專(zhuān)題03說(shuō)明文類(lèi)閱讀

專(zhuān)題03：說(shuō)明文類(lèi)閱讀【01】江蘇省蘇州市2022~2023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)量陽(yáng)光指標(biāo)調(diào)研卷英語(yǔ)試卷【02】江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江市八校20222023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試卷【03】江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江第一中學(xué)20222023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試卷【04】江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江第一中學(xué)20222023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試卷【05】江蘇省宿遷市20222023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試卷【06】江蘇省南京市金陵中學(xué)20222023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試題【07】江蘇省徐州市20222023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末抽測(cè)英語(yǔ)試題【08】江蘇省泰州市2022~2023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末考試英語(yǔ)試題【09】江蘇省泰州市2022~2023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末考試英語(yǔ)試題【10】江蘇省淮安市20222023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試題Passage1WhenhemovedfromSouthAfricatoNewYorkCity,NormanRosenthalnoticedhefeltmoredepressedduringthecold,shortdaysofthecity’swintersthanhehadinhishomecountry.“Itwasanillnesshidinginplainsightbecausepeoplesaid‘wellthat’showeveryonefeelsinwinter.’Theydidn’tseeitastreatable,”saysRosenthal,adoctoratGeorgetownMedicalSchool.In1984,hepublishedthefirstpapertoscientificallynamethewinterblues:Seasonalaffectivedisorder(SAD),alsocalledseasonaldepression,wasatypeofdepressionbroughtonbythedarkdaysofwinter.Followingstudieshavefoundthatthisformofdepressionvariesbygeography.And,surprisingly,about10percentofpatientssufferingfromSADhavesymptoms(癥狀)inthesummertimeinstead.“It’sfairlyacceptedthatthecauseisashortphotoperiod—thenumberofhoursfromdawntodusk,”saysKellyRohan,apsychologistattheUniversityofVermontwhospecializesinthedisorder.“It’sthestrongestpredictorofwhenthesymptomsbegin.”Butwhy,exactly,doeslessdaylightseemtomakesomepeopleclinicallydepressed?“That’sthemilliondollarquestion,”saysRohan.Oneleadingtheoryisthatthechangeindaylightinterruptsourbodies’releaseofachemicalelement,whichthebrainreleaseseverynighttopromotesleep.Thatistosay,thereisanaturalbiologicalclockinourbodycontrollingwhenwesleepandwake.Ourclocksareremindedbymorninglight,butasthesupplyofdaylightdecreasesinwinter,thechemicalelementmaybereleasedlaterandwearofflater,thetheorysuggests.Thatmeans,“thatalarmclockmightbegoingoffinthemorning,butthebodyisstillinastateofbiologicalnight,”saysRohan.Evengiventhattheory,shesaysit’sstillunclearwhytheinterruptedbiologicalclockcanleadtodepression,insteadofjustfeelingwornout.ForthosewhothinktheymaybeexperiencingSAD,expertssayaprofessionaldiagnosis(診斷)isavitalfirststeptowardtreatment.1．Whereisthistextprobablytakenfrom?A．Astorycollection. B．Asciencemagazine.C．Ahealthproposal. D．Anacademicpaper.2．WhydidRosenthalfeelmoredepressedinNewYorkinwinter?A．Becausehemissedhishome.B．Becausethedaysthereareshorter.C．Becausehecaughtabadcold.D．Becausehehadahiddenillness.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“It”refertoinParagraph4?A．Thecause. B．Thedisorder.C．Theshortphotoperiod. D．Thenumberofhours.4．WhatcanwelearnaboutSADfromthetext?A．SADpatientsjustfeeltiredout.B．Everyonesuffersfromitinwinter.C．SADpatientsarelesslikelytobecured.D．It’sprobablycausedbyinterruptedbiologicalclock.【來(lái)源】江蘇省蘇州市2022~2023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)量陽(yáng)光指標(biāo)調(diào)研卷英語(yǔ)試卷【答案】1．B2．B3．C4．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章對(duì)季節(jié)性情感障礙（SAD）及其可能的形成原因進(jìn)行了介紹。1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“In1984,hepublishedthefirstpapertoscientificallynamethewinterblues:Seasonalaffectivedisorder(SAD),alsocalledseasonaldepression,wasatypeofdepressionbroughtonbythedarkdaysofwinter.Followingstudieshavefoundthatthisformofdepressionvariesbygeography.And,surprisingly,about10percentofpatientssufferingfromSADhavesymptoms(癥狀)inthesummertimeinstead.(1984年，他發(fā)表了第一篇論文，科學(xué)地命名了冬季抑郁癥：季節(jié)性情感障礙（SAD），也稱(chēng)為季節(jié)性抑郁癥，是一種由冬季黑暗的日子引起的抑郁癥。隨后的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種形式的抑郁癥因地理位置而異。令人驚訝的是，大約10%的SAD患者在夏季出現(xiàn)癥狀。)”可知，這篇文章有可能來(lái)自一本科學(xué)雜志。故選B。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“WhenhemovedfromSouthAfricatoNewYorkCity,NormanRosenthalnoticedhefeltmoredepressedduringthecold,shortdaysofthecity’swintersthanhehadinhishomecountry.(當(dāng)諾曼·羅森塔爾從南非搬到紐約時(shí)，他注意到，在這座城市冬季寒冷而短暫的日子里，他比在自己的祖國(guó)更感到沮喪。)”和第四段第一句中的“It’sfairlyacceptedthatthecauseisashortphotoperiod—thenumberofhoursfromdawntodusk(人們普遍認(rèn)為，造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因是短暫的光周期——從黎明到黃昏的幾個(gè)小時(shí))”可知，羅森塔爾在紐約的冬天會(huì)感到更沮喪是因?yàn)槟抢锏陌滋旄?。故選B。3．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段第一句中的“It’sfairlyacceptedthatthecauseisashortphotoperiod—thenumberofhoursfromdawntodusk(人們普遍認(rèn)為，造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因是短暫的光周期——從黎明到黃昏的幾個(gè)小時(shí))”可知，此處是指短暫的光周期是癥狀開(kāi)始的最有力的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)，所以it是指“短暫的光周期”。故選C。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第三句和第四句“Oneleadingtheoryisthatthechangeindaylightinterruptsourbodies’releaseofachemicalelement,whichthebrainreleaseseverynighttopromotesleep.Thatistosay,thereisanaturalbiologicalclockinourbodycontrollingwhenwesleepandwake.(一種主流理論認(rèn)為，日光的變化會(huì)干擾我們身體釋放一種化學(xué)元素，而大腦每天晚上都會(huì)釋放這種化學(xué)元素來(lái)促進(jìn)睡眠。也就是說(shuō)，我們的身體里有一個(gè)自然的生物鐘來(lái)控制我們什么時(shí)候睡覺(jué)，什么時(shí)候醒來(lái)。)”可知，季節(jié)性情感障礙可能是由被干擾的生物鐘引起的。故選D。Passage2Theworld’sforestsmayholdmoresecretsthanpreviouslythought:anewglobalestimateoftreebiodiversitysuggeststhatthereareabout9,200treespeciesremainingundocumented.Mostarelikelyinthetropics,accordingtothenewresearch.Thenewresearchdrewontheeffortsofhundredsofcontributors,whohavecategorizedtreesintwohugedatasets:One,theGlobalForestBiodiversityInitiative,recordseveryspeciesfoundinextensivelydocumentedforestplotsworldwide.Theother,TREECHANGE,putstogethersightingsofindividualspecies.Togethertheysuggestthereareapproximately64,100recordedtreespeciesontheplanet—upfrompreviousestimatesofaround60,000.Theresearchersreachedtheirestimateofanadditional9,200yetundocumentedspeciesonthebasisofthenumberofrareonesalreadyinthedatabases.Mostunknownspeciesarelikelytobedefinedasrare,foundinlimitednumbersinsmallgeographicalareas,saysthequantitativeforestecologistJingjingLiang.Theteam’sresultis“aratherconservativeestimate,”Liangsays,“becausescientistsknowlessaboutthepreponderanceofunmontreesinplacessuchastheAmazon,whereoutofthewayspotscouldhostpocketsofunusualspeciesfoundnowhereelse.”“IfwecanfocustheresourcesonthoserainforestsintheAmazon,”Liangadds,“thenwewouldbeabletoestimateitwithhigherconfidence.”Silman,aconservationbiologist,whowasnotinvolvedinthenewstudyagreesthatthestudyresultislikelyanunderestimate.Hisandhiscolleagues’localsurveyssuggestthereareatleast3,000andpossiblymorethan6,000unknowntreespeciesintheAmazonbasinalone.Treespeciesoftengetgroupedtogetherbasedonappearance,henotes,sonewgeneticanalysistechniqueswilllikelyleadtothediscoveryofevenmorebiodiversity.Slimanwondershowmanyspecieswillgoextinctbeforescientistsdescribethem.“HowmanyarealreadyknowntonativepeoplesintheAmazon—orwereknowntopeoplesorcultureswhohavethemselvesbeenmadeextinctthroughcolonization,disease,orabsorption?Howmany“species”alreadyhavedriedsamplessittinginacabinet?”hesays.Searchingforthenewspecieswillinformnotonlyconservationbutthebasicevolutionaryscienceofhowandwhyspeciesdiversifyanddieout,Silmansays.“Justthefactthattherearethousandsofspeciesofsomethingasmonastreesouttherethatarestilllefttobediscovered,”headds,“Ifindprettyinspirational.”5．Whatisthefindingofthenewresearch?A．Aboutninethousandnewtreespecieshavebeenidentified.B．Thousandsoftreespeciesremainunknowntoscience.C．Maintainingtreediversityhasbeeaglobalchallenge.D．Humanactivitieshaveledtothereducednumberoftrees.6．Whatcanbelearnedabouttheresearchmethod?A．Theresearchersadoptedqualitymethodtoanalyzedata.B．Theresearchersdidextensivefieldstudyinoutofthewayspots.C．Inferringfromtheexistingdadaisthemainresearchmethod.D．Doingsurveysandinterviewsisthemainresearchmethod.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“preponderance”inparagraph3probablymean?A．majority B．evolution C．cultivation D．capability8．AccordingtoSilman,oneofthereasonsfortheunderestimateofthetreespeciesmaybethat________.A．geneticanalysistechniquefailedtoproduceaccurateinformationB．treesofsimilarsizesintheAmazonbasinaregroupedtogetherC．toomanyraretreesweremadeintodriedsamplesbeforebeingdocumentedD．thelocalpeoplesorthelocalculturesarenotfullyawareofthetreespecies.【來(lái)源】江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江市八校20222023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試卷【答案】5．B6．C7．A8．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要講述了通過(guò)新的調(diào)查研究，得出的對(duì)全球的樹(shù)木生物種類(lèi)的數(shù)量估算，其中還包括一些未記錄在案的樹(shù)種；同時(shí)一些生物學(xué)家通過(guò)調(diào)查認(rèn)為在亞馬遜熱帶雨林里面，還有許多不知名的樹(shù)種等待人們?nèi)グl(fā)現(xiàn)，這也令這些生物學(xué)家們倍受鼓舞。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Theworld’sforestsmayholdmoresecretsthanpreviouslythought:anewglobalestimateoftreebiodiversitysuggeststhatthereareabout9,200treespeciesremainingundocumented.(世界上的森林可能蘊(yùn)藏著比以前認(rèn)為的更多的秘密：一項(xiàng)新的全球樹(shù)木生物多樣性估計(jì)表明，大約有9200種樹(shù)木未被記錄在案)”可知，該項(xiàng)新研究指出成千上萬(wàn)的樹(shù)種仍不為科學(xué)所知。故選B。6．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Thenewresearchdrewontheeffortsofhundredsofcontributors,whohavecategorizedtreesintwohugedatasets.(這項(xiàng)新研究利用了數(shù)百名貢獻(xiàn)者的努力，他們?cè)趦蓚€(gè)巨大的數(shù)據(jù)集中對(duì)樹(shù)木進(jìn)行了分類(lèi))”和第三段“Theresearchersreachedtheirestimateofanadditional9,200yetundocumentedspeciesonthebasisofthenumberofrareonesalreadyinthedatabases.(根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中已有的稀有物種的數(shù)量，研究人員得出了他們對(duì)另外9200個(gè)尚未記錄的物種的估計(jì))”可知，該研究的主要方法是從已有的數(shù)據(jù)中進(jìn)行推斷得出結(jié)論。故選C。7．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞后文“suchastheAmazon,whereoutofthewayspotscouldhostpocketsofunusualspeciesfoundnowhereelse.(比如亞馬遜，在那里偏僻的地方可能有一些其他地方?jīng)]有的不常見(jiàn)的樹(shù)種)”可知，這里通過(guò)舉例子說(shuō)明劃線詞所在部分“scientistsknowlessaboutthepreponderanceofunmontreesinplacessuchastheAmazon(科學(xué)家們對(duì)亞馬遜等地大多數(shù)不常見(jiàn)的樹(shù)木知之甚少)”中，在如亞馬遜雨林這種地方有很多科學(xué)家們沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)、不了解的樹(shù)種，所以他們對(duì)這里大多數(shù)不常見(jiàn)的樹(shù)木都知之甚少，故劃線詞表示“大多數(shù)”，與“themajorityof”同義。故選A。8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Slimanwondershowmanyspecieswillgoextinctbeforescientistsdescribethem.“HowmanyarealreadyknowntonativepeoplesintheAmazon—orwereknowntopeoplesorcultureswhohavethemselvesbeenmadeextinctthroughcolonization,disease,orabsorption?Howmany“species”alreadyhavedriedsamplessittinginacabinet?”hesays.(Sliman想知道有多少樹(shù)種會(huì)在科學(xué)家描述它們之前滅絕?！耙呀?jīng)有多少樹(shù)種被亞馬遜當(dāng)?shù)厝怂熘钟卸嗌偈潜灰蛑趁?、疾病或同化而滅絕的民族或文化所知道的？有多少“物種”已經(jīng)有干燥的樣本放在櫥柜里？”他說(shuō))?！笨芍?，Sliman認(rèn)為當(dāng)?shù)氐拿褡寤蛭幕膊煌耆私膺@些樹(shù)種，所以這也是樹(shù)種數(shù)量被低估的一個(gè)原因。故選D。Passage3Thecold,wetweatherofwinteroftenputsoutanywildfiresthatarestillburning,butnotinthefarNorthareas,suchasAlaska,Canada,andotherpartsofNorthAmerica.Someforestfiresjustdon’tdieintheseplaces.Thinkofthefiresas“zombies”(僵尸):Scientistsdo.Whensummersarewarmerthannormal,somefirescanhidethroughthewinter.Theyburndeadplantmatterandsoilsundersnow.InMay2021,scientistsreportedtheirworktoascientificjournal.Thescientistssawthatzombiefiresarerarebuttheycouldbeemoremonastheworldwarms,thestudywarns.“Someyears,newfireswerestartingveryclosetothepreviousyear’sfire,”explainsRebeccaScholten.ShestudiesEarthandenvironmentalsciencesatVrijeUniversityAmsterdamintheNetherlands.Thenewfiresmadescientistswonderhowoftenfiresmightsurvivethewinter.Thescientistsstartedbybingthroughfirefighterreports.ThentheyparedthesewithsatelliteimagesofAlaskaandnorthernCanada.Thescientistslookedforfiresthatbeganclosetofiresfromtheyearbefore.Theyalsofocusedonblazesstartingbeforethemiddleofsummer.Randomlightningorhumanactionssparkmostfiresinthearea,Scholtensays.Butthosefireshappenlaterintheyear.Zombiefiresaccountedforlessthan1percentofthetotalareaburnedbyfiresfrom2002to2018.Butitchangedfromyeartoyear.Take2008,forexample.AzombiefireburnedAlaskathatyear.Itcausedalmostonethirdoffiredamagethatyear.Oneclearpatternemerged:Zombiefiresweremorelikelytohappenafterverywarmsummers.Hightemperaturesmayallowfirestoreachmoredeeplyintothesoil.Suchdeepburnsaremorelikelytosurvivetospring.Thezombiefirethreatcouldgrow.Theclimateiswarming.ForestsinthefarNorthalreadyarewarmingfaster.“We’reseeingmorehotsummersandmorelargefiresandintenseburning,”Scholtensays.Plus,zombiefirescouldcausemoreissues.Thefiresreleasehugeamountsofgreenhousegases.ThesetrapheatintheEarth’satmosphere.TheatmosphereisalayerofgasesthatsurroundtheEarth.Scholten’sresearchcouldhelpfiremanagement.Firefighterswouldknowtocheckforthemafterwarmsummers.9．Whatmayleadtozombiefiresaccordingtothepassage?A．wetweather B．hottersummersC．lowtemperatures D．coldwinters10．WhatcanwelearnaboutzombiefiresfromParagraph2?A．Whereflamesbrokeoutprovidedtheclue.B．Changingclimateplaysaroleinthezombiefirethreat.C．Zombiefiresarelesslikelytohappenafterverywarmsummers.D．Itisoflittleuseparingfirefighterreportswithsatelliteimages.11．Whatconclusionwillbepossiblymadebasedonthelastparagraph?A．Itisimportanttounderstandzombiefires.B．Zombiefiresarelikelytobeundercontrolsoon.C．Firefighterscannotdomuchtostopthezombiefires.D．Westillhavemuchtolearnaboutthewarmingclimate.12．Whichofthefollowingcouldbethesuitabletitleofthepassage?A．“Zombie“wildfiresdogreatdamagetolandB．“Zombie”wildfiresreleasegreenhousegasesC．“Zombie“wildfiressparkedbyhumanactionsD．“Zombie”wildfiresreappearafterwinteringunderground【來(lái)源】江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江第一中學(xué)20222023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試卷【答案】9．B10．A11．A12．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章解釋了什么是“僵尸火”、“僵尸火”發(fā)生的原因及其危害等。9．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的“Someforestfiresjustdon’tdieintheseplaces.Thinkofthefiresas“zombies”(僵尸):Scientistsdo.Whensummersarewarmerthannormal,somefirescanhidethroughthewinter.(在這些地方，有些森林火災(zāi)是不會(huì)熄滅的。把火災(zāi)想象成“僵尸”：科學(xué)家就是這樣認(rèn)為的。當(dāng)夏天比平常溫暖時(shí)，一些火災(zāi)可以隱藏整個(gè)冬天。)”可知，熱的夏天可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致僵尸火災(zāi)。故選B。10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“Someyears,newfireswerestartingveryclosetothepreviousyear’sfire(有些年份，新的火災(zāi)發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)與前一年的火災(zāi)非常接近)”和“Thescientistslookedforfiresthatbeganclosetofiresfromtheyearbefore.(科學(xué)家們尋找的是前一年附近發(fā)生的火災(zāi)。)”可知，火災(zāi)發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)提供了僵尸火災(zāi)的線索。故選A。11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的“Plus,zombiefirescouldcausemoreissues.

Thefiresreleasehugeamountsofgreenhousegases.

ThesetrapheatintheEarth’satmosphere.

TheatmosphereisalayerofgasesthatsurroundtheEarth.

Scholten’sresearchcouldhelpfiremanagement.

Firefighterswouldknowtocheckforthemafterwarmsummers.(另外，僵尸火災(zāi)可能會(huì)引發(fā)更多問(wèn)題。大火釋放出大量的溫室氣體。它們將熱量困在地球大氣中。大氣層是環(huán)繞地球的一層氣體。Scholten的研究可能有助于火災(zāi)管理。在溫暖的夏天之后，消防員會(huì)知道要檢查它們。)”可知，根據(jù)最后一段可能得出的結(jié)論是了解僵尸火災(zāi)很重要。故選A。12．主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第一段的“Thinkofthefiresas“zombies”(僵尸):Scientistsdo.Whensummersarewarmerthannormal,somefirescanhidethroughthewinter.Theyburndeadplantmatterandsoilsundersnow.InMay2021,scientistsreportedtheirworktoascientificjournal.Thescientistssawthatzombiefiresarerarebuttheycouldbeemoremonastheworldwarms,thestudywarns.(把火災(zāi)想象成“僵尸”：科學(xué)家就是這樣認(rèn)為的。當(dāng)夏天比平常溫暖時(shí)，一些火災(zāi)可以隱藏整個(gè)冬天。它們?nèi)紵赖闹参锖头e雪下的土壤。2021年5月，科學(xué)家們向一家科學(xué)雜志報(bào)告了他們的工作。研究警告說(shuō)，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)僵尸火災(zāi)很罕見(jiàn)，但隨著全球變暖，它們可能會(huì)變得越來(lái)越普遍。)”可知，本文主要講的是僵尸火災(zāi)很罕見(jiàn)，但隨著全球變暖，它們可能會(huì)變得越來(lái)越普遍，因此最好的題目是D選項(xiàng)““Zombie”wildfiresreappearafterwinteringunderground(“僵尸”野火在地下過(guò)冬后再次出現(xiàn))”。故選D。Passage4Ateamofscientistsrecentlypublishedoneofthemostprehensiveeffortsyettounderstandjusthowmuchcarbongreatwhalesabsorbfromtheocean,andthevaluethatpresentsinthefightagainstclimatechange.“Whalesarelargebodiedanimals,andtheyliveforalongtime.Manyofthemmigrateovervastdistances,”saidstudyleaderHeibiPearson,amarinebiologistattheUniversityofAlaskaSoutheast.“Andsotheyhavethepotentialtohavethesehugeimpactsontheecosystem,includingthecarboncycle.”Intheirmostdirectimpact,whalebodiesholdanenormousamountofcarbonthatwouldotherwisebeintheoceanoratmosphere.Twelvegreatwhalespeciesholdanestimated2milliontonsofcarbonintheirbodies,theauthorsfound.

Andthat’sjustthelivingmembersofthewhalefamily.Another62,000tonsofcarboniskeptundertheseaeveryyearintheformofwhalefalls.Whenawhalediesinopenwaterandsinksintothedeep,alifetimeofcollectedcarbongoeswithit.Itcantakeupto1,000yearsforwaterandelementsatthebottomoftheseatocyclebackuptothesurface,whichmeansthatcarboniseffectivelysequesteredforthatlong.Inaddition,whales’wastefacilitatesthegrowthoforganismsatthebaseofthemarinefoodchain,promotingthegrowthofcarbonconsuminglifethroughouttheecosystem.

However,whalepopulationsstillhaven’trecoveredfromthedestructiveeffectsofindustrialwhaling.mercialhuntinginthe19thand20thcenturiesdecreasedthetotalmassofwhalesontheplanetby81%,accordingtotheauthors.“Whalesalonearenotgoingtosolveclimatechange,butthinkingaboutwhalesasplayingaroleinthecarboncyclecanhelpmotivatewhaleconservation,”saidAndrewPershing,acoauthorofthestudy.“Therearealotofwinwinsthere,andIthinkthat’sverytrueofalotofnaturalclimatesolutions.”13．Howdowhalesinfluencetheclimatechange?A．Bystoringcarbonintheirbodies. B．Byspeedingthecarboncycle.C．Byabsorbingcarbonfromtheair. D．Byconsumingcarbonontheirmigration.14．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sequestered”inparagraph4probablymean?A．Employed. B．Trapped. C．Monitored. D．Measured.15．Whatcanwelearnaboutwhalesfromthetext?A．Theirpopulationhasrisenby81%.B．Theirwastecontributestotheecosystem.C．Whalehuntinghasbeenbannedaltogether.D．Theirdeathwillbreakthemarinefoodchain.16．WhatisimpliedinAndrewPershing’swords?A．Wecanrelyonwhalestochangeclimate.B．Whaleprotectionstillhasalongwaytogo.C．We’llsoonwinthebattleagainstclimatechange.D．Whaleprotectionisbeneficialtosolvingclimateissues.【來(lái)源】江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江第一中學(xué)20222023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試卷【答案】13．A14．B15．B16．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了一項(xiàng)新的研究成果，該研究揭露了大型鯨魚(yú)應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化方面的價(jià)值。13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Intheirmostdirectimpact,whalebodiesholdanenormousamountofcarbonthatwouldotherwisebeintheoceanoratmosphere.Twelvegreatwhalespeciesholdanestimated2milliontonsofcarbonintheirbodies,theauthorsfound.(在它們最直接的影響中，鯨魚(yú)身體含有大量的碳，否則這些碳會(huì)在海洋或大氣中。作者發(fā)現(xiàn)，12種大型鯨魚(yú)體內(nèi)估計(jì)含有200萬(wàn)噸碳。)”可知，鯨魚(yú)影響氣候的直接方式就是在身體中儲(chǔ)存大量的碳，否則這些碳將會(huì)在海洋或大氣中。故選A。14．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線單詞上文“Another62,000tonsofcarboniskeptundertheseaeveryyearintheformofwhalefalls.Whenawhalediesinopenwaterandsinksintothedeep,alifetimeofcollectedcarbongoeswithit.Itcantakeupto1,000yearsforwaterandelementsatthebottomoftheseatocyclebackuptothesurface(每年還有62000噸碳以鯨魚(yú)的形式保存在海底。當(dāng)一頭鯨魚(yú)死在開(kāi)闊水域并沉入深海時(shí)，它一生收集的碳也隨之而去。海底的水和元素可能需要長(zhǎng)達(dá)1000年的時(shí)間才能循環(huán)回到海面)”可知，鯨魚(yú)死亡時(shí)身體中的碳隨鯨魚(yú)一起沉入海底，需要長(zhǎng)達(dá)1000年才能循環(huán)回到海面，因此碳是被隔離在它的身體內(nèi)，劃線單詞sequestered意為“隔離、儲(chǔ)存”。與選項(xiàng)B“Trapped(困住，絆住)”意思接近。故選B。15．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段“Inaddition,whales’wastefacilitatesthegrowthoforganismsatthebaseofthemarinefoodchain,promotingthegrowthofcarbonconsuminglifethroughouttheecosystem.(此外，鯨魚(yú)的廢物促進(jìn)了海洋食物鏈底部生物的生長(zhǎng)，促進(jìn)了整個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中消耗碳的生命的生長(zhǎng)。)”可知，鯨魚(yú)的廢物促進(jìn)了整個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中消耗碳的生命的生長(zhǎng)。故選B。16．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段““Whalesalonearenotgoingtosolveclimatechange,butthinkingaboutwhalesasplayingaroleinthecarboncyclecanhelpmotivatewhaleconservation,”saidAndrewPershing,acoauthorofthestudy.“Therearealotofwinwinsthere,andIthinkthat’sverytrueofalotofnaturalclimatesolutions.”(該研究的合著者AndrewPershing說(shuō)：“僅靠鯨魚(yú)無(wú)法解決氣候變化問(wèn)題，但考慮到鯨魚(yú)在碳循環(huán)中發(fā)揮的作用，可以幫助激勵(lì)鯨魚(yú)保護(hù)。這是雙贏的，我認(rèn)為很多自然氣候解決方案都是如此?！?”可知，AndrewPershing認(rèn)為鯨魚(yú)在碳循環(huán)中發(fā)揮作用，鯨魚(yú)保護(hù)有助于解決氣候變化問(wèn)題。故選D。Passage5Haveyoueverimaginedgettingtotheairportinaflyingtaxi,soaringoverthosewhoarestuckintrafficbelow?Whatwouldyoufeelifelectricairtaxiscouldonedaytakeyoufromdowntowntothesuburbs,highaboveexpresswaytraffic,inatinyamountofthetimeittakestodrive?It’snotadreaminthedistantfuture.It’sthevisionofelectricaircraftdeveloperEve,whichisleadingagroupofaviationpaniesandlocalgovernmentsconductingsimulations(模擬)inChicago.Thoughtheaircraftarelikelyyearsawayfromreceivingofficialapprovaltofly,it’savisionsharedbyothermajorpanies,likeChicagobasedUnitedAirlines,whichrecentlystruckaconditionalagreementtopurchaseatleast200ofEve’sflyingtaxis.Theconceptofbypassing(繞開(kāi))trafficbyairisn’tnew.ButEvecoCEOAndreSteinsaidtheairtaxisarenothinglikeconventionalelectrichelicoptersorflyingcars.Theyaredesignedtouseeightmotorsdistributedaroundtheaircrafttotakeoffvertically,thenelectricpushersandwingstoglideforward.Steinhopestheairtaxistohelppassengersreachmeetingsacrosstownorprovidingawaytogethomequicklyintimeforachild’sbirthday.paredtoaneverydayoptionlikepublictransport,theycanhelpsavetimewhennecessary.Besides,thenewtechnologyisexpectedtomakeairtaxismoreaffordablethanhelicoptersandtheticketpricecouldbearound$100totravel20miles.Steinalsoboastswhathedescribesasimprovedefficiencyandsustainability.“It’smuchsimpler,muchlowermaintenancethanahelicopter,muchquieter,”hesaid.Fornow,Evehopestheirworkwillhelpprovideabetterunderstandingofhowtheairtaxiscouldfitintocurrentairtrafficpatternsandhowtheycanconnectwithusersjourneyviagroundtransporttotheheliport.“It’sreallyaboutbringinganotheroptionforurbanairmobility,”Steinsaid.17．Whydoestheauthorraisetwoquestionsinparagraph1?A．Toexpresshisdoubts.B．Toarrangeairtransport.C．TointroduceEve’svision.D．Topresentcurrentsituation.18．WhatisthepanyEvedoinginChicago?A．Cooperatingwithtaxipanies.B．Workingatdevelopingflyingtaxis.C．Carryingoutsimulationsinthelab.D．Negotiatingwithlocalgovernments.19．WhatisStein’sattitudetoelectricairtaxis?A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Indifferent. D．Conservative.20．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theconceptofurbanairmobility. B．Thebenefitsofairtrafficpatterns.C．Theprospectofflyingtaxiservice. D．Theevolutionofgroundtransport.【來(lái)源】江蘇省宿遷市20222023學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試卷【答案】17．C18．B19．B20．C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了Eve開(kāi)發(fā)的電動(dòng)飛行出租車(chē)。17．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Haveyoueverimaginedgettingtotheairportinaflyingtaxi,soaringoverthosewhoarestuckintrafficbelow?Whatwouldyoufeelifelectricairtaxiscouldonedaytakeyoufromdowntowntothesuburbs,highaboveexpresswaytraffic,inatinyamountofthetimeittakestodrive?(你有沒(méi)有想象過(guò)乘坐一輛會(huì)飛的出租車(chē)去機(jī)場(chǎng)，從那些被堵在下面的人頭上飛過(guò)？如果有一天電動(dòng)空中出租車(chē)能把你從市中心帶到郊區(qū)，遠(yuǎn)離高速公路的交通，你會(huì)有什么感覺(jué)？)”和文章第二段“It’sthevisionofelectricaircraftdeveloperEve,whichisleadingagroupofaviationpaniesandlocalgovernmentsconductingsimulations(模擬)inChicago.(這是電動(dòng)飛機(jī)開(kāi)發(fā)商Eve的愿景，該公司正在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一組航空公司和地方政府在芝加哥進(jìn)行模擬。)”可知，第一段提出兩個(gè)問(wèn)題是為了介紹Eve的愿景。故選C。18．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“It’sthevisionofelectricaircraftdeveloperEve,whichisleadingagroupofaviationpaniesandlocalgovernmentsconductingsimulations(模擬)inChicago.(這是電動(dòng)飛機(jī)開(kāi)發(fā)商Eve的愿景，該公司正在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一組航空公司和地方政府在芝加哥進(jìn)行模擬。)”和文章第三段“ButEvecoCEOAndreSteinsaidtheairtaxisarenothinglikeconventionalelectrichelicoptersorflyingcars.Theyaredesignedtouseeightmotorsdistributedaroundtheaircrafttotakeoffvertically,thenelectricpushersandwingstoglideforward.(但Eve的聯(lián)合首席執(zhí)行官斯坦(reStein)表示，空中出租車(chē)與傳統(tǒng)的電動(dòng)直升機(jī)或飛行汽車(chē)完全不同。它們的設(shè)計(jì)是使用分布在飛機(jī)周?chē)?個(gè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)垂直起飛，然后使用電動(dòng)推進(jìn)器和機(jī)翼向前滑行。)”可知，Eve在芝加哥致力于開(kāi)發(fā)飛行出租車(chē)。故選B。19．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Steinalsoboastswhathedescribesasimprovedefficiencyandsustainability.“It’smuchsimpler,muchlowermaintenancethanahelicopter,muchquieter,”hesaid.(斯坦因還夸耀了他所描述的效率和可持續(xù)性的提高?！八戎鄙龣C(jī)簡(jiǎn)單得多，維護(hù)成本低得多，噪音也小得多，”他說(shuō)。)”和文章最后一段““It’sreallyaboutbringinganotheroptionforurbanairmobility,”Steinsaid.(“這真的是為城市空中交通帶來(lái)了另一種選擇，”斯坦說(shuō)。)”可知，Stein對(duì)電動(dòng)飛行出租車(chē)的前景持積極的態(tài)度。故選B。20．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Fornow,Evehopestheirworkwillhelpprovideabetterunderstandingofhowtheairtaxiscouldfitintocurrentairtrafficpatternsandhowtheycanconnectwithusersjourneyviagroundtransporttotheheliport.(目前，Eve希望他們的工作將有助于更好地理解空中出租車(chē)如何適應(yīng)當(dāng)前的空中交通模式，以及它們?nèi)绾瓮ㄟ^(guò)地面交通工具連接到直升機(jī)場(chǎng)的用戶(hù)旅程。)”可知，最后一段主要講述了飛行出租車(chē)服務(wù)的前景。故選C。Passage6Scientistshavediscoveredmorethan5,000newspecieslivingontheseabedinanuntouchedareaofthePacificOceanthathasbeenidentifiedasafuturehotspotfordeepseamining,accordingtoareviewoftheenvironmentalsurveyscarriedoutinthearea.ItisthefirsttimethepreviouslyunknownbiodiversityoftheClarionClippertonZone(CCZ),amineralrichareaoftheoceanfloorthatspans1.7msqmilesbetweenHawaiiandMexicointhePacific,hasbeenprehensivelydocumented.Theresearchwillbecriticaltoassessingtheriskofextinctionofthespecies,givencontractsfordeepseamininginthenearpristineareaappearimminent.Mostoftheanimalsidentifiedbyresearchersexploringthezonearenewtoscience,andalmostallareuniquetotheregion:onlysix,includingacarnivorousspongeandaseacucumber,havebeenseenelsewhere.ContractsforminingexplorationintheCCZhavebeengrantedto17deepseaminingcontractorsinanareacovering745,000sqmiles.Thepanies,whicharebackedbycountriesincludingBritain,theUSandChina,wanttodigformineralsincludingcobaltmanganeseandnickelinparttoselltothealternativeenergysector.Tobetterunderstandtheimpactofminingthisfragileecosystemanditsnewlydiscoveredinhabitants,aninternationalteamofscientistshasbuiltthefirst“CCZchecklist”bypilingalltherecordsfromexpeditionstotheregion.PublishedinthejournalCurrentBiology,itincludes5,578differentspecies,ofwhichanestimated88%to92%hadneverbeforebeenseen.Tostudyandcollectspecimens(樣品)fromtheoceanfloor,biologistshavejoinedresearchcruisesinthePacificthatsendremotecontrolledvehiclestotraverse(穿越)theseabed4,000to6,000metersbelow.AdrianGlover,adeepseabiologistattheNHMandseniorauthorofthestudydescribeditasan“incredibleprivilege”.Theexpedition,fundedthroughtheNaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncilandothers,isbackedbyUKSeabedResources(UKSR),adeepseaminingpanythatoperatestheUK’sexplorationarea.Thescientistswatchoperationsbyvideolinkdirectfromtheboatasnewspeciesaregatheredbyremotecontrolvehiclesinthedarknessbelow.Theseabed,Gloversaid,isan“amazingplace”where,despitetheextremecoldanddark,lifethrives.“Oneofthecharacteristicsoftheabyssalplainisthelackoffood,butlifehasawayofpersistingdownthere,”hesaid,“It’samystery.”O(jiān)neofthedeepseaanimalsdiscoveredwasnicknamedthe“gummysquirrel”,becauseofitshugetailandjellylikeappearance,hesaid.Therearealsoglasssponges,someofwhichlooklikevases.Withapprovalfordeepseamininglooming,Gloversaidhebelieveditwas“imperativethatweworkwiththepanieslookingtominetheseresourcestoensureanysuchactivityisdoneinawaythatlimitsitsimpactuponthenaturalworld”.21．What’sthemeani