擴(kuò)大電動汽車充電投資：城市政策路線圖-2024-10-新能源

ScalingInvestmentinEVChargingInfrastructure:APolicyRoadmapforCities

WHITEPAPER

SEPTEMBER2024

Images:GettyImages

Contents

Preface3

Executivesummary4

Introduction5

1Policies,strategiesandactionsforcities8

1.1EVstrategicplanning8

1.2Standardizationandprocesses11

1.3Data13

1.4Gridcapacityandaccesstoelectricity14

2Publicprocurementbestpractices16

3Keyactionsforcitygovernments18

Contributors21

Endnotes23

Disclaimer

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Thefindings,interpretationsand

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?2024WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformation

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ScalingInvestmentinEVChargingInfrastructure2

September2024

ScalingInvestmentinEVChargingInfrastructure:APolicyRoadmapforCities

Preface

InvestmentinEVcharginginfrastructureisessentialtohelpcitygovernmentsadvancetheelectrificationtransition.

VivianBrady-Phillips

Head,StrategicInitiatives,

CentreforUrbanTransformation,WorldEconomicForum

Tosupporttheglobalcommitmenttoachievenet-zeroemissionsby2050,transitioningtoemissions-freetransportationiscrucial.Passengervehicles,

amajorsourceofgreenhousegasemissions,are

attheforefrontofthistransition,withEuropeleadingthechargewithanambitious2035deadlinefornewvehiclestobeemissions-free.1Asstatessettheir

owntargetsforthetransition,citygovernments–asconvenorsofthecityecosystem–willplayapivotalrole,facilitatingashifttowardszero-emissionsprivateandpublictransport,aswellasurbanfreightand

logistics.Electricvehicles(EVs)arecrucialtothelong-termtransitionroadmap.Whilemanycitieshavemadesignificantprogressindevelopingcomprehensive

chargingnetworksforEVs,othersstillfacechallengesprovidingaccessibleandaffordableinfrastructure.Thislackofcharging–bothpublicandprivate–poses

asignificantbarriertowidespreadadoptionofEVs.

TheWorldEconomicForum’sGlobalNew

MobilityCoalition(GNMC),inpartnershipwiththeTaskforceonScalingInvestmentinElectrificationInfrastructure,hasdevelopedthisresourceto

helpcitygovernmentsadvancetheEVtransition.

Launchedin2023,thetaskforcehasbrought

togethermembersfromthepublicsector,civil

societyandtheprivatesectortopoolabroadrangeofexpertiseinareassuchaschargingandfleet

operations,publictransport,paymentsandfinance.

Basedonthetaskforce’smulti-sectorandcross-industryinsights,thisresourceseekstocatalyse

public-privatecollaborationbyofferingcity

officialswithpracticalstrategiesandguidance

todriveinvestmentinpublicandprivatechargingnetworks.Thisincludeschargingforprivate

cars,sharedandpublictransport,andurbanfleets.Whilerecognizingthepotentialofon-

roadconductivechargingandotherupcomingtechnologies(e.g.battery-swappinginsomeregions),thisresourcefocusesonplug-in

chargingforitsbroadapplicabilitytoday.

Importantly,thisresourcedoesnotimplythat

citygovernmentsaresolelyresponsibleforthe

EVtransitionincities,butratherseekstosupportcitygovernmentsincapitalizingontheiruniquecapacitytoincentivizeinvestment.Byfocusing

onstrategydevelopment,standardization,data,andgridaccessandcapacity–whereitiswithintheirpowertodoso–citygovernmentscan

helpcreateaconduciveinvestmentenvironment,sendingastrongdemandsignaltotheprivate

sectorandinvestors.

Ascitiesgloballynavigatetheirownpathwaystozeroemissions,policy-makersandcityofficialsareencouragedtousethisresourceasacomplementtotheirindependentresearchanddecision-

makingprocesses.Giventhateachcityandregionhasuniquechallengesandopportunities,this

resourceshouldbeviewedasanaidtosupporttheimplementationofstrategiesandincentivesbestsuitedtospecificlocalcontexts.

ScalingInvestmentinEVChargingInfrastructure3

Executivesummary

Expandingelectricvehicleinfrastructure

requirescollaborationbetweencitygovernmentsandtheprivatesector.Thisroadmapoutlines

thekeystepscitygovernmentscantaketo

encourageprivate-sectorinvestmentandcreateaconduciveecosystem.

Thesuccessfuladoptionofelectricvehicles(EVs)hingesontheabilityofcitygovernmentstocreateaconduciveenvironmentforthedevelopment

ofEVinfrastructure.Whilecitygovernmentsarepivotalinenablingthistransition,private-sectorcollaborationandinvestmentiscrucial.

Somecitieshavemadestridesinscalingcharginginfrastructure,yetmanyfacesignificantchallengesincreatingexpansive,cohesivechargingnetworks.Thelackofpublicandprivatechargingoptions

continuestobeamajorbarriertowidespreadEV

adoption.Tosupporttheexpansionofcharging

infrastructureandencourageinvestment,thisreportoutlineskeystrategiesandinterventionsthatcity

governmentscanmake.

Strategicplanning

Citygovernmentsshoulddevelopstrategic

plansforscalingEVsandcharginginfrastructure,supportedbyenablingpoliciesandactions.

EstablishingcleargoalsandtimelinesfortherolloutofEVsisvital,alongsideengagingadiverserangeofstakeholdersinthestrategicplanningprocess.Keystrategiesforcitygovernmentsmayinclude

identifyingprioritychargingareas,makinglandavailableforcharginginfrastructure,addressinguncertaintiesindemand,andensuringequity,accessibilityandinclusioninthedeployment

ofcharginginfrastructure.

Citiesmayalsolooktoutilizecompetitivepublic

procurementprocesses,and,wherepossible,

financialincentives,toencourageprivate-sector

investment.Indoingthis,citygovernmentscan

instilconfidenceamongcharge-pointoperators

andinvestorsregardingfuturelocalconditionsanddemandforcharginginfrastructure.

Standardizationandprocesses

Establishingregulationsforcharginginfrastructureinbothresidentialandcommercialbuildingsisvitalforfuture-proofingthesefacilities.Citygovernmentsshouldaimtostreamlineplanningprocesses

toreduceleadtimesforinstallationrequests,

therebyincreasingtheattractivenessofthemarketforcharge-pointoperators.Furthermore,anycity-levelgrantsorincentivesshouldbeaccessibletoawiderangeofstakeholders,focusingonoutcomesratherthanlimitingfundingtotraditionalbusiness

models.Standardizationofcharginginfrastructureisalsocriticaltoensurereliabilityandaccessibility

forallvehiclemodels,enablinganinclusivechargingexperienceforallEVusers,residentsandvisitorsalike.

Data

Dataplaysacrucialroleinshapinghowcity

governmentsandstakeholdersunderstand

currentandfuturechargingneeds.CitiesshouldleverageexistingdataonEVownership,traffic

demandforecastsandtheinfrastructureplannedinordertoguideinvestmentdecisions.Regular,standardizeddatafromcharge-pointoperatorsonchargingusagecaninformcitypoliciesandhelpbuildrobustbusinesscasesforinvestment.

Collaborativeplanningwithdistributionsystem

operatorscanenhancedataaccess,enablingcitiestobetterunderstandlocalframeworksandfacilitateconnectionsthatmayleadtofavourableaccess

ratesforcharginginfrastructure.

Gridcapacityandaccesstoelectricity

AsthedemandforEVcharginggrows,city

governmentsmustproactivelyaddressgridcapacityandaccesstoelectricity.Whileexistinggridsmay

accommodateshort-termchargingneeds,the

demandforlargerchargingstations,particularly

thoseservingfleetvehicles,willrequireadditional

powersources.Citygovernmentsshouldplan

forsupplementarypowersourcesandalignthese

projectswithgridexpansionplans.Encouragingtheadoptionofbidirectionalchargingatfleetandlarge-vehiclesitescanbolstergridstabilityandfuture-proofinfrastructure.Streamliningprocessesforaccessingthegridandidentifyingidealsitesforcharging

stationswillfurtherfacilitatetheintegrationofEVinfrastructureintotheexistingenergylandscape.

ScalingInvestmentinEVChargingInfrastructure4

Introduction

Citygovernmentscanplayacriticalrole

inenablingthetransitiontoelectricmobility.

Thetransitiontosustainabletransportation

approaching:from2035onwards,allnewvehicleswillneedtobezero-emission.3

Withthesegoalsonthehorizon,EVsaleshave

skyrocketed,withjustunder14millionpassengerEVspurchasedgloballyin2023,upfrom10millionin2022.4By2040,itispredictedthattherewill

beasmanyas240millionpassengerEVsontheroad.5Thisshiftisoccurringacrossthetransportlandscape:forpublictransport,e-bussales

aregrowingexponentially,particularlyinChina.6Fleetoperatorsandsharedmobilityarenotleftbehindinthistransition,withmanymajorplayerscommittingtoelectricfleetsby2030.7

ToaccommodatethesurgeinEVadoption,

chargingnetworksareexpandingrapidlyincities.ThenumberofpublicandprivateEVchargers

globallyhasincreasedfrom3millionin2019toanestimated15millionin2023,withaprojected70milliontobeinplaceby2030.9

systemsiswellunderway,drivenbyevolvingpolicyenvironmentsandtechnologicaladvancements.

Countriesaroundtheworldhavecommittedto

ambitiousnet-zerogoals,underpinnedbyshort-

tomedium-termactionstoaccelerateprogress.

However,whenitcomestoputtingthesegoals

intopractice,citieswillbeatthecentreofthis

transition,especiallyasurbanpopulationscontinue

torise.Thisisparticularlyrelevantfortheurbantransportationsector,whereelectrification

isakeyenablerofthetransitiontoNetZero.

Withpassengervehiclesaloneaccountingfor

70%ofgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsfrom

transportation,itisnosurprisethatthephase-

outofinternalcombustionengine(ICE)vehicles

isapriority.2Thisiscrucialnotonlytohelpmeetnationalgoalsonclimate,butalsotoimproveairquality,whichisurgentlyneededtocreatehealthiercities.InEurope,forexample,thisdeadlineisfast

FIGURE1

EVshareofsaleshasskyrocketed

VansandtrucksPassengercarsBusesTwo-andthree-wheelers

26%

EVshareofsales

47%

EVshareofsales

4%

EVshareofsales

18%

EVshareofsales

1,518,91640,863,996720,884301,995,237

SizeofEV?eetSizeofEV?eetSizeofEV?eetSizeofEV?eet

All?guresfor2023

Source:BloombergNEF.8

ScalingInvestmentinEVChargingInfrastructure5

FIGURE2Cumulativeglobalpublicchargingconnectors

4M

3M

2M

1M

0

20102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023

.Restoftheworld

Connectors

●China

●Europe

.Japan

●SouthKorea

●NorthAmerica

Source:ElectricVehicleOutlook2024,BloombergNEF.10

Notwithstandingthispositivetrend,thedevelopmentofextensivepublicly-availablechargingnetworksincitiesisnotprogressingquicklyenoughtomeettheincreasingdemandforchargingandtoprogress

towardsdecarbonizationgoals.

Whilemanyearly-adopterEVdrivershaveaccesstoprivateparkingforchargerinstallation,thiswill

notbethecaseforallfutureEVdrivers,particularlyincities.IntheUnitedKingdom(UK),almost25%ofhouseholdslackaccesstooff-streetparking.11

InTokyo,lessthan50%ofnewapartmentbuildingsincludeaccesstoparking.12EvenintheUnited

States,wheredetachedhousingcomprisesa

highproportion,only48%ofpeoplehaveaccesstoprivateoff-streetparkingwiththepossibilitytoinstallacharger.13Similarly,intheEuropeanUnion(EU),itisexpectedthat50%ofcity-dwellingcar

ownerswillnotbeabletoinstalltheirownat-homechargers,makingpublicly-accessiblecharging

crucial,especiallyincities.14

Indeed,thelackofpublicchargingiscitedasakeybarriertoEVadoption.ToremedythissituationinEuropealone,itisestimatedthatasmanyas6.8millionpublicchargerswillbeneededby2030tosupporttheelectrificationofpassengervehicles.15

Despitetheurgentneed,citygovernmentsfacesignificantobstaclesinrapidlyexpandingpublicly-availablechargingincities.Whiletheymayhaveambitiousgoals,citygovernmentsareoften

oLackofpublic

chargingiscitedasakeybarriertoEVadoption.

constrainedbythelackofregulatoryauthorityandfinancialresources.Forexample,policydecisionsaroundEVsareusuallymadeatanationallevel,withcitieslefttoensurethatlocalinfrastructureisready.Citygovernmentsmaybeabletofundandmanagealimitednumberofchargingpointsthemselves,buttheyoftenlackcapacitytodeliverandmaintaintheexpansivepublicnetworkneededforawidespreadtransitiontoEVs.Fundingtosupportthetransitionisalsousuallycontrolledattheregionalornationallevel.Whenspreadacrossnumerousprojectsoveranentirecountry,nationalfundingisofteninsufficienttocoversubstantialcityprojects.

Importantlyfromacityperspective,private

passengervehiclesarenottheonlymarketto

consider.Aspublictransport,ride-sharingandfleetoperationselectrify,abroaderrangeofcharging

optionswillalsobeneededforthesevehicles.Thereisthereforeacriticalneedtocollaboratewithotherlevelsofgovernmentandkeystakeholdersinthe

EVinfrastructureecosystem.

Arangeofstakeholderscollectivelyhavethe

resources,knowledgeandcapitaltoinvestinand

scalecharginginfrastructure.Theseincludecharge-

pointoperatorsandtheirinvestors,aswellasfleet

operators,utilitiesproviders,equipmentandvehiclemanufacturers,landandinfrastructureowners(e.g.residentialdevelopers,shoppingmallsandparkinglots)andgroupsrepresentingend-users.Together,citygovernmentsandtheprivatesectorcandriveaction.

ScalingInvestmentinEVChargingInfrastructure6

Bysettingaclearandcomprehensivestrategyforcharging,includingstandardsandprocessesforinfrastructure,robustdataaccessand

management,and,wherepossible,facilitatingaccesstothegridandlandforcharging

infrastructure,citygovernmentscanhelpcreate

anenvironmentconduciveforprivate-sector

investment.Thispaperprovidesinsightsand

recommendationstohelpcityofficialsnavigatethiscomplexlandscapeandcollaborateeffectivelywithprivate-sectorstakeholderstoexpandand

scalecity-widecharginginfrastructure.

FIGURE3

HowEVsarechangingtransportationacrosstheworld

Chargingahead:HowEVsarechangingtransportacrosstheworld

Almost50,000electricbusesweresold

worldwidein2023

EVpassengervehiclesexistedgloballyin2023

41million

2.7million

publicchargerswereinstalledworldwide

in2022,whichwasa55%increaseover2021

Theglobalmarketforchargingisexpectedtobe$1.9trillionby2050

6.8million

publicchargerswillberequiredby2030tosupportthegrowth

inpassengerEVsinEuropealone

Upto50%ofcarowners

inEUcitiesmaynotbeabletoinstallachargerathome

Source:BloombergNEF;IEA.(2024).GlobalEVOutlook2024:TrendsinHeavyElectricVehicles;IEA.(2023).GlobalEVOutlook2023:TrendsinChargingInfrastructure;ACEA.(2022).WhitePaper:EuropeanChargingInfrastructureMasterplan.p.52;ACEA.(2022).WhitePaper:EuropeanChargingInfrastructureMasterplan.p.7.

Note:FindouthowtheWorldEconomicForumisadvancingactiononsustainablemobility:

/global-new-mobility-coalition

ScalingInvestmentinEVChargingInfrastructure7

1

Policies,strategiesandactionsforcities

CitygovernmentscannotscaleEV

chargingnetworksalone.Private-sectorengagmentandinvestmentiscrucial.

Toacceleratetheexpansionofcharging

infrastructure,citygovernmentsshouldfocus

ondevelopingastrategicEVplansupportedby

enablingpoliciesandactions.Thistypeofplanning,accompaniedbyassurancesaboutfuturechargingconditionsandanticipateddemand,aswellastheunlockingofaccesstodata,landandelectricity

wherepossible,canhelpcitygovernmentsmitigateinvestmentrisks.Thisalsosignalstocharge-pointoperators(andtheirinvestors,suchasbanks

andprivateequityfirms)thattheircityisaprimeinvestmentlocation.

Thissectionoutlinespolicies,actionsand

administrativechangesthatcitygovernmentscanemploy,setoutinfourkeyareas:

1EVstrategicplanning

2Standardizationandprocesses

3Data

4Gridcapacityandaccesstoelectricty

1.1EVstrategicplanning

BydevelopingastrategicplanfortheEVtransition,citygovernmentscansendastrongsignal

tocharge-pointoperatorsandtheirinvestors

aboutfuturelocalconditionsanddemandfor

charging.Agrowingnumberofcities,includingParis,16Barcelona,17Amsterdam,18Oslo,19

Tokyo,20Portland21andLondon22havepublisheddedicatedstrategiesforEVsandcharging.

ForEVcharging,acitygovernment’sstrategic

planningprocessshouldbeginwithanassessmentofcurrenttransportationandenergyinfrastructure,determiningwheregapsandopportunitieslie,suchasthelandavailableforcharging.Citygovernmentsshouldthenestablishcleargoalsandtimelines

fortherolloutofEVs.Thesegoalsmaybealignedwiththosesetatanationallevel,orcouldbemoreambitious.Forexample,Londonhassetatargetof

oCitiesincludingParis,Barcelona,Amsterdam,Oslo,Tokyo,Portland

andLondon..

havepublished

dedicated

strategiesforEVsandcharging.

2030foraphase-outofsalesofICEtaxisandride-sharingvehicles,withadeadlineforthephase-outofICEpassengervehiclesalesby2035.23Similarly,SanFranciscoislookingtophaseoutnewICE

passengervehiclesby2030.24

Tofacilitateacomprehensiveshifttowards

electrification,citygovernmentsshouldengage

businesses,residents,landowners,utilitycompanies,charge-pointoperatorsandtheirinvestors,fleet

operatorsandotherend-usersintheEVstrategic

planningprocess.Thisisessentialtoensuresuccessfulon-the-groundimplementation.Citygovernments

shouldalsoconsiderhowbesttocommunicatestrategicplans,andeducatethepublicaboutthe

benefitsofEVadoption.Thestrategicplanshouldberevisitedandupdatedasneeded,remainingresponsivetochangesinthemarket.

Settingoutastrongstrategyforcharginghashelpedtosetthenarrativeon

electrificationandshowcasetotheprivatesectorwhattheycanexpectinLondon.OurEVInfrastructureStrategyandEVInfrastructureDeliveryProgrammehavesentstrongsignalstochargingoperatorsonopportunitiesforcharging,helpingtogrowinfrastructureacrossthecity.

JudithHayton,TransportStrategyandPlanningManager,TransportforLondon,UK

ScalingInvestmentinEVChargingInfrastructure8

Ascitygovernmentsandecosystemstakeholdersembarkontheirstrategicplanning,beloware

somekeyconsiderationstoensurethegreatest

impactspecificallyrelatedtoEVinfrastructure.

TheseconsiderationsmaybepartoftheoverallEVstrategicplan,ormaybearticulatedinadedicatedplanspecificallyfocusedonEVinfrastructure.

Identifyprioritychargingareas

Aftertakingstockofexistingandplanned

charginginfrastructureinthecity,priorityareas

forchargingshouldbeidentified,specifyingthetypesofchargingtobeprioritized(fastorslow),acknowledgingthenecessaryinfrastructure

upgrades(suchasupgradestothegrid)and

outliningexpectationsoftheprivatesector’s

role.Amixofslowandfastchargerswilllikely

beneededfortheforeseeablefutureasfast

chargers,thoughpractical,demandmoreenergyandincreaseusercosts.Slowchargersare

thereforepreferablewherevehiclesarestationaryforlongperiods,facilitatingsmartchargingandvehicle-to-gridapplications.Fastchargerscan

bestrategicallyplacedforquicktop-ups.

Beyondpubliccharging,citygovernmentsshould

alsolooktoincentivizechargerinstallationinprivateresidencesanddevelopments(suchasparking

lots,hospitals,universitiesandfleetfacilities).

Whilenotdirectlyunderacitygovernment’scontrol,collaboratingwiththerelevantstakeholderswho

mayhaveaccesstolandforchargingandmaybeabletoactmorequicklywillbecrucialfortheoverallelectrificationtransition.

Addressuncertaintiesindemand

Factorssuchaslowdemand,poorlocation

ofchargers,unsuitablechargespeedsand

compatibilityissuescanleadtounder-utilization.

Whilesomeinfrastructurewillinevitablyhavelowerutilization(e.g.low-densityareas),aminimum

utilizationrate(i.e.percentageoftimeacharging

pointisbeingused)isgenerallyneededtodeliveradequatefinancialreturns.Forexample,acharging

stationwithautilizationrateof15%willlikely

operateataloss,whilearateof25%islikelyto

yieldpositivefinancialreturns.25Futuretechnologicalchanges,suchasincreasedbatteryrange,also

posedemanduncertaintyastheycouldalterthefrequencyandlocationoffuturechargingneeds.

Suchdemanduncertaintyisakeybarrierto

investment.Citygovernmentsshouldtherefore

usethedataattheirdisposal,andcollaborate

closelywiththeprivatesectorandendusers

tounderstandcurrentandfuturechargingneeds

acrossthecity.Armedwiththisknowledge,they

canthenmoreconfidentlyadvocateforprivate-

sectorinvestmentintheircity,providingconfidencethatinvestmentswillremaineconomicallyviable,

evenifnet-zerocommitmentsaredelayed.

Accountforthefullspectrumoftransportationmodes

Planningforchargingshouldextendbeyondprivatecars.Urbanfleets(e.g.deliveryandride-sharing

vehicles)accountforasignificantproportionofvehiclekilometresincities.Electrifyingthesemodescan

greatlyreduceemissions.Citygovernmentsshouldaccountfortheseintheirstrategiesandpoliciesforelectrification.Forexample,BarcelonainitsElectricMobilityStrategyspecificallydrawsreferencetoaspectrumofEVs,frombicyclestotrucks,aspartofitsjourneytoelectrictransportation.26

Similarly,publictransport,particularlybuses,

contributessignificantlytoairpollution(around6%ofglobaltransportemissions),27andthusshouldnotbeoverlooked.Citygovernmentsandpublictransportoperatorsshouldcollaboratetoestablishapathwayforpublictransportelectrification,

consideringspecificchargingrequirements.

Two-andthree-wheelersarealsoacrucialmodeoftransportinmanycitiesandshouldbeincludedinelectrificationinfrastructureplanning.However,itisimportanttonotedifferencesincharging

infrastructureforthesevehicles,primarilytheroleofbattery-swappinginsomecountries.

BOX1

Oslo:Chargingforheavyfrieght

Recognizingtheneedtoelectrifyothermodes,

thecityisdiscussingwiththeconstructionindustryhowbusdepotscouldsupportchargingfor

constructionvehicles.Thiscollaborativemindset

betweenthepublicandprivatesectorsiscrucialforachievingelectrificationacrossdifferent

transportmodesincities.

Source:Byggeindustrien.28

Asvariousmodesandsectorsaimtoelectrify,

challengesariseovertheavailabilityofcharging

infrastructureduetodeploymentspeed,land

availability,gridaccessandmore.Thisisespeciallyrelevantforheavyindustry(e.g.construction)andfleets(e.g.publictransportanddeliveries),whichrequirehigh-poweredchargingandguaranteed

landaccess.

OsloinNorwayhastransformedits24busdepotstosupportitsalmostentirelyelectricbusfleet.

ScalingInvestmentinEVChargingInfrastructure9

.London’sEV

Infrastructure

Strategyidentifiedlandunlockingasthepublicsector’smostsignificant

contributiontoEVinfrastructuredelivery.

Considerwidermobilitygoals

Charginginfrastructureplansshouldbebalanced

withothermobilityobjectives,suchasreducingtotalvehiclenumbersinacity(whetherICEorEV).For

instance,citygovernmentsmaylooktostrategicallylocatechargersacrossthecity,takingintoaccountanticipatedreductionsinoverallvehiclenumbers.

Fastchargerscouldbeprioritizedincitycentres

forquicktop-ups,whileslowchargingcouldbe

prioritizedinresidentialareas,helpingtoreduce

thenumberofvehiclesseekingtochargeincentralareas.Considerationssuchashowchargingstationscanbeintegratedwithtransportinterchangepointsmayalsobeapriority.

Importantly,whileEVswillbeakeypartofthe

transitiontozero-emissionsvehicles,theyare

nottheonlyoptionavailable.Aspartofstrategic

planning,citygovernmentswillalsoneedtoconsidertherolethatotherzero-emissionstechnologies

(suchashydrogenvehiclesandbiofuels)willplayintheoveralltransition,andhowthiswillinfluencecityinfrastructureneedsovertime.

Ensureequity,accessibilityandinclusion

Foragenuinetransformation,EVinfrastructure

shouldbeaccessibleandaffordabl