【目的論視角下參展商手冊英譯探究（英文）6000字（論文）】

目的論視角下參展商手冊英譯研究摘要隨著經(jīng)濟全球化的發(fā)展，世界各國的貿(mào)易往來日益頻繁。在對外貿(mào)易中，展會的舉辦發(fā)揮著重要的作用。在展會中發(fā)揮著“門面”作用的參展商手冊，更是直觀的反映出展會的內(nèi)容。對參展商手冊的翻譯，不僅能夠使來華參展的企業(yè)更好的理解此次展會，而且能夠提高我國的國家形象。因此，本文的寫作目的在于發(fā)現(xiàn)目前參展商手冊在翻譯方面所存在的不足，并以第二屆中國國際進口博覽會參展商手冊為例，采用漢斯·弗米爾的翻譯目的論，旨在為其他展會中參展商手冊的翻譯提供更多的翻譯方法。如省譯、分譯、合譯、轉(zhuǎn)換語態(tài)、語序等，使譯者能夠以更加靈活翻譯方式和技巧來處理目標文本?？傊挥胁粩嗉訌妰煞N語言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換應(yīng)用，才能使得在譯員在翻譯參展商手冊中更加自如，更加接近目標語的表達交流習慣，進而促進展會的順利舉辦。關(guān)鍵詞：參展商手冊；商務(wù)英語；英漢翻譯Ⅰ.Introduction1.1ResearchBackgroundTheChinaInternationalImportExpo(CIIE)istheworld'sfirstlarge-scalenationalexhibitionwiththethemeofimports.Itaimstofirmlysupporttradeliberalization,economicglobalization,andactivelyembracetheworld.TheholdingoftheChinaInternationalImportExpoisamajormovemadebytheChinesegovernment.Itisconducivetostrengtheningeconomicandtradeexchangesandcooperationamongcountriesintheworld,promotingglobaltradeandworldeconomicgrowth,andpromotingthedevelopmentofanopenworldeconomy.The3rdCIIEisaninternationaleconomicandtradeeventwiththelargestscaleandthelargestnumberofparticipatingcountriesheldinmycountryundertheconditionsofnormalizationofepidemicpreventionandcontrol.Itusesacombinationofonlineandofflinemethods.Inthedownwardtrendoftheoverallglobaleconomicdevelopment,thethirdCIIEhasbroughthopetotheeconomicdevelopmentofvariouscountries.1.2Researchcontentandsignificance“InthereportontheinfluenceofthethirdCIIE,itisclearlyshownthattheexhibitionattractedenterprisesfrom124countriesandregionstoparticipateintheexhibition.”Intheexhibitormanual,theEnglishversionhastwiceasmanyviewsastheChineseversion.TheExhibitorManualisanindispensabledocumentforexhibitorstounderstandthedetailsofthisexhibitionandensurethesmoothholdingoftheexhibition.Itplaysanindispensableroleininternationalexhibitionswheremanyforeigncompaniesparticipate.Therefore,studyingtheEnglishversionoftheCIIEExhibitor’sManualandsummarizingrelevantvocabularyandsentenceexpressionswillhelpstudentsmajoringinBusinessEnglishimprovetheaccuracyandprofessionalismofsuchtexttranslation.Ⅱ.LiteratureReviewTheexhibitor'smanualservesasaguidebookfortheexhibition.Itspurposeistointroduceexhibitorstothespecificinformationoftheexhibitionandtheinformationthatexhibitorsshouldknow.Thetextcontentoftheexhibitor’smanualisclear,formalandlogical.Itslanguageandinterpretationstyleareverybusiness-oriented.Itmainlyconveysbusinessinformationtoexhibitorsandplaysaninformationalfunction.Comprehensivelyspeaking,itisabusinessexplanatorytext.2.1ResearchatHomeWangHui(2011),whilestudyingthetranslationofthe2010ShanghaiWorldExpo'spublicitymanual,proposedthatintranslatingtheforeignpublicitymanual,inadditiontoliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,translatorsshouldtrytheirbesttoadoptimitationtranslation.Thatis,tofindexpressionswiththesameorsimilarculturalfunctionsinthetargetlanguageculturetoreplacethewordsintheoriginaltext.Thisnotonlypreservestheconversationalmeaningoftheoriginaltext,butalsoallowsthereadersofthetargettexttounderstandandacceptit.LiuZixin(2014)analyzedthetranslationofexhibitionlogos,technicaltermsandnegotiationterms,andbelievedthatthetranslationofexhibitionEnglishshouldberefinedandaccurateincontent.Translatingexpressions,faithfulexpressionsandeuphemisticexpressionscanbeusedintranslation.MaZhiguo(2019)pointedoutthatinthetranslationprocess,thetranslatormustfirststrivefortheinformationcorrespondencebetweenthetargetlanguageandtheoriginallanguage.Atthesametime,consideringthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishsentencestructureandwritinghabits,appropriatelyadjustthesentencestructureandinformationarrangementordertoensurethatthetranslationisclearandconcise,accurateandprofessional,andnaturalandsmooth.Soastoachievetheexpectedtransmissioneffect.Atpresent,mostdomesticresearchesonexhibitiontextsfocusontheexhibition'spublicitytextsandthelanguageusedintheprogressoftheexhibition.Therearerelativelyfewtranslationstudiesspecifictotheexhibitor’smanual.Atthesametime,whentranslatingtheexhibitor'smanual,thetranslationmethodusedisrelativelysimple.Beginnertranslatorswithoutprofessionaltrainingoftentranslatetextsaccordingtotheirownunderstanding.Therefore,althoughwehaveconductedalotofresearchonthetextoftheexhibition,therearestillvariousproblemsintheEnglishtranslationoftheexhibitor'smanual.2.2ResearchAbroadDuanXiaoXiao(2019)proposedthatequivalenceisthebasicstandardpursuedintranslationpractice.However,theexternallypromotedtextneedstobe"flexible"intranslationtoimproveandpromote"equivalence".BusinessEnglishtranslationisnotonlythetranslationoftwolanguages,butalsothetranslationoftheculturesrelatedtothem.Therefore,inthetranslationofsuchtexts,oneshouldnotblindlytranslateitsliteralmeaning,butshouldunderstand"flexibility"andcombineculturewithtranslationwork.MeirongLiu(2020)believesthatfromacross-culturalperspective,factorssuchasculturaldifferences,thinkingstyles,andvocabularyaccuracywillallaffecttheaccuracyofbusinessEnglishtranslation.Therefore,onlythroughstandardizationandunificationofwords,areasonablegraspofculturaldifferences,andfocusingontheuseofprofessionalterms,cantheaccuracyoftranslationbeguaranteed.Butonthewhole,foreignresearchonEnglish-Chinesetranslationinvolvesawiderange.However,mostoftheirresearchresultsfocusonthediscussionoftranslationtheoriesandtechniques,andtheirtheoreticalsuggestionshavenotbeenwidelyusedinpractice.Inotherwords,thepracticeofapplyingtheoriestoexhibitiontextsisstillrelativelysmall.Thereareevenfewertranslationstudiesspecifictotheexhibitor’smanual.Ⅲ.TheoreticalFramework3.1TheIntroductiontotheFunctionalistSkoposTheorySkopostheorywasproposedbytheGermantranslationtheoristRiceandherstudentVermeerinthe1980s.Itisthecentralcontentoffunctionaltranslationtheory.Itrequiresthatwhentranslating,itshouldbebasedonacertainpurpose,ensurethecoherenceofthetranslation,andbeloyaltotheoriginaltext.Atthesametime,itemphasizestheimportanceofthe"targetaudience".TranslationundertheguidanceofSkoposTheorymeansthattheactualpurposeisthemostimportantcontent,anditiscarriedoutinaccordancewiththerealityofthetranslationacttheory,whichalsoincludesthetranslationofrelevantculturalfactors.Vermeeremphasizedthattranslationisanactof"realizingaspecificpurposeandsatisfyingthetargetaudienceinthecontextofthetargetlanguage".WhentranslatingundertheguidanceofSkoposTheory,SkoposRule,CoherenceruleandFidelityruleshouldbethebenchmark.3.2ThreeRulesoftheSkoposTheorySkoposTheoryoftranslationcanbedividedintothreemajorprinciples.Skoposrule,CoherenceruleandFidelityrule.ThemostimportantofthesethreeprinciplesisSkoposrule.Skoposruleisthatthetranslationshouldbeinthecontextandcultureofthetargetlanguage.Andtranslateinthewaythetargetlanguagerecipientexpects.Thepurposetobeachievedbythetranslationactdeterminesthewholeprocessofthetranslationact,thatis,theresultdeterminesthemethod.Generallyspeaking,"purpose"referstothecommunicativepurposeofthetranslation.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldbeclearaboutitsspecificpurposeinagiventranslationcontext,anddecidewhichtranslationmethodtouseaccordingtothispurpose.Isliteraltranslation,freetranslationorsomewhereinbetween.Coherencerulemeansthatthetranslationmustmeetthestandardofintra-textualcoherence.Thatistosay,thetranslationisreadableandacceptable,sothattherecipientcanunderstandit.Thismakesitmeaningfulinthecultureofthetargetlanguageandthecommunicativecontextinwhichthetargetisused.Thefidelityrulemeansthatthereshouldbeinter-textualcoherencebetweentheoriginaltextandthetargettext.Thisisequivalenttotheso-calledloyaltytotheoriginalinothertranslationtheories,butthedegreeandformofloyaltytotheoriginaldependsonthepurposeofthetranslationandthetranslator’sunderstandingoftheoriginal.3.3TheStandardoftheSkoposTheorySkopostheoryregardsadequacyasthecriterionforevaluatingtranslations,thatis,translationsmustmeettherequirementsoftranslationpurposes.Itsstartingpointisnotwhetherthetargettextisequivalenttotheoriginaltext,butitemphasizesthatthetranslatortakestheexpectedfunctionofthetargettextasthestartingpointintranslation.Andaccordingtovariouscontextualfactors,choosethebesttreatmentmethod.Inotherwords,thetranslator'stranslationstrategymustbedeterminedbytheintendedpurposeorfunctionofthetranslation,theso-called"skoposrule".Whilefocusingonthefunctionofthetranslation,thetheoryalsoemphasizesthereadabilityofthetranslationinthetargetlanguage,thatis,the"coherencerule",andtheintra-textualcoherencebetweenthetranslationandtheoriginal,thatis,the"fidelityrule",butbothofthelattermustbeobeyedskoposrule.3.4ApplicationofSkoposTheoryinExhibitionTranslationBasedontheSkopostheory,thetranslationshouldconformtothehabitualexpressionofEnglishasmuchaspossible,andshouldbeaudience-oriented,ratherthancopyingtheexpressionhabitofChinese.Therefore,inthetranslationprocess,attentionshouldbepaidtoavoidingtheexpressionofChinglish.Forexample,someslogansintheexhibitionoftenadoptsymmetrical,rhyming,andantitheticalformsaccordingtotheChineseexpressionhabits.Itincreasesthedifficultyoftranslation.ButifitisguidedbySkopostheory,itcaninterpretthecontentofthetranslationwell,insteadofjustseekingthevisualequivalencebetweentheoriginaltextandthetargettext.InChineseculture,someexpressionsarepoliteandeuphemisticrejectionsorexcuses.Whentranslatingsuchcontent,thetranslatorshouldaccuratelygrasptheintentoftheoriginaltextsoastochooseanappropriatetranslationstrategy.Onlyinthiswaycanthetranslationbemoresuitablefortheexpressionofthetargetlanguageonthebasisofretainingtheconnotationoftheoriginallanguage.Basedonthecharacteristicsofdomesticexhibitions,exhibitionEnglishtranslationhasitsspecialpurpose.Thatistoensurethesmoothprogressoftheexhibitionandthesuccessfulrealizationofthegoals.Therefore,whentranslatingtheexhibitiontext,thetranslatorneedstofullyconsiderthepurposeoftheexhibitionandthelanguagehabitsoftheaudience,andthenflexiblyadoptdifferenttranslationmethods.Skopostheoryemphasizesthattheprocessoftranslationactiondependsonthepurposeitwantstoachieve.ThisprovideseffectiveguidanceforthetranslationofexhibitionEnglish,andsolvestheproblemsofsemanticlevel,naturalleveldeviation,andculturalcontradictionsinthetranslationprocess.Thisenablestranslationtoservetheexhibitionmoreeffectively.EnhancemutualcommunicationbetweenChineseandforeignexhibitorsandserveasabridgeforculturalcommunication,marketexpansionandbrandpromotion.Ⅳ.FeaturesandDifficultiesofExhibitorManualTranslationFirstofall,regardlessofthetypeandscaleoftheexhibition,thefirstpartoftheexhibitor'smanualshouldcontainthebasiccontentoftheexhibitionandthebasicinformationoftheexhibitionhall.Inthispart,thecompanynameandpropernounssuchastimeandlocationaremainlyused.Secondly,eachexhibitor'smanualalsoneedstomakerelevantregulationsonboothdesignandexhibits.Whentranslatingtheabovecontent,itshouldconformtotheprofessionaltermssuchasthenameunitspecifiedintheinternationaltrade.Finally,asaninternationalexhibition,mostoftheexhibitorscomefromcompaniesinforeignregions,soexhibitsneedtobetransportedfromtheircountryorregiontothelocationoftheexhibitionthroughvariousmethods.Therefore,thetransportationofexhibitsisalsoanimportantpartoftheexhibitor'smanual.Whentranslatingthecontentofthispart,aseriesofcommonexpressionhabitsstipulatedinimportandexporttradeshouldbefollowed.ExhibitionEnglishisabranchofbusinessEnglish.IthasauniquestyleofbusinessEnglishexpressioninvocabulary,sentenceandtexttranslationexpression.Thefollowingwilldiscussthecharacteristicsandtechniquesoftheexhibitor'smanualtranslationfromthethreeaspectsofvocabulary,sentenceandtext,anddiscoverthedifficultiesandproblemsthatcurrentlyexistintranslatingsuchtexts.4.1FeaturesandDifficultiesofVocabularyTranslationNomatterwhatkindoftextitis,thetranslationofvocabularyisthemostimportant.Whentranslatingtheprofessionalvocabularyofexhibitions,threepointsneedtobeconsidered:whetheritisstandardized,conformstothetextandregionalcharacteristics.Throughobservation,wecanroughlydividethevocabularytranslationoftheexhibitor'smanualintothreecategories.Thatis,thetranslationofprofessionalvocabulary,thetranslationofbehavioralverbsandthetranslationofmodalverbs.Jin&Han(2014)suggestion“themostimportantpointinthetranslationoftheexhibitor’smanualisthatthemeaningshouldbeconciseandclear.Therefore,ourEnglishexpressionsindailylifearenotsuitableforexhibitormanuals.”Forexample,wewilldecidehowtotranslatetheterm"exhibition"accordingtothescaleoftheexhibition.Inaddition,therearealargenumberofprofessionalvocabularyinthetranslationoftheexhibitor'smanual,whichrequiresthetranslatortohavealargeamountofprofessionalknowledge.Onlyinthiswaycantheaccuracyofthemanualtranslationbeguaranteed.Atthesametime,behavioralverbsandmodalverbsarewidelyusedintheexhibitor'smanual.Whentranslatingsuchverbs,itisnecessarytochoosethetranslationmethodaccordingtothemeaningoftheoriginallanguagetoachieveabalancebetweentheoriginallanguageandthetargetlanguage.Butatpresent,manyEnglishmajorstendtouseliteraltranslationwhentranslatingsuchverbs.Thisleadstoabigdifferencebetweentheoriginallanguageandthetargetlanguage.4.2FeaturesandDifficultiesofSentenceTranslationWu(2018)concludesthatTheexhibitor’smanualhasarefinedlanguageandrichcontent,withlongandcomplexsentences,andalargenumberofChineselongsentencesandconditionalsentences.VariousChineseexpressionssuchaspassivesentencesandimperativesentencesandspecialgrammaticalsentencesemergeinanendlessstream.Whentranslating,itisnecessarytofocusonthemainthemeoftheoriginaltext,graspthekeypointsofthesentence,distinguishthepriority,andavoidasinglesentencepattern.Intheexhibitor’smanual,thesentencestructurealsohasitsowncharacteristics.Thatistosay,shortsentencesareoftenusedinChinesetexts,whileinEnglishversions,themethodofcombinedtranslationorsplittranslationisdeterminedaccordingtotheclassificationoftranslationgroups.Butnomatterwhatmethodisadopted,itspurposeisnottocausereadingdifficultiesforreaders.Inaddition,therearemanycontentsintheexhibitormanualtoconveytoexhibitorstheissuesthatshouldbepaidattentiontowhenparticipatingintheexhibition.Therefore,thetranslationofimperativesentencesisalsoextremelyimportant.Forthistypeofsentence,therearetwocommonlyusedtranslationstrategies.Oneistokeeptheimperativeunchanged,andtheotheristotransformthesentencestructure.Ofthetwomethods,theformergenerallyusesthemethodofLiteralTranslation.Finally,duetothedifferencesinChineseandEnglishthinkinghabits,weseldomusepassivesentencesinChineseexpressions.InEnglish,theuseofpassivesentencesisverycommon.Thisrequiresustopayattentiontothemeaningofthesentenceinthetranslationprocess.Butgenerallyspeaking,whentranslatingsuchsentences,studentsmajoringinBusinessEnglisharemoreinclinedtouseliteraltranslationdirectlybasedonthedescriptionoftheoriginaltext.Thestandardandnormativeofsentencetranslationneedstobeimproved.4.3FeaturesandDifficultiesofTextTranslationTheExhibitor’sManualisapubliclypublishedtext,anditstranslationalsohascorrespondingrequirementsforetiquette.Thisisespeciallytrueforlargeandeveninternationalexhibitions.Therefore,translatorsneedtopayattentiontotoneandpolitelanguagewhentranslating.Attheleveloftexttranslation,itsrequirementisnolongerjusttoconveytheliteralmeaning,butalsotobeabletoreflectitsimplicitmeaningthroughtranslation.InChineseexpression,wearemoreinclinedtoexpressthelogicofthearticlethroughthecontentofthelanguage.IntheprocessoftranslatingintoEnglish,weneedtoconnectthemthroughaseriesoflogicalwords.Inordertoachieveabalancebetweenthetwolanguages.Atthesametime,fortheEnglishexpressioninherentinChinese,weshouldgiveprioritytotheinherentexpressionwhentranslating.Inaddition,becauseitisthetransformationofmeaningbetweenthetwolanguages,wewillencounternon-verbalproblemswhentranslating,whichrequiresthetranslatortohaveasolidculturalaccumulationbetweenthetwolanguages.Forcollegestudents,weusuallyhavethefollowingproblemswhentranslating.Forexample,theculturaldifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesarenotconsideredwhentranslating.Blindlyperformingliteraltranslationbasedontheoriginaltextmakesthetextlookblunt.Ⅴ.TranslationStrategiesofExhibitonManualfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheoryInresponsetotheabovequestions,theauthorwilltakethesecondsectionoftheCIIEExhibitor'sManualasanexampletostudytheexpressions.Andtofindsolutionsfortheexistingproblemsinthevocabulary,sentence,anddiscourseinthetranslationoftheexhibitor’smanual.5.1StrategiesinSkoposSkoposrulerequiresourtranslationtoachievetheintendedmeaningoftheoriginaltext.Itemphasizesthatinthetranslationprocess,thetranslatorshouldtaketheexpectedfunctionofthetranslationasthestartingpointandchoosethebesttranslationmethodaccordingtovariouscontexts.InthesecondCIIEExhibitorHandbook,inordertoachievethisgoal,translatorsoftenuseomissionandamplificationwhentranslating.Thefollowingaresomeexamples.5.1.1OmissionWhentranslatingthevocabularyoftheexhibitor’smanual,wecanchoosetostartwiththeomissionoftranslationtomaximizethemeaningoftheoriginaltext.Atthesametime,theexpressionofthetranslationshouldconformtotheusagehabitsofnativeEnglishspeakersasmuchaspossible,reducingthereadingpressureoftargetreaders.Omissiontranslationisatranslationmethodthatomitssomerepeatedwordsorsomeincludedmeaningsforthesakeofconcisewritingandmoreinlinewiththehabitofthetargetlanguage.Themeaningoftheoriginaltexthasnotsufferedanylossduetoomission.【例1】如有任何不明或疑問，可在展會籌備階段或展會現(xiàn)場向承辦單位、展會指定服務(wù)商進行咨詢。【譯文】Incaseofanyquestionsordoubts,pleaseconsulttheOrganizersandCIIE’sdesignatedserviceprovidersduringthepreparationstageorattheExposite.【例2】在無專業(yè)人員監(jiān)管的情況下，不可進行涉及機械類展品的動態(tài)演示活動?！咀g文】Nodynamicdemonstrationrelatedtomechanicalequipmentshallbeconductedwithoutprofessionalsupervision.InExample1,"進行"isanactionverb,andthetranslatoromitteditduringtranslation.Because"進行咨詢"itselfmeansactionbehavior,use"consult"totranslate,omittingthemeaningof"進行".Thiswayofexpressionnotonlyachievesthemeaningoftheoriginaltextitself,butalsoreducesthecognitiveloadofthetargetreaders.InExample2,thesubjectof"動態(tài)演示活動"canonlybeexpressedthroughthepassiveformof"beconduceted".Duringthetranslation,thesubjectchangecausesachangeofvoice.Thisistomaketheoriginalintentionconsistentwiththeexpectationoftherecipientofthetranslationandformamoreeffectivetranslation.5.1.2AmplificationSinceeachnationhasitsownlanguagestructureandexpressionhabits,differenthistoricalbackgrounds,religiousbeliefs,customs,habits,andwaysofthinkingnaturallydiffer.AnoutstandingfeatureofforeignpublicitytranslationisthatitisbasicallytranslatedfromChinesetoEnglish.IntheuseofEnglish,duetotheinfluenceofChinesethinkingandculture,thephenomenonthatdoesnotconformtoEnglishexpressionhabitsoccursfromtimetotime.Themethodofaddingsomeexplanatorywords,conjunctions,genericwords,generalwordsandpronounsintranslationinordertomakethetranslationfluentandeasytounderstand,ortomakethetextvividandmoreinlinewiththelanguagehabitsofthetargetlanguage,iscalledthemethodofamplification.【例3】誠摯感謝您參加中國國際進口博覽會，我們在中國上海歡迎您的到來！【譯文】OnbehalfoftheCIIEorganizingcommittee,weherebysincerelythankyouforyourparticipationintheCIIE.WelcomeandseeyouinShanghai,China!InExample12,thetranslatoraddsadditionaltranslationsduringtranslation,whichisbasedonbusinesscultureconsiderations.InEnglishexpression,thefixedsentencepattern"onbehalfof..."isusedattheendorthebeginningofthecontentofthespeech.Inthisway,thetranslationcanshowthesincerityofusastheorganizer.Atthesametime,basedonthetranslationprincipleofSkoposTheory,thisexpressionismoreinlinewiththehabitualexpressionofEnglish.5.2StrategiesinCoherenceCoherencerulemeansthatthetranslationmustbereadableandacceptable,sothatthereaderofthetargetlanguagecanunderstandthetranslationandcansuccessfullyapplyittoactivities.TheExhibitorManualisamanualthatintegratesexplanatorytextandpublicitytext.Whentranslatingtheexhibitor’smanual,itneedstobeconcise,preciseandreadable.Theuseofsentencepatternsintheexhibitor’smanualcanberoughlydividedintolongsentences,imperativesentences,passivesentencesandconditionalsentences.Butcurrently,whentranslatingthesesentencepatterns,mostofthestudentsmajoringinBusinessEnglishdirectlytranslatethembasedontheChineseexpressions.Thisnotonlymakessentenceslonganddifficulttounderstand,butalsoextremelylacksprofessionalism.Throughtheanalysisoftheexhibitor'smanualofthesecondCIIE,thetranslatoradoptedthemethodofSyntacticLinearityandCombinationinordertoachievethisgoal.Thefollowingexampleswillillustrate.5.2.1SyntacticLinearitySyntacticLinearityistotranslatetheChinesesentencewithoutsubjectintheoriginalsentenceintoEnglishsentencewithitastheformalsubject.【例4】嚴禁在未經(jīng)采取防漏保護的措施下使用污水、沙土、泥炭、苔等類似材料參與搭建及展示，以防粘污展館固定設(shè)施設(shè)。【譯文】Itisprohibitedtoadoptsewage,sand,peat,mossandothersimilarmaterialsintheconstructionanddisplaywithouttakingleakage-proofmeasures,soastopreventthecontaminationofthefixedfacilitiesandequipmentintheexhibitionhall.InExample4,thetranslationmethodoftheformalsubjectisadopted.Theuseofthisstructuredsentencepatternismoresuitableforthetranslationoflonganddifficultsentences.Bychangingthesentencestructureandfollowingtheprincipleofpoliteness,exhibitorswillnotbeoffended.Atthesametime,itisalsoinlinewiththehabitofEnglishuserswhenreadinglongsentences,placingthoserealsubjectsatthebackofthesentencetoavoidtop-heavy.5.2.2CombinationCombinationreferstocombiningtwoormorewordsintheoriginaltextintooneword,combiningtwoormoresimplesentencesintoonesentence,orcombiningacompoundsentenceinthetranslationwithasinglesentenceexpression.【例5】為全面加強展會特裝展臺的安全生產(chǎn)管理工作，確保展臺搭建、拆除及展期維護嚴格遵守承辦單位及展館的相關(guān)安全生產(chǎn)的規(guī)定與要求，承辦單位特別推薦了多家資質(zhì)良好、經(jīng)驗豐富、管理嚴格的特裝施工服務(wù)商以供展商自行選用，承辦單位不負責為參展單位推薦具體的特裝施工服務(wù)商?！咀g文】Inordertocomprehensivelystrengthenthesafeoperationmanagementofthespecialexhibitionboothsandensurestrictcompliancewiththeinstructionsandregulationsoftheorganizerandtheexhibitionspaceforsafeoperationinbuilding,dismantlingandmaintenanceofexhibitionboothsduringtheexhibition,theorganizerhasspeciallyrecommendedanumberofqualified,sophisticatedandwell-managedspecialexhibitionboothconstructorsfortheexhibitorstochoosefrom.Theorganizerisnotobligedtorecommendanyspecificexhibitionboothconstructors.Liu&Jin(2014)pointedoutthat“basedontheprincipleofSkoposTheory,thetranslationshouldconformtothehabitualexpressionofEnglishasmuchaspossible.Itshouldbeaudience-oriented,ratherthanjustcopyingtheexpressionhabitsofChinese.”InChinese,weareusedtodividingalongsentenceintomultiplesmallsentencestoreducetheburdenofunderstanding.InEnglishexpression,itismoreinclinedtodividethemeaninggrouptoreducetheburdenofunderstanding.Therearefiveclausesinthislongsentence.Afteranalysis,thetranslatordivideditintotwomeaninggroups.Thefirstmeaninggroupisthefirsttofourthclauses,mainlyemphasizingtheservicesprovidedbytheorganizerforexhibitors.Thelastsentenceisdividedintoagroupofmeanings,emphasizingthattheundertakingunithasnosuchobligation.Thetwopartsaredifferentfromeachother,anditisnoteasytocauseconfusioninreadingforexhibitors.Atthesametime,theEnglishtranslationof"資質(zhì)良好、經(jīng)驗豐富、管理嚴格……"into"qualified,sophisticatedandwell-managed".EachChinesefour-characterwordcorrespondstoanEnglishword.Itnotonlyconveysthemeaningoftheoriginaltext,butalsoavoidsthesentencefrombeingtoolongandmakestheexpressionmoreconcise.【例6】未嚴格按照該綠色標準實施的，承辦單位有權(quán)要求予以整改，由此產(chǎn)生的損失由相應(yīng)的參展商或搭建商承擔?！咀g文】Theorganizerhastherighttorequestanyexhibitororexhibitionboothconstructorwhofailstofollowthestandardstocorrectitsoffenceandindemnifyforanylossesarisingtherefrom.Example6isthesameasExample5,andthecombinedtranslationmethodisalsoadoptedintranslation.Theoriginalsentenceisthreeshortsentences,whichthetranslatortreatsasacomplexsentenceinEnglish.Inthisway,thetranslationisconciseandclear,andwillnotcausetoom