國外英語考試-美國研究生入學-第1章分析性寫作

國外英語考試-美國研究生入學-第1章分析性寫作共享題干題Youwillbegivenabriefquotationthatstatesorimpliesanissueofgene（江南博哥）ralinterestandspecificinsdivuctionsonhowtorespondtothatissue.Youwillthenhave30minutestoplanandcomposearesponseaccordingtothespecificinsdivuctions.Aresponsetoanyotherissuewillreceiveascoreofzero.Makesurethatyourespondaccordingtothespecificinsdivuctionsandsupportyourpositionontheissuewithreasonsandexamplesdrawnfromsuchareasasyourreading,experience,observationsand/oracademicstudies.TrainedGREreaderswillevaluateyourresponseforitsoverallquality,basedonhowwellyou:●Respondtothespecifictaskinsdivuctions●Considerthecomplexitiesoftheissue●Organize,develop,andexpressyourideas●Supportyourideaswithrelevantreasonsand/orexamples●CondivoltheelementsofstandardwrittenEnglishBeforeyoubeginwriting,youmaywanttothinkforafewminutesabouttheissueandthespecifictaskinsdivuctionsandthenplanyourresponse.Besuretodevelopyourpositionfullyandorganizeitcoherently,butleavetimetorereadwhatyouhavewrittenandmakeanyrevisionsyouthinkarenecessary.[問答題]1.Practice1正確答案：【參考范文】Iagreewiththespeakerthatitissometimesnecessary,andevendesirable,forpoliticalleaderstowithholdinformationfromthepublic.Acontraryviewwouldrevealana?vetéabouttheinherentnatureofpublicpolitics,andaboutthesortsofcompromisesonthepartofwell-intentionedpoliticalleadersnecessaryinordertofurtherthepublic’sultimateinterests.Nevertheless,wemustnotallowourpoliticalleadersunduefreedomtowithholdinformation;otherwise,werisksanctioningdemagogueryandunderminingthephilosophicalunderpinningsofanydemocraticsociety.Onereasonformyfundamentalagreementwiththespeakeristhatinordertogaintheopportunityforeffectivepublicleadership,awould-beleadermustfirstgainandmaintainpoliticalpowerinthegameofpolitics,completeforthrightnessisasignofvulnerabilityandnaivete,neitherofwhichearnapoliticianrespectamonghisorheropponents,andwhichthoseopponentswillusetoeveryadvantagetodefeatthepolitician.Inmyobservation,somemeasureofpanderingtotheelectorateisnecessarytogainandmaintainpoliticalleadership.Forexample,wereallpoliticianstodiscloseeverypersonalfoibles,characterflaw,anddetailconcerningpersonallife,fewhonestpoliticianswouldeverbyelected.Whilethisviewmightseemcynical,personalscandalshaveinfactproventheundoingofmanyapoliticalcareer;thus,Ithinkthisviewisrealistic.AnotherreasonwhyIessentiallyagreewiththespeakeristhatfullydisclosingtothepubliccertaintypesofinformationwouldthreatenpublicsafetyandperhapsevennationalsecurity.Forexample,ifthePresidentweretodisclosethegovernment’sstrategiesforthwartingspecificplansofaninternationalterroristoradrugtrafficker,thosestrategieswouldsurelyfail,andthepublic’shealthandsafetywouldbecompromisedasresult.Withholdinginformationmightalsobenecessarytoavoidpublicpanic.Whilesuchcasesarerare,theydooccuroccasionally.Forexample,duringthefirstfewhoursofthenewmillenniumtheU.S.Pentagon’smissiledefensesystemexperiencedaY2K-relatedmalfunction.Thisfactwaswithheldfromthepublicuntillaterintheday,oncetheproblemhadbeensolved;andlegitimatelyso·sinceimmediatedisclosurewouldhaveservednousefulpurposeandmightevenhaveresultedinmasshysteria.Havingrecognizedthatwithholdinginformationfromthepublicisoftennecessarytoservetheinterestsofthatpublic,legitimatepoliticalleadershipneverthelessrequiresforthrightmesswiththecitizenryastotheleader’smotivesandagenda.Historyinformsusthatwould-beleaderswholacksuchforthrightnessarethesameoneswhoseizeandmaintainpowereitherbybruteforceorbydemagoguery—thatis,bydeceivingandmanipulatingthecitizenry.ParagonssuchasGenghisKhanandHitler,respectively,comeimmediatelytomind.Anydemocraticsocietyshouldofcourseabhordemagoguery,whichoperatesagainstthedemocraticprincipleofgovernmentbythepeople.Consideralsolessegregiousexamples,suchasPresidentNixon’swithholdingofinformationabouthisactiveroleintheWatergatecover-up.Hisbehaviordemonstratedaconcernforself-interestabovethebroaderinterestsofthedemocraticsystemthatgrantedhispoliticalauthorityinthefirstplace.Insum,thegameofpolitiescallsforacertainamountofdisingenuousnessandlackofforthrightnessthatwemightotherwisecharacterizeasdishonesty.Andsuchbehaviorisanecessarymeanstothefinalobjectiveofeffectivepoliticalleadership.Nevertheless,inanydemocracyaleaderwhorelieschieflyondeceptionandsecrecytopreservethatleadership,toadvanceaprivateagenda,ortoconcealselfishmotives,betraysthedemocracy—andendsupforfeitingthepoliticalgame.Makesurethatyourespondaccordingtothespecificinsdivuctionsandsupportyourpositionontheissuewithreasonsandexamplesdrawnfromsuchareasasyourreading,experience,observationsand/oracademicstudies.TrainedGREreaderswillevaluateyourresponseforitsoverallquality,basedonhowwellyou:●Respondtothespecifictaskinsdivuctions●Considerthecomplexitiesoftheissue●Organize,develop,andexpressyourideas●Supportyourideaswithrelevantreasonsand/orexamples●CondivoltheelementsofstandardwrittenEnglishBeforeyoubeginwriting,youmaywanttothinkforafewminutesabouttheissueandthespecifictaskinsdivuctionsandthenplanyourresponse.Besuretodevelopyourpositionfullyandorganizeitcoherently,butleavetimetorereadwhatyouhavewrittenandmakeanyrevisionsyouthinkarenecessary.[問答題]2.Practice2正確答案：【參考范文】Thisstatementactuallyconsistsofaseriesofthreerelatedclaims:machinesaretoolsofhumanminds;humanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines;anditisbecausemachinesarehumantoolsthathumanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines.WhileIconcedethefirstclaim,whetherIagreewiththeothertwoclaimsdependspartlyonhowonedefines“superiority,”andpartlyonhowwillingoneistohumbleoneselftotheunknownfuturescenarios.Thestatementisclearlyaccurateinsofarasmachinesaretoolsofhumanminds.Afterall,wouldanymachineevenexistunlessahumanbeinginventedit?Ofcoursenot.Moreover,Iwouldbehard-pressedtothinkofanymachinethatcannotbedescribedasatool.Evenmachinesdesignedtoentertainoramuseus—forexample,toyrobots,carsandvideogames,andnoveltyitems—areinfacttools,whichtheirinventorsandpromotersuseforengagingincommerceandthebusinessofentertainmentandamusement.And,theclaimthatamachinecanbeanendinitself,withoutpurposeorutilitarianfunctionforhumanswhatsoever,isdubiousatbest,sinceIcannotconjureupevenasingleexampleofanysuchmachine.Thus,whenwedevelopanysortofmachinewealwayshavesomesortofendinmind—apurposeforthatmachine.Asforthestatement’ssecondclaim,incertainrespectsmachinesaresuperior.Wehavedevisedmachinesthatperformnumber-crunchingandotherrotecerebraltaskswithgreateraccuracyandspeedthanhumanmindsevercould.Infact,itisbecausewecandevisemachinesthataresuperiorintheserespectsthatwedevisethem—asourtools—tobeginwith.However,ifonedefinessuperioritynotintermsofcompetenceinperformingrotetasksbutratherinotherways,humanmindsaresuperior.Machineshavenocapacityforindependentthought,formakingjudgmentsbasedonnormativeconsiderations,orfordevelopingemotionalresponsestointellectualproblems.Upuntilnow,thenotionofhuman-mademachinesthatdeveloptheabilitytothinkontheirown,andtodevelopso-called“emotionalintelligence,”hasbeenpurefiction.Besides,eveninfictionwehumansultimatelyprevailoversuchmachines—asinthecasesofFrankenstein’smonsterandHat,thecomputerin2001:ASpaceOdyssey.Yetitseemspresumptuoustoassertwithconfidencethathumanswillalwaysmaintaintheirsuperiorstatusovertheirmachines.Recentadvancesinbiotechnology,particularlyintheareaofhumangenomeresearch,suggestthatwithinthetwenty-firstcenturywe’llwitnessmachinesthatcanlearntothinkontheirown,torepairandnurturethemselves,toexperiencevisceralsensations,andsoforth.Inotherwords,machineswillsoonexhibitthetraitstowhichwehumansattributeourownsuperiority.Insum,becausewedevisemachinesinorderthattheymayserveus,itisfairtocharacterizemachinesas“toolsofhumanminds.”Andinsofarashumanshavetheuniquecapacityforindependentthought,subjectivejudgment,andemotionalresponse,italsoseemsfairtoclaimsuperiorityoverourmachines.Besides,shouldweeverbecomesocleveraspeciesastodevisemachinesthatcantrulythinkforthemselvesandlookoutfortheirownwell-being,thenquerywhetherthesemachinesofthefuturewouldbe“machines”anymore.Makesurethatyourespondaccordingtothespecificinsdivuctionsandsupportyourpositionontheissuewithreasonsandexamplesdrawnfromsuchareasasyourreading,experience,observationsand/oracademicstudies.TrainedGREreaderswillevaluateyourresponseforitsoverallquality,basedonhowwellyou:●Respondtothespecifictaskinsdivuctions●Considerthecomplexitiesoftheissue●Organize,develop,andexpressyourideas●Supportyourideaswithrelevantreasonsand/orexamples●CondivoltheelementsofstandardwrittenEnglishBeforeyoubeginwriting,youmaywanttothinkforafewminutesabouttheissueandthespecifictaskinsdivuctionsandthenplanyourresponse.Besuretodevelopyourpositionfullyandorganizeitcoherently,butleavetimetorereadwhatyouhavewrittenandmakeanyrevisionsyouthinkarenecessary.[問答題]3.Practice3正確答案：【參考范文】Ateverypointonthespectrumofhumanhistory,fromthefirstbandsofhunter-gatherersallthewaytothemodemmetropolis,humanshaveconvergedtoformcommunitiesofever-increasingsize.Infact,duetoindustrializationthetraditionaldemographicmodelhasrecentlybeenreversedsothattherearenowmorepeoplelivingincitiesthanruralareasforthefirsttimeever.Thuscities,whichhavelongheldamajorityoftheworld’sculturalandpoliticalinfluence,arenowmoreimportanttosocietythanever.Andtheimportanceofmajorcitiesasbenchmarksofsocietycannotbeunderstated.Majorcities,withtheirextensivepopulations,tendtohaveequallylargebudgetssostudyinghowthesecitiesspendprovidesdeepinroadsintoanunderstandingofasociety’spriorities.Hencethestatementthatonemuststudyasociety’smajorcitiesinordertounderstanditsmostimportantcharacteristicsisvalid.Adefiningcharacteristicofeverysocietyisitsculture.Clearly,notallofasociety’scultureisconfinedtomajorcities,butitisalmostalwaysthecasethatwhenmajorcitiesexistinasocietytheyserveasculturalcentersbecauseoftheirlargepopulationsandbudgets.Studyinghowmajorcitiesspendfundsonculturalprojectsisanindispensablepartofunderstandingwhatasocietyvalues.Forexample,mostmajorcitiesarehometomultiplemuseums.Bystudyingthetypesofmuseums,howlargethemuseumsare,orevenhowmanymuseumsexistinamajorcityonecanlearnatremendousamountaboutasociety.Toillustratethispoint,theproliferationofartmuseumsandgalleriesinPadsmakesanobviousstatementthatFrenchsocietyplacesextremevalueonthearts.Ontheotherhand,London’simpressivenaturalsciencemuseumsindicatethevaluethatEnglishsocietyhasplacedonthesciences.Likeculture,governmentisalsoakeyindicatorofsociety’svalues.And,likeculture,governmentisalmostalwaysconcentratedinmajorcities.Soitfollowsthatstudyingagovernment’spoliciesrevealsjustasmuchofasociety’simportantcharacteristicsasstudyingit’sculturalinstitutions.ThisisespeciallytrueinnationswithrepresentativegovernmentsliketheUnitedStates,wherepoliticianscomefromnotonlymajorcitiesbutplaceslargeandsmallacrossthenation.InWashingtonD.C.representativesfromeveryaspectofAmericansocietycongregatetodecidewhatismostimportanttoAmericans.Thus,anyattemptatunderstandingAmericansocietywithoutanexaminationofD.C.,itscapitolandmajorcity,wouldbeincomplete.Furthermore,manyimportantcharacteristicsofsocietyareonlyunderstandablebyexaminingthepopulationsofmajorcities.Oftenblendingpeopleofmultipleethnic,economic,andeducationalbackgroundstogetherinoneplace,astudyofhowthesedifferentgroupsaretreatedincitiesrevealsmuchaboutasociety.Forinstance,astudyofhowmajorcitiestreattheireconomicallydisadvantagedmembersprovidesinformationonasociety’spoliticalandeconomicphilosophies.Similarly,theincreasedinteractionbetweendifferingethnicgroupsthattakesplaceinmajorcitiesrevealsmuchaboutthevaluesocietyascribestoraceandethnicity.Perhapsthemostcompellingsupportforthestatementisthatthepopularityofurbanlivingincontemporarysocietyactuallymakesmajorcitiesthemselvesimportantcharacteristicsofsociety.Andassuch,theymustbestudiedtounderstandsociety’simportantcharacteristics.Moreover,aspopulationscontinuetomigratetourbanenvironments;majorcitieswillbecomeevenmoreimportanttothestudyofsociety’svalues.Makesurethatyourespondaccordingtothespecificinsdivuctionsandsupportyourpositionontheissuewithreasonsandexamplesdrawnfromsuchareasasyourreading,experience,observationsand/oracademicstudies.TrainedGREreaderswillevaluateyourresponseforitsoverallquality,basedonhowwellyou:●Respondtothespecifictaskinsdivuctions●Considerthecomplexitiesoftheissue●Organize,develop,andexpressyourideas●Supportyourideaswithrelevantreasonsand/orexamples●CondivoltheelementsofstandardwrittenEnglishBeforeyoubeginwriting,youmaywanttothinkforafewminutesabouttheissueandthespecifictaskinsdivuctionsandthenplanyourresponse.Besuretodevelopyourpositionfullyandorganizeitcoherently,butleavetimetorereadwhatyouhavewrittenandmakeanyrevisionsyouthinkarenecessary.[問答題]4.Practice4正確答案：【參考范文】Inourlives,goalsserveanimportantroleinprovidingapathtosuccess.Whileanygoalisbetterthannone,notallgoalsareequal.Becausepeoplerarelyachieveinstantsuccess,themostconsistentpathtosuccessistoonlypursuegoalsthatarerealisticallyachievable.Hence,inordertobalanceexposuretomediawhichencouragesyoungpeopletoseekinstantfame,advisingyoungpeopletopursuelong-term,realisticgoalsisthebestwaytoensuretheirsuccess.Firstofall,itisimportanttoencourageyoungpeopletopursuelong-term,realisticgoalsinordertobalanceexposuretomedia,whichcommonlyglorifiestheachievementsofpeoplewhohaveattainedimmediatefameandrecognition.Perhapsbecauseitisalmosteveryone’sdreamasayouthtoobtainimmediatefameandrecognition,contentfeaturingpeoplewhohaveaccomplishedthisgoalisafixtureontelevision,radio,andtheInternet.Foradults,theeffectofthiscontentismostlynullifiedbymaturityandpersonalknowledgethatnoteveryonecanachieveimmediatefameandrecognition.However,thecontentcanstronglyinfluenceyoungpeoplewholackthewisdomtorealizethefutilityofseekingimmediatefameandrecognition.Forexample,considerthedifferencebetweenthenumberofyoungpeoplewhowanttoberockstarsandtheactualnumberofpeoplewhoareabletomakealivingasamusician.Therefore,becauseyoungpeopleareoftencommonlyexposedtomedia,adultsshouldensurethattheyalsoreceiveadviceonthevalueofpursuinglong-term,realisticgoalsinordertoensurethattheyreceivethebalancedinputnecessaryforthemtodevelopacompletepictureoftheworld.Furthermore,assistingyoungpeopleindevelopingabalancedpictureoftheworldenablesthemtobettermakedecisionsregardingtheirfutures.Forthisreason,youngpeopleshouldbeencouragedtopursuelong-term,realisticgoalsratherthanseekimmediatefamebecauseitisintheirbestinterest.Whileitisimportantforyoungpeopletobechallengedinordertopushthemtodotheirbest,itisalsoimportantthattheysetrealisticgoalsforthemselves.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatformostyoungpeople,long-termgoalsaremorereadilyachievablethanimmediatefameandrecognition.Considerthatforanytwoyoungpeoplewhereoneseeksimmediatefameandtheotherpursueslong-termgoals,inalmosteverycaseonlyonewillbesuccessful.Finally,itisimportanttoencourageyoungpeopletopursuelong-termgoalsbecauseeveryotheroptionsetsthemupforfailure.Itisunrealistictoencourageyoungpeopletopursueimmediatesuccess,andtodosowillalmostcertainlyleadtodisappointment.Likewise,failingtoencourageyoungpeopletopursueanygoalsisevenworse.Withoutthenecessarydirectionprovidedbygoals,youngpeopleareathighestriskofbeingunsuccessful.Therefore,theonlyencouragementthatshouldbegiventoyoungpeopleistopursuelong-term,realisticgoals.Insummary,allgoalsareanimportantcomponentofachievingsuccess,butshort-termgoalsofimmediatefamearelesslikelytobeachievedthanlong-termgoals.Hence,ifyoungpeoplearenotencouragedtopursuelong-term,realisticgoals,theirchancesofattainingsuccessaresignificantlylessened.Thus,itisinthebestinterestsofyoungpeopletoencouragethemtopursuelong-term,realisticgoals,particularlywhentheyarecommonlyexposedtomediaencouragementtopursueunrealisticgoalsofinstantfameandsuccess.Youwillbegivenashortpassagethatpresentsanargumentandspecificinsdivuctionsonhowtorespondtothatpassage.Youwillthenhave30minutestoplanandcomposearesponseinwhichyouevaluatethepassageaccordingtothespecificinsdivuctions.Aresponsetoanyotherargumentwillreceiveascoreofzero.NotethatyouareNOTbeingaskedtopresentyourownviewsonthesubject.Makesurethatyourespondaccordingtothespecificinsdivuctionsandsupportyourevaluationwithrelevantreasonsand/orexamples.TrainedGREreaderswillevaluateyourresponseforitsoverallquality,basedonhowwellyou:●Respondtothespecifictaskinsdivuctions●Identifyandanalyzefeaturesoftheargumentrelevanttotheassignedtask●Organize,develop,andexpressyourideas●Supportyouranalysiswithrelevantreasonsand/orexamples●CondivoltheelementsofstandardwrittenEnglishBeforeyoubeginwriting,youmaywanttothinkforafewminutesabouttheargumentpassageandthespecifictaskinsdivuctionsandthenplanyourresponse.Besuretodevelopyourresponsefullyandorganizeitcoherently,butleavetimetorereadwhatyouhavewrittenandmakeanyrevisionsthatyouthinkarenecessary.[問答題]5.Practice1正確答案：【參考范文】Whatarethelimitsofourdutytosaveendangeredspeciesfromextinction?Thestatementraisesavarietyofissuesaboutmorality,conscience,self-preservation,andeconomics.Onbalance,however,Ifundamentallyagreewiththenotionthathumansneednotmake“extraordinary”efforts—attheexpenseofmoneyandjobs—toensurethepreservationofanyendangeredspecies.AsIseeit,therearethreefundamentalargumentsforimposingonourselvesatleastsomeresponsibilitytopreserveendangeredspecies.Thefirsthastodoculpability.Accordingtothisargument,totheextentthatendangermentistheresultofanthropogeniceventssuchasclear-cuttingofforestsorpollutingoflakesandstreams,wehumanshaveadutytotakeaffirmativemeasurestoprotectthespecieswhosesurvivalwe’veplacedinjeopardy.Thesecondargumenthastodowithcapability.Thisargumentdisregardstheextenttowhichwehumansmighthavecontributedtotheendangermentofaspecies.Instead,theargumentgoes,ifweareawareofthedanger,knowwhatstepsaleneededtopreventextinction,andcantakethosesteps,thenwearemorallyobligatedtohelppreventextinction.Thisargumentwouldplaceaveryhighaffirmativedutyonhumanstoprotectendangeredspecies.Thethirdargumentisanappealtoself-preservation.Theanimalkingdomisanintricatematrixofinterdependentrelationships,inwhicheachspeciesdependsonmanyothersforitssurvival.Severingcertainrelationships,suchasthatbetweenapredatoranditsnaturalprey,cansetintomotionaseriesofextinctionsthatultimatelymightendangerourownsurvivalasaspecies.Whilethisclaimmightsoundfar-fetchedtosome,environmentalexpertsassureusthatinthelongrunitisaveryrealpossibility.Ontheotherhandaretwocompellingargumentsagainstplacingadutyonhumanstoprotectendangeredspecies.ThefirstisessentiallytheDarwinianargumentthatextinctionresultsfromtheinexorableprocessofso-called“naturalselection”inwhichstrongerspeciessurvivewhileweakeronesdonot.Moreover,wehumansarenotexemptfortheprocess.Accordingly,ifweseefittoeradicateotherspeciesinordertofacilitateoursurvival,thensobeit.Weareonlybehavingasanimalsmust,Darwinwouldnodoubtassert.Thesecondargument,andtheonethatIfindmastcompelling,isanappealtologicoveremotion.Itisascientificfactthatthousandsofanimalspeciesbecomeextincteveryyear.Manysuchextinctionsareduetonaturalforces,whileothersareduetoanthropogenicfactors.Inanyevent,itisfarbeyondourabilitytosavethemall.Bywhatstandard,then,shouldwedecidewhichspeciesareworthsavingandwhichonesarenot?Inmyobservation,wetendtofavoranimalswithhuman-likephysicalcharacteristicsandbehaviors.Thispreferenceisunderstandable；afterall,dolphinsarefarmoreendearingthanbugs.Butthereisnologicaljustificationforsuchastandard.Accordingly,whatmakesmoresenseistodecidebasedonourowneconomicself-interest.Inotherwords,themoremoneyandjobsitwouldcosttosaveacertainspecies,thelowerpriorityweshouldplaceondoingso.Insum,theissueofendangered-speciesprotectionisacomplexone,requiringsubjectivejudgmentsaboutmoraldutyandthecomparativevalueofvariouslife-forms.Thus,therearenoeasyorcertainanswers.YetitisforthisveryreasonIagreethateconomicself-interestshouldtakeprecedenceovervaguenotionsaboutmoraldutywhenitcomestosavingendangeredspecies.Inthefinalanalysis,atapointwhenitbecomescriticalforourownsurvivalasaspeciestosavecertainothers,thenwehumanswilldosoifwearefit—inaccordancewithDarwin’sobservedprocessofnaturalselection.NotethatyouareNOTbeingaskedtopresentyourownviewsonthesubject.Makesurethatyourespondaccordingtothespecificinsdivuctionsandsupportyourevaluationwithrelevantreasonsand/orexamples.TrainedGREreaderswillevaluateyourresponseforitsoverallquality,basedonhowwellyou:●Respondtothespecifictaskinsdivuctions●Identifyandanalyzefeaturesoftheargumentrelevanttotheassignedtask●Organize,develop,andexpressyourideas●Supportyouranalysiswithrelevantreasonsand/orexamples●CondivoltheelementsofstandardwrittenEnglishBeforeyoubeginwriting,youmaywanttothinkforafewminutesabouttheargumentpassageandthespecifictaskinsdivuctionsandthenplanyourresponse.Besuretodevelopyourresponsefullyandorganizeitcoherently,butleavetimetorereadwhatyouhavewrittenandmakeanyrevisionsthatyouthinkarenecessary.[問答題]6.Practice2正確答案：【參考范文】SunnysideApartmentsexpectsa“dramatic”increaseinprofitsthankstoswappingshowerheadsfromastandardtoawater-savermodel.Inordertoassesshowrealisticthishopeis,weshouldliketohavefivepiecesofinformation.Mostobviously,asSunnyside’sownerhimselfhints,thewatermeterreadingsneedtobeexamined.Somesavingsaretobeexpectedcertainly.Themeterfigureswillprovidehardnumbers.Perhapstheownershouldtakeadeepbreath,however.AshotofScotchmightbeagoodideatoo.It’struethatthenewshowerheadsdoreducewateruse.Inanygiveninterval,thewaterusedwillbe2/3lessthanitwasbefore.Butpeopledonotshowerbytheclock.Ashowerisanexerciseincleaningagivenamountofskinsurface.Accordingly,peoplewillshoweruntiltheyhavecleanedthatsurface.Subjectivelyspeaking,mostofusshoweruntilwe“feelclean.”Thus,thereducedwaterflowmaynothavetheeffectofsavingwater.Itmaysimplylengthenthetimepeoplespendintheshower.Dowatersavershowerslengthenshowertime?Themeterfigurescanconfirmordisconfirmthishypothesis.Itishereputforwardsimplytosuggestthata2/3lesswaterflowmaynottranslateinto2/3lesswaterusedinshowering.Thismatterofproportionsandpercentagesbringsusthenextbitofinformationneeded.Whatpercentoftotalwaterusedoshowers,infact,accountfor?Anunwaryreader(likethiswriter)mightconcludefrom“2/3lesswaterflow”to“waterbillcutby2/3!”Clearly,thiswouldbeerroneous.Itmustbeborneinmindthenthat,thoughthewaterusemaybeexpectedtodecline(subjecttothewarningintheparagraphabove),thedropmaybelessthan“dramatic.”Ifso,anyriseinprofitswillbesimilarlymodest.Aminorconsideration,butonepresent,involvesthecostofreplacingtheoldshowerheads.Ashowerheadisasimplething,anditsreplacementamatterofminutes.Socostoflaborandmaterielarenotdramatic.Theywill,however,takeabiteoutofthefirstmonth’ssavings.Amoreseriousquestioninvolveshowoftenoldshowerheadshavetobereplacedorcleaned.Inareaswithhardwater,mineralbuildupismuchfasterwherewaterflowisweak.IfSunnyside’swaterishard,lookforsomeprobablymodestcostsfromreplacingorcleaningshowerheadsperiodically.Thecomplex’sownerhopefullyreports“few”complaints.Ahardnumber,especiallyapercentage,wouldbemoreuseful.Oftenfarmorepeopleareupsetthanactuallyvoiceacomplaint.Inthehotelindustry,theruleofthumbis“10-1.”Foreverycomplaintheard,assumetenindividualsareupset.Whatweshouldliketoknowiswhatm