標準解讀

《GB/T 18314-2024 全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)（GNSS）測量規(guī)范》相對于《GB/T 18314-2009 全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）測量規(guī)范》，主要在以下幾個方面進行了調(diào)整和更新：

  1. 適用范圍擴展：新標準從專注于GPS系統(tǒng)擴展到包括所有全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)，如中國的北斗、俄羅斯的GLONASS、歐盟的Galileo等，這反映了衛(wèi)星導航技術(shù)的全球化發(fā)展趨勢和多系統(tǒng)兼容互操作的需求。

  2. 技術(shù)進步吸納：鑒于過去十幾年中衛(wèi)星導航技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，新標準納入了最新的技術(shù)成果，包括更高級的信號處理技術(shù)、多頻多星座觀測方法以及更精確的誤差修正模型，以提高測量精度和可靠性。

  3. 測量精度提升：更新了數(shù)據(jù)處理算法和精度評估方法，旨在實現(xiàn)更高精度的定位服務(wù)，滿足不同行業(yè)對高精度定位日益增長的需求，如測繪、地質(zhì)勘探、工程測量等領(lǐng)域。

  4. 安全與隱私保護：考慮到現(xiàn)代信息社會對數(shù)據(jù)安全和用戶隱私的關(guān)注，新標準可能包含了關(guān)于數(shù)據(jù)加密、傳輸安全及用戶隱私保護的相關(guān)規(guī)定，確保GNSS應(yīng)用中的信息安全。

  5. 術(shù)語與定義更新：隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展，相關(guān)專業(yè)術(shù)語和定義也有所變化。新標準對這些術(shù)語進行了修訂和增補，以反映當前的技術(shù)狀況和國際通用標準。

  6. 測試與驗證方法：提供了更詳細和嚴格的測試方法及驗證標準，確保GNSS設(shè)備和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量控制，有助于提升整個行業(yè)的標準化水平和互操作能力。

  7. 應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域拓展：新標準考慮到了GNSS技術(shù)在新興領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，如智能交通系統(tǒng)、精準農(nóng)業(yè)、無人機導航等，為這些領(lǐng)域提供了測量規(guī)范指導。


如需獲取更多詳盡信息，請直接參考下方經(jīng)官方授權(quán)發(fā)布的權(quán)威標準文檔。

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文檔簡介

ICS

07.040

CCS

A76

中華人民共和國國家標準

GB/T18314—2024

代替GB/T18314—2009

全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)（GNSS）測量規(guī)范

Specificationsforsurveyandmeasurementofglobalnavigationsatellitesystem

2024-08-23發(fā)布2025-03-01實施

國家市場監(jiān)督管理總局發(fā)布

國家標準化管理委員會

GB/T18314—2024

目次

前言

·····································································································

Ⅲ

1

范圍

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1

2

規(guī)范性引用文件

······················································································

1

3

術(shù)語和定義

···························································································

1

4

基本要求

······························································································

2

5

級別劃分和測量精度

·················································································

3

5.1

級別劃分

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3

5.2

用途

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3

5.3

測量精度

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3

6

GNSS網(wǎng)布設(shè)

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4

6.1

布設(shè)基本要求

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4

6.2

設(shè)計要求

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4

6.3

GNSS點命名

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5

6.4

技術(shù)設(shè)計

·························································································

5

7

選點

··································································································

5

7.1

選點準備

·························································································

5

7.2

點位基本要求

····················································································

5

7.3

輔助點與方位點

·················································································

6

7.4

選點作業(yè)

·························································································

6

7.5

選點后上交的資料

···············································································

6

8

埋石

··································································································

6

8.1

標石

······························································································

6

8.2

埋石作業(yè)

·························································································

6

8.3

標石外部整飾

····················································································

7

8.4

關(guān)鍵工序的控制

·················································································

7

8.5

埋石后上交的資料

···············································································

7

9

儀器

··································································································

7

9.1

接收機選用

······················································································

7

9.2

儀器檢驗

·························································································

8

9.3

儀器維護

·························································································

8

10

觀測

·································································································

8

10.1

基本技術(shù)要求

···················································································

8

10.2

觀測區(qū)的劃分

···················································································

9

10.3

觀測計劃

························································································

9

Ⅰ

GB/T18314—2024

10.4

觀測前的準備

···················································································

9

10.5

觀測作業(yè)的要求

················································································

9

11

外業(yè)成果記錄

······················································································

10

11.1

A級GNSS網(wǎng)外業(yè)成果記錄

···································································

10

11.2

B、C、D、E級GNSS網(wǎng)外業(yè)成果記錄

······················································

10

11.3

觀測資料整理

··················································································

11

12

數(shù)據(jù)處理

···························································································

11

12.1

基本要求

······················································································

11

12.2

外業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量檢核

·············································································

11

12.3

基線向量解算

··················································································

12

12.4

A、B級GNSS網(wǎng)基線處理結(jié)果質(zhì)量檢核

·····················································

13

12.5

重測和補測

····················································································

14

12.6

GNSS網(wǎng)平差

··················································································

15

12.7

數(shù)據(jù)處理成果整理和技術(shù)總結(jié)編寫

···························································

15

13

成果驗收與上交資料

···············································································

16

13.1

成果檢查與驗收

···············································································

16

13.2

提交資料

······················································································

16

附錄A(資料性)2000國家大地坐標系統(tǒng)的定義和地球橢球參數(shù)

·····································

17

附錄B(規(guī)范性)選點與埋石資料及其說明

····························································

18

B.1

點之記

··························································································

18

B.2

GNSS點環(huán)視圖

················································································

20

B.3

標石類型圖

·····················································································

20

附錄C(規(guī)范性)氣象儀表的主要技術(shù)要求

····························································

25

C.1

通風干濕表的主要技術(shù)要求和使用

····························································

25

C.2

空盒氣壓表的主要技術(shù)要求和使用

····························································

25

附錄D(規(guī)范性)測量手簿記錄及有關(guān)要求

····························································

26

D.1

測量手簿

·······················································································

26

D.2

測量手簿記錄內(nèi)容及要求

······································································

28

D.3

天線高測定方法及要求

········································································

29

附錄E(資料性)歸心元素測定與計算

·································································

30

E.1

GNSS三角測量方法

···········································································

30

E.2

純GNSS方法

··················································································

30

E.3

三角聯(lián)測方法

··················································································

30

附錄F(規(guī)范性)同步觀測環(huán)檢核

······································································

31

Ⅱ

GB/T18314—2024

前言

本文件按照GB/T1.1—2020《標準化工作導則第1部分：標準化文件的結(jié)構(gòu)和起草規(guī)則》的規(guī)

定起草。

本文件代替GB/T18314—2009《全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）測量規(guī)范》,與GB/T18314—2009相

比，除結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和編輯性改動外，主要技術(shù)變化如下：

a）標準名稱變更為《全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)（GNSS）測量規(guī)范》；

b）增加3條術(shù)語“GNSS網(wǎng)”“獨立基線”“點觀測模式”（見3.8、3.10、3.13）；

c）增加了使用多衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)下的共性測量要求，增加了利用北斗衛(wèi)星導航系統(tǒng)開展測量的規(guī)定與描

述（見4.1、10.1.2）；

d）刪除了1980西安坐標系及1954年北京坐標系的參考橢球基本參數(shù)等要求（見2009年版的4.4，附

錄A）；

e）增加了使用點位中誤差劃分精度等級的內(nèi)容（見5.3.2）；

f）更改了選點、埋石中的部分技術(shù)細節(jié)（見第7章和第8章，2009年版的第7章和第8章）；

g）增加了基線測量中誤差的計算公式（見12.2.5）；

h）更改了技術(shù)總結(jié)編寫中的部分技術(shù)細節(jié)（見12.7，2009年版的12.7）；

i）更改了成果驗收的部分內(nèi)容（見13.1，2009年版的13.1）；

j）更改了點之記及部分標石類型的示例（見附錄B，2009年版的附錄B）；

k）更改了歸心元素計算內(nèi)容，與測定方法合并（見附錄E，2009年版的附錄E）；

l）增加了同步環(huán)閉合差為0時的檢核方法（見附錄F）。

請注意本文件的某些內(nèi)容可能涉及專利。本文件的發(fā)布機構(gòu)不承擔識別專利的責任。

本文件由中華人民共和國自然資源部提出。

本文件由全國地理信息標準化技術(shù)委員會（SAC/TC230）歸口。

本文件起草單位：自然資源部測繪標準化研究所、中國測繪科學研究院、自然資源部第一大地測量

隊、自然資源部大地測量數(shù)據(jù)處理中心、武漢大學、國家基礎(chǔ)地理信息中心、江蘇省測繪工程院、自然

資源部四川測繪產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗站、北京市測繪設(shè)計研究院。

本文件主要起草人：肖學年、郭煒信、嚴競新、秘金鐘、程傳錄、馬聰麗、劉站科、姜衛(wèi)平、

陳華、張鵬、張慶蘭、王勇、譚明建、華劼、賈光軍、李森、呂玉霞、安德恭、尹彤、蔣光偉、

谷守周、張慶濤、張建華、張鳳錄。

本文件及其所代替文件的歷次版本發(fā)布情況為：

—2001年首次發(fā)布為GB/T18314—2001，2009年第一次修訂；

—本次為第二次修訂。

Ⅲ

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