話題閱讀03航天航空（原卷版）-2022年中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解

備戰(zhàn)2022年中考英語(yǔ)話題閱讀專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練專題04航天航空(原卷版)¤話題01¤話題01 中國(guó)最大，最強(qiáng)大的火箭——長(zhǎng)征五號(hào)¤話題02 國(guó)際空間站的詳細(xì)介紹¤話題03 國(guó)際空間站的詳細(xì)介紹¤話題04 “天問(wèn)一號(hào)”火星探測(cè)器¤話題05 宇航員在太空中的日常生活¤話題06 全國(guó)第一個(gè)火星探測(cè)器——祝融¤話題07 美國(guó)航天航空局將在2024年把第一位女性航天員送到月球的計(jì)劃¤話題08 中國(guó)的空間計(jì)劃¤話題09 “毅力”號(hào)火星車成功登陸火星¤話題10 中國(guó)建成自己的北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)

Passage1（2020·浙江·瑞安市安陽(yáng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)九年級(jí)開學(xué)考試）December27,2019wasanexcitingdayforChinesepeople.China’sbiggestandmostpowerfulrocket,theLongMarch5,wassuccessfullylaunchedinHainanonthatday.The57metertallrocketisthetallestandstrongestrocketinChina.SincetheLongMarch5ismuchbiggerthanothersintheLongMarchrockets,ithasbeennicknamed“Chubby5”,accordingtoChinaDaily.Therocketisabletocarrythingsweighingupto25,000kilogramstheweightof16midsizecars,ChinaDailynoted.Thispayloadisabout2.5timesgreaterthananyotherChineserocket.TheLongMarch5isthethirdmostpowerfulrocketintheworld.OurChinesescientistsarereallyproudofit.DuringtheDecemberlaunch,theLongMarch5successfullysenttheShijian20thsatellite,China’slargestandheaviesthomemadesatellite,intospace.Inadditiontosendingthesatelliteintospace,thelaunchalsotestedseveralprojectsthatwereusedtoimprovetherocket’sbasicskills.ItalsotestedthekeyprojectthatwillbeusedtotaketheChange5probetothemoon,accordingtotheChinaNationalSpaceCenter.Inthefuture,theLongMarch5willbeusedforChina’sfifthlunarexpedition,aswellastoplacepartsofChina’sspacestationintospace.“In2021,wewillusetheLongMarch5tolaunchtheChange’s5probetothemoonandalsosendaspecialprobetoMars,”saidWangXiaojun,theprojectmanageroftheLongMarch5.1．WhatdoweknowabouttheLongMarch5?A．Itwaslaunchedatthestartof2019. B．ItwaslaunchedinXichang.C．Itisthetallestrocketintheworld. D．ItisthebiggestLongMarchrocket.2．WhatisthepayloadoftheLongMarch5?A．It’smorethan2,500kilograms. B．It’sthreetimesgreaterthanothers’.C．It’supto25,000kilograms. D．It’stheweightof16midsizebuses.3．ScientistsusedtheLongMarch5launchto________.A．improvethesatellite’sbasicskills B．haveChina’sfifthlunarexpeditionC．sendaspecialprobetothemoon D．sendChina’sheaviesthomemadesatelliteintospace4．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A．HowChina’sspacestationwillbebuilt.B．WhentheLongMarch5willbesendtotheMars.C．WhattheLongMarch5willbeusedforinthefuture.D．WhythescientistswillsendtheLongMarch5tothemoon.Passage2（2021·福建·龍巖市新羅區(qū)教師進(jìn)修學(xué)校九年級(jí)期末）MostpeoplehaveaplacetocallhomeonEarth.Whataboutinouterspace?TheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)becameourfirst“home”inspacein2000.Itweleditsfirstcrewthatyear,paving(鋪設(shè))thewayfor20yearsoffutureresearch.“Youjusthavethisimpressionthatwe’reallcitizens(公民)ofnotacountry,butoftheplanet,”formerNASAastronautScottKellytoldNationalGeographicaboutworkinginISS.“We’reallinthisthingcalledhumanity(人類)together.”O(jiān)verthepast20years,theISShasmainlybeenusedasasciencelab,hosting241peoplefrom19countries,accordingtoNASA．Theyhavegoneonspacewalks,doneresearchonhowspaceaffectsthehumanbody,andevengrownplantsinspace.Thestation’sdevelopmenthasalsobenefited(有益于)peopleonEarth.Forexample,thestation’swaterpurification(凈化)technologyhasbeenusedinpoorareastoprovidecleandrinkingwater.Thestationalsohelpstowarnusofnaturaldisasters(災(zāi)難),suchasearthquakes.However,afterbeingourhomeinspaceforover7,000days,thestationisstartingtogetold.Ithasleaked(泄漏)airafewtimes.Scientiststhinkthatthestationcankeepworkinguntil2024.Afterthat,scientistswillbringitdowntoEarth.ItisbelievedthatEarth’satmosphere(大氣)willburnupmostofthestation.Otherdebris(殘骸)willfallintothePacificOcean.Inthefuture,spacewillbehometomorestationsliketheISS.NASAisbuildingaspacestationthatissmallerthantheISSnearthemoon.Also,Chinawillhaveitsownspacestationupandrunningin2022.5．WhatdoweknowfromwhatScottKellysaid?A．AstronautsseetheISSastheirhome.B．AnyonecangototheISS.C．Allofhumanityhassomethinginmon.D．Astronauts’livesontheISSaredifficult.6．WhathavetheastronautsdonewhileontheISS?a.Goneonspacewalks.b.Learnedhowspaceaffectsthehumanbody.c.Grownplants.d.Providedcleanwaterforpoorareas.e.Stoppedearthquakes.A．a(chǎn)bc B．a(chǎn)bd C．a(chǎn)de D．bde7．Paragraph4explains________.A．whatpeopleontheISShavedoneB．howtheISShashelpedhumansonEarthC．whohasvisitedtheISSovertheyearsD．howpeopleliveontheISS8．WhatwillhappentotheISS?A．ThewholestationwillfallintothePacificOcean.B．ItwillbebroughtbacktoEarth.C．Itwillbeleftinouterspaceforever.D．Itwillburnupinspace.9．Fromthelastparagraph,weknowthat________.A．buildingaspacestationtakesalongtimeB．itwillbeeasiertogotospaceinthefutureC．ChinawillsendastronautstotheISSD．wewillbuildmorespacestationsPassage3（2021·江蘇鎮(zhèn)江·二模）Chinesespaceexplorationmadegreatachievementsin2020,withthemostimportanteventbeingtheChang’e5mission(任務(wù)).TheChang’e5wasChina’sfirstsample(樣本)returnmission.Ittravelledinspacefor23daysandandbroughtback1.7kgoflunarrockandsoilsamplestoEarth.Thiswastheworld'sfirstlunarreturnmissionsince1976andmadeChinathethirdcountrytopletealunarreturnmissionaftertheUnitedStatesandtheformerSovietUnion.Asthecountry’smostdifficultmissionyet,Change’s5markedamajorstepforwardforChina’sspaceexploration.Thelunarsampleshavebeensenttolaboratoriesforresearchthatwillimproveunderstandingofthestate,temperature,andmaterialcontentofthemoon.Someofthesampleswillbeputondisplayinthescienceandtechnologymuseumtoencouragescientificinterest.“Thiswillgreatlyencouragepeople,especiallyyoungpeople,tostudyandexploretheworldsbeyondEarth,”aplanetaryscientistattheChinaUniversityofGeosciencesinWuhansaid.Chinaalsoviewsthemissionaspartofmankind’sexplorationofthemoonasawhole.TheChange’5landingareawasverydeliberatelychosen.TheMonsRumkerarea,whichhadneverbeensampledbefore,isgeologically(地質(zhì)學(xué)上)youngerthanthesamplingareasoftheUSandSovietmissions.Scientistsbelievethenewsamplescouldhelpfillagap(空白)inunderstandingthemoon’svolcanic(火山的)activityandevolution(演變).Chinahaspromisedtoshareitssamplewithscientistsfromothercountries.Someforeignscientistshaveshowninterest.Lunarexplorationisnotforbusinesspurposes,butforthepurposeofinternationalscientificresearch.Mankindwillexplorethemoontogether,aslargeexplorationprojectswillrequireinternationalcooperation(合作)inthefuture.Chinawillplayaleadshiproleintheinternationalscientificmunity.10．WhatdoestheunderlinedwordinParagraph6mean?A．easily B．carefully C．rapidly D．pletely11．Thesamplesfromthemooncanbeusedinmanyways,except________.A．researchinthelaboratories B．sharewithscientistsfromothercountriesC．dobusinesswithforeigncountries D．displayinscienceandtechnologymuseums12．Accordingtothepassage,whatcanweknowabouttheChang’e5mission?A．Itwastheworld’sfirstlunarreturnmission.B．Itmadeacontributiontomankind’sspaceexploration.C．Itwaspletedwiththehelpofsomeothercountries.D．ItslandingareawasnotasgoodastheUSA’sandSoviet’s.13．Whatcanbeinferred(推斷)fromthepassage?A．Spaceexplorationisthemostimportantscientificfield.B．Wearesuretomakeachievementsifweworktogether.C．Thenewsamplescouldhelpscientistsunderstandtheearthbetter.D．Thesuccessfuleventmightencouragemorepeopletostudyscience.Passage4（2021·貴州畢節(jié)·中考真題）TianwenIisChina’sfirstMarsprobe（火星探測(cè)器）.Wheredoesthenameefrom?DoyoustillrememberQuYuan,afamouspoetinancientChina?Helovedhismotherlandverymuch.Hislongpoem“HeavenlyQuestions（天問(wèn)）”expressesthecontinualhardworkandthegreatspiritoftheChinesenationtoscience.ThatiswhyTianwenIwasofficiallynamed,whichisquiteculturalandbeautiful.OnJuly14,2020.TianwenIarrivedattheWenchangSpaceLaunchSite（發(fā)射站）inHainanProvince.ThespaceprobeTianwenIbasedoff（發(fā)射升空）at12:41p.m.onJuly23,2020,carryingaLongMarch5carrierrocket（長(zhǎng)征5號(hào)運(yùn)載火箭）.IttookTianwenIaboutsevenmonthstotraveltoMars.TheChina’sMarsrover（火星車）,Zhurongmovedfromislandingplatform（平臺(tái)）ontothesurfaceoftheRedPlanetat10:40a.m.onMay15th,2021,startingisexploration（探險(xiǎn)旅程）aroundthelandingsite.The240kilogramrobotwassentintotheskytosurveyMars’landforms,geographysituation,andsomethingaboutwater,ice,environmentandotherphysicalfields.BeforeTianwenI,nocountryhadevertriedtosendanorbiter（運(yùn)行器）,alanderandaroverinonesingleexpedition（考察）toMars.14．WhichcountryisTianwenIMarsprobefrom?A．China. B．America. C．Canada. D．Japan.15．WhywasthefirstMarsprobeheregiventhename,TianwenI?A．BecauseofabookwrittenbyLiBai. B．BecauseofapoemwrittenbyQuYuan.C．Becauseofafamousscientist. D．Becauseofawellknownengineer.16．WhenwasTianwenIsentintothespace?A．OnJune23,2020. B．OnJune24,2020C．OnJuly23,2020. D．OnJuly24,2020.17．HowlongdidittakeTianwenItotraveltoMars?A．About3months. B．About5months.C．About7months D．About9months.18．WhatdoestheMarsrover,ZhurongsurveyonMars?A．Landformsandgeographysituation. B．Somethingaboutwater,iceandenvironment.C．Otherphysicalfields. D．Alloftheabove.Passage5（2021·四川眉山·中考真題）Haveyoueverimaginedthelifeinspace?Thefollowingwillshowyoutheastronauts’dailylife.●EatinginspaceIfyougocampingformorethanaweekwithsomefriends,youwillmakesureyouhaveplentyoffoodsandkeepthemproperly.Attheendofyourcampingtrip,youwoulddealwithyourrubbishproperlybeforetheridehome.Astronautsalmostdothesamethingwhentheygotospace.Preparationchangeswiththefoodtype.Somefoodscanbeeatenintheirnaturalforms,suchaschocolatecakesandfruits.Otherfoodsrequireaddingwater,suchascheese.Ofcourse,anovenisprovidedatthespacestationtoheatthefood.Buttherearenofridges,sospacefoodmustbekeptproperly.●SleepinginspaceAfteralongdayatwork,nothingisbetterthanagoodnight’ssleep!Justlikeontheearth,inspaceastronautsgotobedatacertaintime,thengetupandprepareforworkagain.Whengoingtosleep,theyhavetoattachthemselves,sotheydon’tfloat(漂浮)aroundorhittheirbodiesagainstsomething.Theyusuallyusesleepingbagslocatedinsmallcrewcabins(乘員艙).Eachcrewcabinisjustbigenoughforoneperson.Generally,astronautshaveaneighthoursleepeachdaywhentheyfinishtheirtask.●DoingsportsinspaceExerciseisanimportantpartofeveryastronaut’sdailylifetopreventmuscleloss(肌肉萎縮).Usually,astronautsexercisetwohourseveryday.Lifting200poundsontheearthmaybealotofwork.Butliftingthatsameobjectinspacewouldbemucheasier.Thatmeansthethingsforexerciseneedtobespeciallydesigned,soastronautscanreceivetheexerciseneeded.Livinginspaceisnotjustallworkandnoplay.Astronautshavefun,too.Theyliketolookoutthewindowandplaywiththeirfood.Funplaysanimportantroleinthequalityoftheirlife.19．Thewriterstartstoexplaineatinginspaceby________.A．tellingastory B．a(chǎn)skingaquestion C．givinganexample D．paringtwofacts20．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“attach”inParagraph4mean?A．Tie. B．Hide. C．Catch. D．Carry.21．Itismucheasierforpeople________inspacethanontheearth.A．tofallasleep B．toliftheavythings C．topreventmuscleloss D．toeatcoldfood22．Inwhichpartofanewspapercanwereadthepassage?A．CULTURE. B．SOCIETY. C．SCIENCE. D．HISTORY.Passage6（2021·重慶·中考真題）Chinahasnamedthenation’sfirstMarsrover（火星車）ZhuRong.Forallofus,ZhuRongisawellsuitedname.InanancientChinesestory,ZhuRonghadthefaceofamanandthebodyofananimal.Hrodeontwodragons.WhenhehadabigfightwithGongGong,thegodofwater,ZhuRongwon.Butafterthefight,thehumanworldcameintopletedarkness.Thenhebroughtfirefromheaven（天國(guó)）totheworld.“ZhuRongisregardedastheearliestgodoffireintraditionalChineseculture,”aspaceofficialsaid.“ThefirstMarsroverwasnamedZhuRong.Thenamesymbolizes（象征）lightandhopeforspaceexploration（探索）inourcountry,andmeanstoguidehumanstocontinueexploration.”Afterleavingtheearthlastsummer,ZhuRongcircledMarsforseveralmonthsandlandedonitinMay.Inrecentyears,ourcountryhassentuptheworld’sfirstquantumsatellite（量子衛(wèi)星）,andChang’e4hasmadeasoftlandingonthemoon.Wehavemadegreatprogressinspacetechnologyandwillsoonstartbuildingourownspacestation.23．WhatZhuRongbroughtfromheaventotheworldwas________.A．fire B．wars C．water D．a(chǎn)nimals24．ForChina’sspaceexploration,thenameZhuRongsymbolizes________.A．a(chǎn)bigfight B．pletedarkness C．lightandhope D．Chineseculture25．Theunderlinedword“it”inthelastparagraphrefersto“________”.A．theearth B．Mars C．themoon D．thesun26．Accordingtothepassage,wecaninferthat________.A．ZhuRongisabadpersoninanancientChinesestoryB．ChinahasmadegreatprogressinspacetechnologyC．thewriterisproudofChina’sspacetechnologyD．theofficialdoesn’tlikethenameZhuRongPassage7（2021·江蘇高郵·二模）Inthelastcentury,aseriesofmissionshavebeencarriedouttoexplorethemoon.Amongthem,NASA’sApollo11missionsucceededinlandingthefirsthumansonthemoononJuly20,1969.Yearslater,NASAannounceditsArtemisprogram.NamedaftertheGreekgoddess,theprogramwillsendhumanstothemoonbytheyear2024.Andthistime,themoonwillweleitsfirstfemaleastronaut.Upuntilnow,only12people,allmale,haveeverwalkedonthemoon.“ThelastpersonwalkedontheMoonin1972,MBettina,”NASAmunicationsdirectorsaid.“Nowomanhaseverwalkedonthelunarsurface.”ButtheArtemisprogramwillchangethis.Womenhavebeeninvolvedinspaceprojectsandmadevaluablecontributions.In1963,astronautTereshkovafromtheSovietUnion（蘇聯(lián)）becamethefirstwomantoenterspace.However,theprogresstowardwomen’saccesstospaceprogramshasbeenslow.Astronautshadtobetestpilotswithacertainamountofexperience.Thiswasaproblemasthefieldwascontrolledbymalesatthetime.Infact,thegenderbias（性別歧視）seemedtoexist（存在）intheearlyspaceprograms,TheNewYorkTimesreported.In1962,NASAwrotetoalittlegirlwhowantedtobeanastronaut.Thelettersaid,“Wehavenopresentplanstoemploywomenonspaceflightsbecauseofthedegreeofscientificandflighttraining,andthephysicalcharacteristics,whicharerequired.”Womenhaveindeedmadeprogressinthisparticulararea,andhaveadvantagesovertheirmaleworkmates.Womentendtobesmaller,whichmeanstheyuselessoxygenandtakeuplessspaceinsmallspacecraft.Also,womenusuallyhavegreateremotionalawarenessandmunicationskillsthatmakethembettersuitedtolongspaceflights.Despitechallenges,womenhaveshownthattheyaremorethancapableofjoiningthatexcellentgroupofmenwhohavegonetothemoon.Andthiswilltrulybearemarkablemomentinhistory.27．WhatisspecialabouttheArtemisprogram?A．ItisnamedaftertheAmericangoddess.B．Itwilltakethefirstfemaleastronauttothemoon.C．Thespacecraftwillstayonthemoonforlongertime.D．Twelveastronautswilljointheprogrambytheyear2024.28．Accordingtothepassage,whatadvantagesdofemaleastronautshave?①Usinglessoxygeninspace.②Takinguplessspaceinspacecraft.③Havingbetterphysicalcharacteristics.④Havingbettermunicationskills.A．①②③ B．①②④ C．②③④ D．①③④29．FromNASA’slettertothelittlegirl,wecanknowthat________.A．thegenderbiasexistedintheearlyspaceprogramsB．womenwerenotsuitableforthehardflighttrainingC．thelittlegirlwastooyoungtojointhespaceprogramsD．NASAplannedtoemploywomenastronautsinthefuture30．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A．Thefirstfemaleastronaut B．ThegenderbiasinspaceprogramsC．ThenewNASAmissions D．ThecontributionswomenmakeforspacePassage8（2021·廣東·連州市教育局教研室二模）Chinaisplanningtocarryoutmorethan40rocketlaunches(火箭發(fā)射)in2021,thehighestevertotal,asitcontinuestoexpanditsambitionsinspace.TheplannedlaunchesincludethecoremoduleofChina’sfirstspacestation,accordingtotheChinaAerospaceScienceandTechnologyCorporation(CAST)’s(中國(guó)航天科技集團(tuán)公司）officialWeChataccount.Before2007,Chinahadnevercarriedoutmorethan10launchesayear.Butsincethenithasrapidgrowth,carryingout152launchesoverthelastfiveyears—morethananyothercountry.“China’smannedspacestationprojectwillenteracriticalstage,andwillbethetoppriorityofthespaceprogrammethroughouttheyear,”CASTsaidinJanuary,2021.ItplanstolaunchthecoremoduleoftheTiangongSpaceStationinspringandaimstopletetheconstructionbytheendofnextyear.Astronautsarealreadyintrainingforthemission,andwillalsocarryoutretrievalmissionsandtestinorbittechnologies,accordingtostatemedia.Thecountry’sfirstmissiontoMarsTianwen1isalsoduetoreachtheRedPlanetinFebruary,andwillaimtolandaroveronthesurface.Thespaceprogrammewillalsocontinuetoworkonspacestationmodulesandprepareforacrewedlunarmission,aswellascontinuingtodeveloptheBeidounavigationsystem,arivaltotheUSGPS,foruseinthecivilianaviationindustry.31．AccordingtoCAST,theplannedlaunchesinclude________.A．theChina’sfirstspacestation B．152rocketsC．thecoremoduleofChina’sfirstspacestation D．thecoremoduleofarocket32．Whatdoestheword“critical”inParagraph4meaninChinese?A．簡(jiǎn)單的 B．關(guān)鍵的 C．批評(píng)的 D．方便的33．Chinahascarriedout152launchesover________.A．thelasttwodecades B．thelastyear C．thelastmonth D．thelastfiveyears34．WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A．ItaimstopletetheconstructionoftheTiangongSpaceStationbytheendof2021.B．Chinahascarriedoutmostlaunchesoverthelastfiveyears.C．Astronautsarealreadyintrainingforthemission.D．Tianwen1isduetoreachMarsinFebruary.35．Thispassageismainlyabout________.A．thetripofTianwen1 B．thespaceprogrammeofChinaC．therocketlaunchesofChinaoverthelastyearD．thecoremoduleoftheTiangongSpaceStationPassage9（2021·江西宜春·一模）OnFeb18,NASA’sPerseveranceRover(美國(guó)航天局“毅力”號(hào)火星車)madeahistoriclandingonthesurfaceofMars.ItplannedtoworkonMarsforabouttwoyears.ThisisthefifthroverNASAhassenttoMarsandisfulloffirsts.Itwillbethefirstrovertosearchforsignsofancientlife.Ahelicopter(直升飛機(jī))willflyontheplanetforthefirsttimeaswell.Theroverisalsobetteratsolvingproblemsonitsownthantheroversbefore.Landingaspacecraft(宇宙飛船)onMarsisn’teasy.Ithadtogothroughthe“sevenminutesofterror(驚險(xiǎn)七分鐘)”allbyitself,asNASAcallsthelandingprocess.Sinceittakes11minutesforaradiosignaltotravelfromEarthtoMars,NASAcouldn’tcontrolthecraftduringtheprocess.ThespacecrafthitthetopoftheMartianatmosphere(大氣層)movingat12,000milesanhour(19,300kmanhour)andhadtoslowdownto1.7milesanhour(2.7kmanhour)withinsevenminutesbeforelanding.Drag(空氣阻力)thatwascreatedbytheatmospheresloweditdown.Atthesametime,thesurfaceofthecraftheateduptoabout1,300℃.Thishightemperaturecouldmelt(熔化)therover!Butsincethecraft’sheatshield(抗熱涂層)wasabletotakeinmostofthisheat,Perseveranceitselfonlyreachedroomtemperature.Thecraftthenjoinedaparachute(降落傘)andaskycrane(空中吊車)togethertoslowitselfdownforitsfinalclosetoMars.Avideoofthelandingwaslatersharedonline,allowingpeopleallovertheworldtoseetheamazingmomentforthemselves.TheroverevenrecordedaudioonMarsforthefirsttimejustafterlanding,catchingthesoundsofMartianwind.36．WhywasPerseverancesenttoMars?A．Toexperimentwithanewlandingway.B．Totakeahelicoptertotheplanet.C．Tolookforsignsofancientlife.D．TocheckonNASA’sroversbefore.37．Whatdoyouthinkoftravelingthroughthe