionsmightseemfutile(徒勞的).Sogloommessagingcandoboththings:causehelplessness,discouragingindividual-levelaction;butalsomotivatepeopletospreadtheword.Ourresearchalsofoundseveralothermessagesthatmovedtheneedleonclimatechangebeliefsandactions.Thissuggeststhatunderstandinghowdifferentmessageswork,andinwhatcontexts,willbecriticaltochangingbeliefs,spreadingtheword,andmotivatingaction.1．Whatmessagedoesgloommessagingintendtodeliver?A．Theunstoppabletendencytodisasters.B．Disastrouseffectsofburningfossilfuels.C．Theurgencytodealwithclimatecrisis.D．Confidenceinenvironmentalprotection.2．WhydosomeclimatescientistsdisagreewithWallace-Wells’view?A．Becausetheydon’tbelievethereissevereclimatecrisis.B．Becausetheyfearitwillleadtomoreenvironmentalpollution.C．Becausetheyplantobuildanewworldinanotherplanet.D．Becausetheyworryitmakespeoplegiveupclimateactions.3．Howdoesgloommessagingaffectthepublicaccordingtoparagraph3?A．Itencouragespeopletofightagainstclimatechange.B．Itincreasespeople’sawarenessofclimatecrisis.C．Ithasnoimpactonclimatechangebehaviors.D．Itmisleadspeopleintospreadingwrongnews.4．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A．Thelackofsolutionforinspiringclimateactions.B．Gloommessages’influencesonclimatebehaviors.C．Theimportanceofstudyingdifferentmessages’effects.D．Rightattitudestoclimatechangebeliefsandbehaviors.【答案】1．C2．D3．B4．C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了我們常常在媒體看到關(guān)于氣候的悲觀信息，一定要研究這些信息的影響，建議明智地使用這些信息，把這些信息轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛幸娴男畔ⅰ?．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“Timeisrunningouttosolvetheclimatecrisis,andgreatdisasterscomenearus.(解決氣候危機(jī)的時(shí)間所剩無(wú)幾，大災(zāi)難近在眼前)”可知，這條令人郁悶的信息本是想告知大家解決氣候問(wèn)題的迫切性。故選C項(xiàng)。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“In2019,inhisbook,DavidWallace-Wellspaintedaterrifyinglandscapeofthesufferingawaitingusifwedon’taddressclimatechange,leavingmanyfeelingconsumedbyfearandhelplessness….ClimatescientistslikeMichaelMannhavewarnedagainstit,messagingthatitcandepressanddiscouragethepublic,andleadtofurtherclimateinaction.(2019年，大衛(wèi)?華萊士-威爾斯(DavidWallace-Wells)在他的書(shū)中描繪了一幅可怕的景象，如果我們不解決氣候變化問(wèn)題，我們將面臨可怕的苦難，讓許多人感到恐懼和無(wú)助?！~克爾?曼等氣候科學(xué)家對(duì)此提出了警告，稱(chēng)這可能會(huì)讓公眾感到沮喪和氣餒，并導(dǎo)致進(jìn)一步的氣候不作為)”可知，這些科學(xué)家擔(dān)心，人們感到絕望而放棄努力，不去積極應(yīng)對(duì)氣候問(wèn)題。故選D項(xiàng)。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Ourfindingsrevealedthatgloommessagingwashighlyeffectiveforstimulatingclimatechangeinformationsharing,likepostingontheInternetorsocialmedia.(我們的研究結(jié)果表明，悲觀的信息傳遞對(duì)于刺激氣候變化信息共享非常有效，比如在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)或社交媒體上發(fā)帖)”可知，這條悲觀信息提升了人們對(duì)于氣候問(wèn)題的危機(jī)意識(shí)。故選B項(xiàng)。4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“Ourresearchalsofoundseveralothermessagesthatmovedtheneedleonclimatechangebeliefsandactions.Thissuggeststhatunderstandinghowdifferentmessageswork,andinwhatcontexts,willbecriticaltochangingbeliefs,spreadingtheword,andmotivatingaction.(我們的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)了其他一些影響氣候變化信念和行動(dòng)的信息。這表明，理解不同的信息是如何起作用的，以及在什么情況下起作用，對(duì)于改變信念、傳播信息和激勵(lì)行動(dòng)是至關(guān)重要的)”可知，本段表示正確研究理解不同信息的影響是很重要的。故選C項(xiàng)。（2024·安徽合肥·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）“Theantandthezebra”soundslikethetitleofoneofAesop’sfables(寓言).Likeallgood.fables,thisonehasamoral,whichisthathumaninterventioninnaturehasunpredictableconsequences.UnliketheGreekoriginals,though,thisfableisreal.ThestoryplaysoutinLaikipiacounty,Kenya,wherethebig-headedants,aninvasive(入侵的)specieshavegraduallybeenreplacingthenativeacaciaants.AsMrKamaru,aKenyanbiologistfromtheUniversityofWyoming,andhiscolleaguesreportinScience,theantinvasionhastriggeredacomplicatedchainofconsequenceswhichhashelpedzebrasattheexpenseofbuffaloes,thusneatlyillustratingaphenomenoncalledtrophiccascade(營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)鏈).Itworkslikethis.Akindoftree—whistling-thorntrees—providestheantswithshelterandfood.Theants,meanwhile,protectthetreesbyseeingoffthechiefthreattothem,thelocalelephants,whicharenotkeentoeattrees,crawlingwithbitinginsects.However,big-headedantsarenotsogoodatkeepingtheelephantsatbay(陷入困境).Theelephantsmoveinandchewthetrees,removingmuchofthearea’scover.Thatthrowsthelocallionsintoconfusion,whichoftenusethiscovertohidewhenhuntingzebras.Tocompensate(補(bǔ)償),thelionsswitchtohuntingbuffaloes,whicharemoredangerous,butrunslower.MrKamaruhasputnumberstotheprocesstoo.Ininvadedareas,elephantsbreaktreesfivetoseventimesasoftenasinuninvadedones.Andinthoseuninvadedplaces,zebrakillsarealmostthreetimesasfrequentasthoseintheinvadedones.Indeed,between2003and2020,asthebig-headedantsspread,theproportion(比例)oflocallionkillswherethevictimwasazebrafellfrom67%to42%.Onthecontrary,overthesameperiod,theproportionofbuffalokillsrosefromzeroto42%.Whetherthebuffaloesblametheantsfortheirmisfortune,nooneknows.5．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Howhumanactivitiesimpactnature.B．Whatthephenomenonoftrophiccascadeis.C．Howthebig-headedantsinvadeacountyinKenya.D．Whythestoryaboutdifferentspeciesissignificant.6．Whoaretherealvictimsinthechain?A．Lions. B．Buffaloes. C．Elephants. D．Zebras.7．WhydoesMrKamaruputnumbersinhisreport?A．Toshowtheresults. B．Toexplainthereasons.C．Toanalyzetheprocess. D．Togivesomeexamples.8．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheMisfortuneofAnimals B．TheSecretsofNatureC．HowZebrasandAntsBecomeFriends D．HowAntsPersuadedLionstoEatBuffaloes【答案】5．B6．B7．A8．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了因外來(lái)螞蟻入侵而引發(fā)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的一系列連鎖反應(yīng)。5．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“ThestoryplaysoutinLaikipiacounty,Kenya,wherethebig-headedants,aninvasive(入侵的)specieshavegraduallybeenreplacingthenativeacaciaants.AsMrKamaru,aKenyanbiologistfromtheUniversityofWyoming,andhiscolleaguesreportinScience,theantinvasionhastriggeredacomplicatedchainofconsequenceswhichhashelpedzebrasattheexpenseofbuffaloes,thusneatlyillustratingaphenomenoncalledtrophiccascade(營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)鏈).(故事發(fā)生在肯尼亞的萊基皮亞縣，那里的入侵物種大頭蟻已經(jīng)逐漸取代了本地的金合歡蟻。來(lái)自懷俄明大學(xué)的肯尼亞生物學(xué)家Kamaru先生和他的同事們?cè)凇犊茖W(xué)》雜志上報(bào)告說(shuō)，入侵引發(fā)了一系列復(fù)雜的后果，以犧牲水牛為代價(jià)幫助了斑馬，從而巧妙地說(shuō)明了一種被稱(chēng)為營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)聯(lián)的現(xiàn)象)”可知，第二段的主要內(nèi)容是什么是營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)鏈現(xiàn)象。故選B。6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Tocompensate(補(bǔ)償),thelionsswitchtohuntingbuffaloes,whicharemoredangerous,butrunslower.(為了補(bǔ)償，獅子轉(zhuǎn)而獵殺水牛，水牛更危險(xiǎn)，但跑得更慢)”可知，級(jí)鏈中真正的受害者是水牛。故選B。7．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“MrKamaruhasputnumberstotheprocesstoo.Ininvadedareas,elephantsbreaktreesfivetoseventimesasoftenasinuninvadedones.Andinthoseuninvadedplaces,zebrakillsarealmostthreetimesasfrequentasthoseintheinvadedones.Indeed,between2003and2020,asthebig-headedantsspread,theproportion(比例)oflocallionkillswherethevictimwasazebrafellfrom67%to42%.Onthecontrary,overthesameperiod,theproportionofbuffalokillsrosefromzeroto42%.(卡馬魯也對(duì)這一進(jìn)程進(jìn)行了量化。在被入侵的地區(qū)，大象破壞樹(shù)木的頻率是未被入侵地區(qū)的5到7倍。在那些未被入侵的地方，斑馬的殺戮頻率幾乎是入侵地區(qū)的三倍。事實(shí)上，在2003年至2020年間，隨著大頭蟻的蔓延，以斑馬為受害者的當(dāng)?shù)鬲{子捕殺比例從67%下降到42%。相反，在同一時(shí)期，野牛被殺的比例從零上升到42%)”可知，卡馬魯先生在他的報(bào)告中加入了數(shù)字是為了展示結(jié)果。故選A。8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“Whetherthebuffaloesblametheantsfortheirmisfortune,nooneknows.(沒(méi)有人知道水牛是否把它們的不幸歸咎于螞蟻)”并分析全文所描述的自然現(xiàn)象主要脈絡(luò)：入侵螞蟻取代當(dāng)?shù)匚浵仯沟门c當(dāng)?shù)匚浵伖采纳诖虡?shù)失去保護(hù)，大象趁虛而入啃食哨刺樹(shù)，而因失去哨刺樹(shù)的掩護(hù)捕獵斑馬變得不易，獅子最終轉(zhuǎn)而捕獵速度更慢不費(fèi)腳程的水牛，可知是因?yàn)橥鈦?lái)螞蟻的入侵最終促使獅子捕獵水牛。因此D項(xiàng)“螞蟻是如何說(shuō)服獅子吃水牛的”合適。因?yàn)槲恼率前汛斯适骂?lèi)比寓言故事的，因此使用persuade這樣的擬人手法是符合的。故選D。（2024·黑龍江·三模）Americancompanieshavelearnedtoloverenewableresources.Now,theyarebeginningtogetinvolvedinnext-generationclimatesolutions.Anadvancedgeothermal(地?zé)岬?projectsupportedbyGooglebegangeneratingelectricitylastweek,abigstepinseekingfortechnologythatcanaffordablyfillgapsinwindandsolargenerationwithcarbon-freepower.ThepilotprojectinnorthernNevadausesdrillingandfracking(水力壓裂法)techniquesemployedbytheoilandgasindustrytogetheatfromEarthtogeneratepower.GeothermaltechnologyhaslongbeenviewedasapotentialwaytotapthenaturalheatofEarthtomakecarbon-freepower.Butithastraditionallybeenlimitedtolocationswheretherearenaturalundergroundlakesofhotwater,whicharehardtoaccess.In2021,geothermalenergyaccountedforlessthanhalfapercentofAmerica'spowergeneration.FervoEnergy,aHouston-basedstartupgivesananswer-tousedrillingandfrackingtechniquesInNevada,thecompanydrilledtwowellstoadepthofabout8,000feetandthenextendedthemhorizontally(水平地)formorethan3,000feet.ThenFervoinjected(注入)coldwaterunderhighpressuretocausetherockbetweenthewellstobefracked,creatingfractures(裂縫).Wateristhenpumpedintothefirstwell,absorbingheatasitflowsthroughthefracturesandreturningtothesurfaceviathesecondwellattemperatureshighenoughtomakesteamandspinanengine.Theprojectrepresentsaconvergenceoftwocompanies’climateambitions.Fervohadsoughttoapplyadvancesinoilandgasdrillingtogeothermaltechnology.Butfindingfinancingtoprovethatthecompany'stechnologyworkedwasachallenge.LuckilyforFervo,Googlehadjuststartedreconsideringit;approachtocleanenergyaroundthetimewhenFervowaslookingtotestitstechnology.“Thedemandforclean,firmpowerissourgent,especiallynow,”saidGabrielMalek,chiefofstaffatFervo.“Andwe'rerecognizingthatthegeothermalprojectisoneworkableoptionavailabletous.Itispromising,actually.9．Whatistheproblemwithgeothermalenergy?A．Itisinlittledemand. B．ItstillproducesCO2.C．Itisnoteasytoemploy. D．ItisrarelyseenonEarth10．Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A．Howdrillingandfrackingtechniquescome.B．HownaturalheatonEarthcomesintobeing.C．Fervo'ssolutiontopollutioncausedbyenergy.D．Fervo'sapproachtoharvestinggeothermalenergy.11．Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“convergence”inparagraph6?A．Source. B．Barrier. C．Combination. D．Shift.12．WhatdoGabrielMalek'swordssuggest?A．Hiscompanyhasself-fundedtheproject.B．Heishopefulaboutthegeothermalproject.C．Hepromisestoprovidecleanpowerforfree.D．Hiscompanycooperateswithmanybusinesses.【答案】9．C10．D11．C12．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了谷歌支持的一個(gè)先進(jìn)地?zé)犴?xiàng)目上周開(kāi)始發(fā)電，這是在尋找技術(shù)方面邁出的一大步，該技術(shù)可以用無(wú)碳能源填補(bǔ)風(fēng)能和太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電的空白。9．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“GeothermaltechnologyhaslongbeenviewedasapotentialwaytotapthenaturalheatofEarthtomakecarbon-freepower.

Butithastraditionallybeenlimitedtolocationswheretherearenaturalundergroundlakesofhotwater,whicharehardtoaccess.In2021,geothermalenergyaccountedforlessthanhalfapercentofAmerica'spowergeneration.”（長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，地?zé)峒夹g(shù)一直被視為利用地球自然熱能制造無(wú)碳電力的潛在途徑。但傳統(tǒng)上，它僅限于那些有天然地下熱水湖的地方，這些地下熱水湖很難進(jìn)入。2021年，地?zé)崮苷济绹?guó)發(fā)電量的比例不到0.5%。）可知，地?zé)崮艿膯?wèn)題是很難使用。故選C項(xiàng)。10．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段“InNevada,thecompanydrilledtwowellstoadepthofabout8,000feetandthenextendedthemhorizontally(水平地)formorethan3,000feet.ThenFervoinjected(注入)coldwaterunderhighpressuretocausetherockbetweenthewellstobefracked,creatingfractures(裂縫).Wateristhenpumpedintothefirstwell,absorbingheatasitflowsthroughthefracturesandreturningtothesurfaceviathesecondwellattemperatureshighenoughtomakesteamandspinanengine.”（在內(nèi)華達(dá)州，該公司鉆了兩口井，深度約為8000英尺，然后將其水平延伸至3000多英尺。然后，F(xiàn)ervo在高壓下注入冷水，使井間的巖石破裂，形成裂縫。然后，水被泵入第一口井，在流經(jīng)裂縫時(shí)吸收熱量，并在足夠高的溫度下通過(guò)第二口井返回地面，產(chǎn)生蒸汽并旋轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。）可知，第五段主要講的是Fervo收集地?zé)崮艿姆椒?。故選D項(xiàng)。11．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第六段中“Fervohadsoughttoapplyadvancesinoilandgasdrillingtogeothermaltechnology.Butfindingfinancingtoprovethatthecompany'stechnologyworkedwasachallenge.LuckilyforFervo,Googlehadjuststartedreconsideringit;approachtocleanenergyaroundthetimewhenFervowaslookingtotestitstechnology.”（Fervo曾試圖將石油和天然氣鉆探方面的進(jìn)展應(yīng)用于地?zé)峒夹g(shù)。但尋找資金來(lái)證明該公司的技術(shù)是可行的，這是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。對(duì)Fervo來(lái)說(shuō)幸運(yùn)的是，谷歌剛剛開(kāi)始重新考慮；在Fervo想要測(cè)試自己的技術(shù)的時(shí)候，他們就開(kāi)始嘗試清潔能源。）可知，提到Fervo和谷歌這兩家公司的技術(shù)上的互動(dòng)和結(jié)合，由此可知，此處表示該項(xiàng)目體現(xiàn)了兩家公司在氣候方面雄心的融合。故可猜測(cè)劃線(xiàn)單詞convergence為“融合，結(jié)合”的意思，和C項(xiàng)Combination“聯(lián)合，組合”意思一致。故選C項(xiàng)。12．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段““Thedemandforclean,firmpowerissourgent,especiallynow,”saidGabrielMalek,chiefofstaffatFervo.“Andwe'rerecognizingthatthegeothermalprojectisoneworkableoptionavailabletous.Itispromising,actually.”（“對(duì)清潔、穩(wěn)定的電力的需求非常迫切，尤其是現(xiàn)在，”Fervo的參謀長(zhǎng)加布里埃爾·馬雷克說(shuō)。“我們認(rèn)識(shí)到地?zé)犴?xiàng)目對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)可行的選擇。實(shí)際上，它很有前途。）可推知，加布里埃爾·馬雷克的話(huà)暗示了他對(duì)地?zé)犴?xiàng)目充滿(mǎn)希望。故選B項(xiàng)。【名校模擬二：文章大意題】（2024·湖北武漢·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）Whenheflaggedmedown,Ithoughthewasaneldercollectinga“customsfee”,thefewdollarsitcoststousevillageroadsthatleadtomanyofSamoa’ssights.He’dbeensittinglazilyinagreyingroadsideshack(棚子)builtforsuchoccasions.NormallyIwouldn’tpickupafreerider.ButItriedtoliveoutadream.I’dwantedtogotoPulemeleiMoundsinceI’dhearditmentionedinanarchaeologyclassyearsago.The“mound”isactuallyapyramid40feethighandroughly200feetacrossatitsbase.So,Iasked,“DoyouknowhowtogettoPulemeleiMound?”“Mmm,”hesaid,raisinghiseyebrowsintheclassicPolynesiangesturefor“yes”.“Ineedtopickupmycaratthemechanicbutnohurry,I’lltakeyoutherefirstifyouwant.”You’dthinkthatagiantpyramidwouldbeamajorsight,oratleastsomethingmanypeoplehadheardof,butitisn’t.Myaccidentalfriend’sraiseoftheeyebrowswasthemostpromisingprospectI’dhadinaweek.Wedrovealongtheroadinsilenceforafewminutes.Thenmynewfriendbrokethesilenceand,meanwhile,myhopes.“I’veneverbeentoPulemelei,”hesaid.“I’velivedherebutIneverthoughtofgoing.”Myheartsank.Butwepressedon,crossingastream,walkingthroughwaist-highgrass,andthenanothermileofhotwalkuntilwefoundasign.There,barelyvisible,werethewords:“PulemeleiMound150m”.Thesignmarkedadarktunnelofjungle.Thenthepathopenedtoraysofsunshine.Weclimbed.Andthen,magic.WewerestandingontopofaPolynesianpyramid.Justthen,myfriend,obviouslyawedbywhathesaw,turnedtowardme,andplacedhisbigSamoanhandsonmyshoulders.Inthemostnaturalway,hebentdownandkissedmegentlyonthecheek.“Thankyou,”hesaid.1．What’sthepurposeoftheSamoanmanflaggingmedown?A．Tothumbaride. B．Toaskfordirections.C．Tocollectacustomsfee. D．Towarnofaroadaccident.2．Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribetheauthor?A．Informedbutrigid. B．Hesitantbutagreeable.C．Skepticalandreserved. D．Curiousandadventurous.3．WhydidtheSamoanmanthanktheauthorintheend?A．Hehadlivedouthisdream. B．Hewastakentothemechanic.C．Heenjoyedtheauthor’scompany. D．Heexperiencedthethrillofdiscovery.4．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．APolynesianvillage. B．AfamousSamoansight.C．Achanceencounter. D．Anelderprotectinglocalroads.【答案】1．A2．D3．D4．C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者和一位搭順風(fēng)車(chē)的老人一起前往普萊梅利丘的故事。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Whenheflaggedmedown,Ithoughthewasaneldercollectinga“customsfee”,thefewdollarsitcoststousevillageroadsthatleadtomanyofSamoa’ssights.He’dbeensittinglazilyinagreyingroadsideshack(棚子)builtforsuchoccasions.NormallyIwouldn’tpickupafreerider.(當(dāng)他向我招手時(shí)，我還以為他是來(lái)收取“海關(guān)費(fèi)”的長(zhǎng)者，也就是使用通往薩摩亞許多景點(diǎn)的鄉(xiāng)村道路所需的幾美元。他一直懶洋洋地坐在路邊為這種場(chǎng)合而建的灰暗棚屋里。通常情況下，我不會(huì)載上一個(gè)免費(fèi)搭車(chē)的人)”可知，薩摩亞人攔“我”的目的是搭順風(fēng)車(chē)。故選A。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“I’dwantedtogotoPulemeleiMoundsinceI’dhearditmentionedinanarchaeologyclassyearsago.The“mound”isactuallyapyramid40feethighandroughly200feetacrossatitsbase.(自從幾年前在考古學(xué)課上聽(tīng)到有人提到普萊梅利丘，我就一直想去那里。這個(gè)“土墩”實(shí)際上是一個(gè)40英尺高，底部大約200英尺寬的金字塔)”可知，作者在考古學(xué)課上知道了普萊梅利丘這個(gè)地方，于是就前往，說(shuō)明作者愛(ài)冒險(xiǎn)；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“Butwepressedon,crossingastream,walkingthroughwaist-highgrass,andthenanothermileofhotwalkuntilwefoundasign.There,barelyvisible,werethewords:“PulemeleiMou