Unit 5【速記清單】-2023-2024學(xué)年八年級英語上冊單元速記•巧練（牛津上海版）（原卷版）

第頁Unit5EncyclopaediasEncyclopaedias話題百科全書詞匯thoughcreateexistevenharmfulharmlessnobodywhilecausebelieve短語句型bemade由……所制成（看得出原材料）bemadeupof由……組成bemadefrom由……所制成（看不出原材料）bemadeby由……制造bemadein(aplace,acountry,acity,etc.)某地制造語法可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞考點1.existv.存在，生存【例題】e.g.TheRomanEmpireexistedforseveralcenturies.羅馬帝國存在了好幾個世紀(jì)。Theoldladyexistsonlyoncoffeeandbread.老太太僅靠咖啡面包生活?！就卣埂俊境Ｓ么钆洹縠xistas作為……而存在，以……形態(tài)存在existin存在于……中existon靠……生活；靠……生存【知識拓展】existencen.存在，實在e.g.Whendidthisworldcomeintoexistence?這世界是何時形成的？考點2.gentleadj.溫和的，文雅的【例題】e.g.Hewasagentle,patientmanwholovedplayingwithhisgrandchildren.他這個人既隨和又有耐心，喜歡跟孫子孫女一起玩?！就卣埂俊局R拓展】gentlenessn.溫順，親切，柔和gentlyadv.輕輕地，逐漸地考點3.harmfuladj.有害的【反義】harmlessadj.無害的【例句】e.g.Thenewdrughasnoharmfulside-effects.這種新藥物沒有副作用。e.g.Theirdogseemsfierce,buthe'sharmless.他們家的那條狗看上去很兇，但不會傷人?！就卣埂俊居亚樘崾尽肯駂armful與harmless這樣的形容詞還有：useful-useless,helpful-helpless,careful-careless等?？键c4.fierceadj.兇猛的【例句】e.g.Thetigerisafierceanimal.老虎是一種很兇殘的動物。Thefamousboxerkilledafiercewolfwithhisbarehands.那位著名的拳擊師赤手空拳打死了一只兇猛的狼?！就卣埂俊局R拓展】fiercelyadv.猛烈地，厲害地e.g.Typhoonsblewfiercely.臺風(fēng)猛烈地刮著?？键c5.skeletonn.骨骼，骼髏【例句】e.g.Tommyissothinthathelookslikeaskeleton.湯姆如此瘦，以致看上去瘦骨嶙峋。Alongillnessmadeaskeletonoutofhim.長期的疾病使他骨瘦如柴?！就卣埂俊局R拓展】bereducedtoaskeleton瘦得皮包骨beworntoaskeleton瘦得像骷髏familyskeleton家丑，見不得人的事awalkingskeleton骨瘦如柴的人考點6.possibleadj.可能的；可能屬實的【例句】e.g.I'llhelpyouifpossible.可能的話，我會幫助你的。Isitpossibletogettothecitybytrain,ormustItakeabus?有可能坐火車到這個城市去嗎？或者我是不是必須坐公共汽車？【拓展】【常用搭配】as...aspossible盡可能……；doone'spossible盡力，竭力；ifpossible如果可能的話e.g.Comeasearlyaspossible.盡可能早來。考點7.createv.創(chuàng)造【例句】e.g.Thecompanyhascreatedanewkindofengine.這個公司創(chuàng)造了一種新型引擎。We'vecreatedabeautifulnewhousefromanoldruin.我們把舊屋重建成一棟美麗的新房子?！就卣埂俊局R拓展】creationn.創(chuàng)造；創(chuàng)作creatorn.創(chuàng)造者；設(shè)計者creativeadj.有創(chuàng)造力的；創(chuàng)造性的；獨創(chuàng)的考點8.realadj.實際存在的，真實的【例句】e.g.Thatisarealcat,notatoy.那是一只真貓，不是玩具貓。Thatoldwoman'sarealdragon!那老婦人確實是個兇惡的家伙！【拓展】【指點迷津】(1)real暗指某事物是真實的或貨真價實的，或指看上去或宣稱與事實吻合的東西。e.g.Don’tlosethebracelet；it'smadeofrealgold.別把手鐲丟了，那是真金做的。(2)true暗指與事實、現(xiàn)實或事物的真實狀態(tài)相一致。e.g.He’syourfather.It'strue.他是你父親。這是真的。考點9.本單元重點詞組lookup查閱morethan超過;多于millionsof數(shù)百萬的assmallaschickens小如雞some…,others…一些……,另一些……knowabout知道;了解amusementpark游樂園DisneylandPark迪斯尼樂園becreatedby由……創(chuàng)造befamousfor由……而著名thewaytobehappy快樂的方法throwaway扔掉;拋棄ownasfewthingsaspossible擁有盡可能少的東西dieout滅絕；消失seesomebodydoingsomething看見某人正在做某事leave…behind遺留dieof死于…語法精講——可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞語法重難點規(guī)則變化=1\*GB3①一般名詞后面加smonth-months,bird-birds=2\*GB3②以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞，后面加esclass-classes，box-boxes，match-matches=3\*GB3③以o結(jié)尾的名詞，有的加es（有生命的）有的加s（無生命的）hero-heroes，tomato-tomatoes，potato-potatoesradio-radios，zoo-zoos，bamboo-bamboos，piano-pianos，photo-photos=4\*GB3④以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i再加escity-cities，country-countries，party-parties，factory-factories=5\*GB3⑤以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞，變f或fe為v再加esknife-knives，wolf-wolves，scarf-scarves例外：roof-roofs,chief-chiefs不規(guī)則變化單復(fù)數(shù)同形sheep，fish，deer，Chinese，Japanese變內(nèi)部元音man-men，tooth-teeth，mouse-mice，foot-feet，goose-geese其他形式child-childrenman與woman作定語修飾的名詞改為復(fù)數(shù)時，兩者都要改為復(fù)數(shù)twowomendoctors，tenmendrivers（1）單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)記憶口訣：單數(shù)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)式，后加s統(tǒng)言之。有些名詞須注意，要加s先加e。尾音/s,z,N/和/tN/，還有輔音加o時。輔音加y變ie,f結(jié)尾改ve。少數(shù)名詞不規(guī)則，男女腳牙鵝孩子，日本綿羊中國魚，特殊變化要硬記。（2）巧記以o,f(fe)結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)兩則①Negroeseatpotatoes,heroeseattomatoes.黑人吃土豆，英雄吃番茄。②Thewivesofthievescutthewolvesintohalveswithknives,andcoveredthemwithleavesbehindshelves.小偷的妻子用刀把狼宰成幾半，然后用樹葉將其蓋在了書架后面。（3）巧記各國人的單、復(fù)數(shù)變化口訣：中日不變，英法a、e變，其他s加后邊不可數(shù)名詞的量化表達(dá)法不可數(shù)名詞前面不能加不定冠詞，也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。表示數(shù)量時，須在不可數(shù)名詞前加量詞。a__________offurniture一件家具 two__________ofbread兩條面包twobarsofchocolate兩條巧克力 four__________ofink四瓶墨水sixtinsofmeat六聽肉 ajarofhoney一罐蜂蜜名詞的數(shù)量表達(dá)只修飾可數(shù)名詞只修飾不可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞均可修飾基數(shù)詞（a）few/fewer/toofew（a）little/less/toolittleall,enough,none,mostacoupleof,many(not)toomanymuch,toomuch,(not)toomuchmore,some,any,enoughhundredsof,thousandsof,millionsof,billionsof,severalabitof,bitsofalotof,lotsof,massesofdozensof,scoresofagreatdealofplenty/piles/heapsofa(great/large)numberofmanya,agreat/goodmanyalargeamountof,anamountoflarge/hugeamountsoflargequantitiesofalargequantityof注意：fish表示魚肉時為不可數(shù)名詞，表示幾條魚時復(fù)數(shù)為fish，表示幾種魚時復(fù)數(shù)為fishes。Helpyourselvestosomefish,mychildren.Thereareallkindsoffishesatthemarket.有些名詞只能用作復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：people,police,clothes,Chinese,Japanese。其中有些如glasses,trousers,scissors可用量詞來修飾，這時動詞形式由量詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來決定。Thispairofglassescosts180yuan.3.maths,news,physics等名詞雖以-s結(jié)尾，卻具有單數(shù)的含義。Physicsisveryinteresting.Thereisalotofgoodnewsintoday’snewspaper.有些名詞既可作可數(shù)名詞又可作不可數(shù)名詞。（1）chicken雞肉chickens小雞 （2）exercise鍛煉exercises練習(xí)（3）chocolate巧克力塊chocolates巧克力糖 （4）__________時間__________次數(shù))（5）_________經(jīng)驗__________經(jīng)歷 （6）__________木頭__________樹林（7）glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯 （8）__________紙__________試卷，論文（9）_________空間__________房間 （10）_________工作__________作品根據(jù)音標(biāo)寫單詞8AU5Vocabulary序號英文音標(biāo)詞性中文1['?fr?k?]n.非洲2[?j??r?p]n.歐洲3[f??s]adj.兇猛的4[?n?sa?kl?'pi:d??]n.百科全書5[?da?n?s?:(r)]n.恐龍6[?g?z?st]v.存在7[?i:vn]adv.甚至8[?hɑ:mfl]adj.有害的9[daiaut]滅絕10[?skel?tn]n.骨骼11[?f?tpr?nt]n.腳印12[?θ??k?(r)]n.思想家13[ɡri:s]n.希臘14[?zsu:n?z?p?s?bl]盡快15[d?ɑ:(r)]n.壇子16[???mju:zm?ntpɑ:k]游樂場17[kri?e?t]v.創(chuàng)造18[?k?r?kt?(r)]n.人物19[wa?l]conj.同時20[k?:z]v.使發(fā)生21[d??zi:z]n.疾病22[?g?v?nm?nt]n.政府23[r??pe?(r)]v.修理24[fi:]n.費用25[?d??:ni]n.長途旅行詞匯復(fù)習(xí)（1）8AU5詞性轉(zhuǎn)換整理1n.非洲n.非洲人adj.非洲的2n.歐洲n.歐洲人adj.歐洲的3n.希臘n.希臘人adj.希臘人的3v.傷害n.傷害adj.有害的adj.無害的4v.創(chuàng)造adj.有創(chuàng)造力的n.創(chuàng)造n.創(chuàng)造力5adj.真實的，實際上adv.實際上，事實上v.意識到；實現(xiàn)6v.存在n.存在根據(jù)中文寫出相應(yīng)的英文1. though conj. 雖然，盡管，即使E.g. 1) Ifeltverycold,________（雖然）Iwaswearingathickcoat.__________（盡管）shewasinahurry,shestoppedtotalktome.2. create v. 創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)建E.g. 1) SomepeoplebelieveGod__________（創(chuàng)造）theworld.Whowasthe___________（創(chuàng)造者）oftheelectric?Mybrotherisa___________（有創(chuàng)造力的）boybecauseheisalwaysmakessomestrangethings.3. exist v. 存在E.g. 1) Theoldlady_________（生存）onlyoncoffeeandbread.Suchanidea_________（存在于……之中）only__________themindsofpoets.She__________（靠……生存）only__________milk.4. even adv. 甚至E.g. 1) ___________（甚至）MrsSmithcouldnothelplaughing.Thisdictionaryis__________________________（更有用）thanthatone.Ihaveexplainedeverything,but_________（甚至）nowshedoesn’tunderstand.5. harmful adj. 有害的 harmless adj. 無害的E.g. 1) Thenewdrughasno___________（有害的）sideeffects.Theirdogseemsfierce,buthe’s___________（無害的）.Theflood_____________________________________________（嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞）tothecrops.6. nobody pron. 沒有人E.g. 1) Therewas___________（沒有人）athome.2) ____________（一點也沒有）ofthefoodwasleft.7. while conj. 與……同時E.g. 1) Thetelephonerang___________（當(dāng)……的時候）Iwashavingashower.2) Ilistentotheradio___________（同時）I’meatingmybreakfast.3) ____________（當(dāng)……時）hewaseating,Iaskedhimtolendme20yuan.8. cause v./n. 引導(dǎo)，導(dǎo)致，原因E.g. 1) Thefire_____________________________（由……引起）acigaretteend.2) Baddrivingisthe___________（原因）ofmostroadaccidents.9. believe v. 相信E.g. 1) Longago,people__________（相信）thatEarthwasflat.He____________________（相信）gettingplentyofexercise._____________________（相信我）,youwillgetwellverysoon.Keyphrasesandsentences.1.Theywerefiercerthantigersandatemeat.它們比老虎兇猛并食肉。"be動詞+比較級十than”這是形容詞比較級的一種表達(dá)方式，要注意單音節(jié)詞和一部分雙音節(jié)詞的比較級加-er構(gòu)成。e.g.Mysisteristallerthanme.我姐比我高點。2.Nobodyknowswhy.沒人知道這是為什么。Nobodypron.“沒有人，無人，誰也不”，作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。e.g.Thereisnobodyintheroom.屋里沒有人。Nobodyknows.誰也不知道?！居亚樘崾尽浚簄obody因本身含有否定意義，在作主語時，其謂語動詞用肯定式。nobody的反義詞是somebody。e.g.Somebodyiswaitingforyou有人在等你。nobody為不定代詞，不定代詞后跟動詞的單數(shù)形式。如：everybody,somebody,anybody和everythingsomething,anything,nothing等。e.g.Thereissomethingwrongwithmyclock.我的鐘壞了。3.Hetaughtthatthewaytobehappywastoownasfewthingsaspossible.他提倡快樂的方法就是擁有盡可能少的東西。(1)thewaytobehappywastoownasfewthingsaspossible中用動詞不定式引導(dǎo)的詞組來作表語，as…aspossible盡可能地。(2)表示兩者程度一樣，可以使用as...as的句型。句中的形容詞或副詞不用比較級，要用原級。e.g.MycousinisastallasIam.我堂兄和我一樣高。JennydancesasbeautifullyasAlice.說到跳舞，詹妮與艾麗斯跳得一樣優(yōu)美。TomisascleverasJack.湯姆和杰克一樣聰明。Herunsasfastashisfather.他跑步跟他父親一樣快?！局R拓展】如果表示甲在某一方面不如乙時，用“notas/so+形容詞／副詞+as"句型。e.g.Itisnotas/sowarmtodayasyesterday.今天不如昨天暖和。Hedidnotcomeas/soearlyasWangLin.他沒有王林來得早。4.Oneday,Diogenessawaboydrinkingwaterfromhishandsbyafountain.一天，第歐根尼看見一個男孩在噴水池邊用手捧著水喝。seesb.doingsth.看見某人正在做某事e.g.Isawthestudentsplayingbasketballontheplayground.我看到那些學(xué)生正在操場上打籃球?！居亚樘崾尽縮eesb.doing強(qiáng)調(diào)“看見某人正在做某事”，表示動作正在進(jìn)行中，側(cè)重當(dāng)時的情況；seesb.do表示“看見某人做了某事”，強(qiáng)調(diào)做完了或做過，側(cè)重動作的全過程。e.g.Isawthemanrunningonthestreet.我看見那人正在街上跑。Isawamanrunintothehouse.我看見一個人跑進(jìn)宅子里去了。和see用法相似的詞還有hear,notice,watch,observe等。5.DisneylandwascreatedbyWaltDisney...迪斯尼樂園是由沃特·迪斯尼創(chuàng)建的……這是被動語態(tài)的一種表達(dá)。漢語一般意為“由……”“被……”。被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者，主語和謂語動詞之間邏輯上是動賓關(guān)系。被動語態(tài)謂語動詞的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：be+及物動詞的過去分詞。被動語態(tài)用于我們不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者或沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者的句子中。被動語態(tài)和主動語態(tài)一樣也有各種時態(tài)。一般現(xiàn)在時結(jié)構(gòu)：is(are)+及物動詞的過去分詞;一般過去時結(jié)構(gòu)：was(were)+及物動詞的過去分詞；一般將來時結(jié)構(gòu)：willbe+及物動詞的過去分詞;現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時結(jié)構(gòu)：am(is,are)+being+及物動詞的過去分詞。e.g.ColourTVsaremadeinthatfactory.那個工廠制造彩色電視機(jī)。Englishisspokenallovertheworld.全世界都講英語。Theworkersweremadetoworktwelvehoursaday.工人們一天被迫工作12個小時。6.Afterleavingschool,hesold…離開學(xué)校后，他賣……after可以作介詞，介詞后的動詞要加-ing，整個介詞短語在句中作時間狀語本句可改為：Afterheleftschool,hesold...(after此處作連詞，引導(dǎo)一個時間狀語從句)7.Finallyhegotajobthathereallyliked--drawingcartoonsforfilms.終于他找到了一項他確實喜歡的工作——為電影畫卡通。Allheownedwasabigjarthathelivedin他擁有的一切就是他住的大罐子……這兩句都是復(fù)合句。第一句擁有一個定語從句，第二句擁有兩個定語從句。定語從句：用一個句子修飾一個名詞或代詞就稱為定語從句。引導(dǎo)詞表示人用who，表示物用which,that既可表示人，又可表示物。e.g.ThisisthebookthatIbought.這就是我買的那本書。Themanwhowearsapairofglassesisournewteacher.戴眼鏡的那個人是我們的新老師。PracticePractice一、閱讀單選PeopleoftenthinkoftheNorthPole(北極)andtheSouthPoleassimilarfrozen(冰凍的)wastelands.Theyarebothplaceswithverycoldtemperaturesandfewpeoplelivethere.However,theNorthandSouthPolesarenotmuchalikeaspeoplemayimagine.TheNorthPolehasnoland,onlythickice.Temperaturesseldomgoabove32°F,atwhichwaterturnsintoice.Mostofthetime,itstaysbelowzero.Inwintertemperaturesareusuallyaslowas-30°F.Althoughconditionswereverypoor,peopletriedformanycenturiestoreachtheNorthPole.About100yearsago,twomen,RobertPearyandMathewHenson,wereabletogettothisenvironmentfulloftroublesanddifficulties.TheyreachedtheNorthPoleonMarch8th,1909.Itwasreallyahardtripforthem.TherearefewthingsmoredangerousthancrossingtheArctic(北極圈)onfoot.Peoplewhostayedtheremayfacemanyproblems:verycoldtemperatures,suddenstorms,andevenhunger.Mostoftheareaisuninhabited.Fewpeoplecanliveinsuchadifficultplace.Peoplemightthinkthatwithsuchlowtemperaturesformostoftheyear,theicewouldbethickandhard.However,thisisnottrueintheArctic.Themovementoftheoceanwaterundertheicemayoftencausemanydifferentchangesonthesurface.Sometimestheicebreaksintotwoopeninglanesofwater(水道)called“l(fā)eads”.Anyonewhofallsintoaleadcanbefrozentodeathinafewminutes.1．Thispassageisprobablyfrom________.A．a(chǎn)bookreview B．a(chǎn)computermagazine C．a(chǎn)schoolreport D．a(chǎn)sciencebook2．Accordingtothepassage,whathappenedabout100yearsago?A．TwomensucceededingettingtotheNorthPole.B．TemperaturesintheNorthPolewentabove32°F.C．TheenvironmentintheNorthPolesuddenlybecameworse.D．TheNorthPolechangedintothickicebecauseofthetemperatures.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“uninhabited”probablymeaninChinese?A．氣候惡劣的 B．充滿危險的 C．困難重重的 D．無人居住的4．WhatproblemswillpeoplefacewhencrossingtheArctic?①lowtemperatures

②withoutwater

③suddenstorms④hunger

⑤themovementoftheoceanwaterA．①②③④⑤ B．①③④⑤ C．①②④⑤ D．②③④⑤5．Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?A．ThethickiceintheNorthPole.B．AdifficulttriptotheNorthPole.C．TherealsituationintheNorthPole.D．ThedifferencesbetweentheNorthPoleandtheSouthPole.二、完形填空請通讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每小題所給的四個選項中選出一個最佳答案，并將答題卡上對應(yīng)題目所選的選項涂黑。Lastmonth,ItookmysonTomtoseehisgrandparents.Itwashisfirsttimethere,sohewasexcitedand6everything.Duringlunch,Tomshouted,“Dad,Isawahen7.”“It’s8!”Isaid.“Howcanahenfly?”“Dad,intheyard,thedogranafterthehen.9,thehenwasforcedtoacorner.Whentherewasnowayout,sheflewuptothewall.Howdidthehenfly?”“Maybebecauseof10.Thehenlovesherownlife.”Ianswered.Lastweekend,we11Tom’sgrandparentsagain.Thistime,IheardTom’svoicefromtheyard,“Dad!Thedogisrunningafterthehenagain!”Iranoutofthehouse.Thehenrantoagroupofchicken,withthedogbehindher.Suddenly,shestopped,turnedaroundandfacedthedog12.I13astone,threwitatthedoganddroveitaway.“Dad,whydidn’tthehenflyaway?Sheknowsshecan’t14thedog,”askedTom.Ithoughtforawhileandsaid,“Maybebecauseoflove,theloveforher15morethanherself.”Tomthoughtforalongtimeandnodded.Heunderstoodthatlovehadmagicpower.6．A．worriedabout B．a(chǎn)fraidof C．interestedin D．pleasedwith7．A．dancing B．singing C．swimming D．flying8．A．terrible B．impossible C．easy D．usual9．A．Happily B．Finally C．Luckily D．Carelessly10．A．health B．luck C．love D．fun11．A．treated B．called C．helped D．visited12．A．a(chǎn)ngrily B．safely C．lazily D．hopefully13．A．lookedat B．pointedat C．pickedup D．lookedfor14．A．beat B．follow C．protect D．refuse15．A．partner B．life C．owner D．children三、短文首字母填空根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容及所給首字母提示寫出所缺單詞，使短文意思完整，每空一詞。Environmentalprotectionisimportantforthehealthofourearth.Weneedtor16howouractionsinfluencetheenvironment.Inourdailylife,plentyofwasteweproduceisabigproblem.Wecanr17wastebychoosingtobuyproductswithl18packaging(包裝)andtorecycleitemsproperly.S19rubbishintodifferentcategories,suchasplastic,paper,andglass,canalsobeagreathelp.Moreover,wed20onnaturalresourcesforourdailyneeds,suchaswater,air,andfood.Itisimportanttosaveresourcesbyusingthemw21.Forexample,turningoffthetapw22brushingourteethcansavewater,andturningofflightswhenleavingaroomcansaveelectricity.Finally,wemustalsothinkaboutther23ofourchoicesfortheenvironment.Choosingtousepublictransportationorcarpooling(共乘一輛車)insteadofdrivinga24canreduceairpollution.PlantingtreescanalsohelptakeinCO2andi25airquality.Bytakingthesesteps,wecanhelpprotecttheenvironmentandmakeabetterfuture.四、閱讀回答問題閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文中的信息回答問題。（每個回答不