國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)雙語(yǔ)-國(guó)貿(mào)雙語(yǔ)chapter-8

Chapter8CommodityInspectionandClaim商品檢驗(yàn)和索賠8.1CommodityInspection商品檢驗(yàn)GeneralIntroduction概述ImportandExportInspectioninChina我國(guó)進(jìn)出口商品實(shí)施檢驗(yàn)的規(guī)定InspectionClauses檢驗(yàn)條款的主要內(nèi)容InspectionAuthority檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)InspectionCertificate檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)InspectionBasesandInspectionMethods檢驗(yàn)依據(jù)和檢驗(yàn)方法Re-inspection復(fù)驗(yàn)GeneralIntroduction概述Definition定義BuyersInspectionRight買方對(duì)貨物的檢驗(yàn)權(quán)BuyersInspectionRight買方對(duì)貨物的檢驗(yàn)權(quán)AccordingtoSaleofGoodsAct,1893(revisedin1979)英國(guó)《1893年貨物買賣法》（1979修訂本）的規(guī)定Thebuyerwhohasnotmadeinspectiononthegoodscannotbeassumedtobeacceptabletothegoods,soheisnotdeprivedoftherightofrefusingthegoodsuntilheisgrantedreasonableopportunitytoinspect.凡是事先未經(jīng)過(guò)檢驗(yàn)的貨物，都不能認(rèn)為是買方已經(jīng)接受了貨物，因而他沒(méi)有喪失拒收貨物的權(quán)利，直至有合理的機(jī)會(huì)檢驗(yàn)貨物為止。BuyersInspectionRight買方對(duì)貨物的檢驗(yàn)權(quán)AccordingtoUnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》的規(guī)定Thebuyersshallimplementtheinspectionorhaveotherstodoitintheshortestpracticaltime.Theinspectioncanbeputofftothetimewhenthegoodsarriveatthedestinationincaseoftheinvolvementofthetransportation.買方必須在按實(shí)際情況可行的最短時(shí)間內(nèi)檢驗(yàn)貨物或由他人檢驗(yàn)貨物。如果合同涉及到運(yùn)輸，檢驗(yàn)可推遲到貨物到達(dá)目的地后進(jìn)行。ImportandExportInspectioninChina我國(guó)進(jìn)出口商品實(shí)施檢驗(yàn)的規(guī)定LawofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaonImportandExportCommodityInspection《中華人民共和國(guó)進(jìn)出口商品檢驗(yàn)法》TheInspectionRangeoftheInspectionOrganizationinChina我國(guó)商檢機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)施法定檢驗(yàn)的范圍InspectionClauses檢驗(yàn)條款的主要內(nèi)容

Theinspectionclausescovertheseasfollows:inspectiontimeandplaceinspectionauthorityinspectioncertificateinspectionmethods,contentsandstandardsre-inspection檢驗(yàn)條款主要包括：（1）檢驗(yàn)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)；（2）檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)；（3）檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)；（4）檢驗(yàn)方法、內(nèi)容、依據(jù)；（5）商品復(fù)驗(yàn)。InspectionClausesintheContract合同中的檢驗(yàn)條款Theinspectionclausesinasalescontractareusuallyasfollows:ItismutuallyagreedthattheInspectionCertificateofqualityandquantityweightissuedbytheChinaImportandExportCommodityInspectionBureauattheportofshipmentshallbepartofthedocumentstobepresentedfornegotiationundertherelevantL/C.Thebuyersshallhavetherighttore-inspectthequalityandquantityweightofthecargo.There-inspectionfeeshallbebornebythebuyers.Shouldthequalityand/orquantityweightbefoundnotinconformitywiththatofthecontract,thebuyersareentitledtolodgewiththesellersaclaim,whichshouldbesupportedbysurveyreports,issuedbyarecognizedsurveyorapprovedbythesellers.Theclaim,ifany,shallbelodgedwithindaysafterarrivalofthecargoattheportofdestination.在買賣合同中，檢驗(yàn)條款通常是這樣規(guī)定的：“雙方同意裝運(yùn)港中國(guó)進(jìn)出口商品檢驗(yàn)局簽發(fā)的品質(zhì)和數(shù)（重）量檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)作為信用證項(xiàng)下議付單據(jù)的一部分。買方有權(quán)對(duì)貨物的品質(zhì)、數(shù)（重）量進(jìn)行復(fù)驗(yàn)。復(fù)驗(yàn)費(fèi)由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。如發(fā)現(xiàn)品質(zhì)和/或數(shù)（重）量與合同不符，買方有權(quán)向賣方索賠。索賠期限為貨到目的港××天內(nèi)?！盜nspectionTimeandPlace檢驗(yàn)的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)

1.InspectioninExportCountry在出口國(guó)檢驗(yàn)2.InspectioninImportCountry在進(jìn)口國(guó)檢驗(yàn)3.InspectioninExportCountryandRe-inspectioninImportCountry出口國(guó)檢驗(yàn)，進(jìn)口國(guó)復(fù)驗(yàn)4.WeightInspectioninExportCountryandQualityInspectioninImportCountry出口國(guó)檢驗(yàn)重量，進(jìn)口國(guó)檢驗(yàn)品質(zhì)InspectionAuthority檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)

Theinspectionorganizationsaredividedintothefollowingthreetypes,whicharegovernmentalinspectionauthority,governmentrelatedinspectionauthority,non-governmentalinspectionauthority.檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)的類型大體可歸納為官方檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)、半官方檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)和非官方檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)三種。InspectionCertificate檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)

Functions:A.tocertifyifthequality,quantity,packingandthecleansituationofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellerarecomplyingwiththerequirementsstipulatedinthecontract.B.forcustomstoreleasethegoodsC.forthesellerstosettlethepaymentD.astheevidenceofmakingclaimsandthesettlement

檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)是檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)進(jìn)出口商品進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)、鑒定后簽發(fā)的書(shū)面證明文件。作用：1.是證明賣方所交貨物的品質(zhì)、數(shù)量、包裝以及衛(wèi)生條件等方面是否符合合同規(guī)定的依據(jù)；2.是海關(guān)驗(yàn)關(guān)放行的依據(jù)；3.是賣方辦理貨款結(jié)算的依據(jù)；4.是辦理索賠和理賠的依據(jù)。InspectionBasesandInspectionMethods檢驗(yàn)依據(jù)和檢驗(yàn)方法InspectionBasis檢驗(yàn)依據(jù)

Thecommoditiesareusuallyinspectedinaccordancewiththeconfirmedsamples,contractwithsamples,letterofcredit,andstandardsetc.商品的檢驗(yàn)依據(jù)主要有成交樣品、標(biāo)樣合同、信用證、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。InspectionMethods檢驗(yàn)方法

accordingtotherequirementintheimportcontractaboutthequality,specification,packing,andsamplinginspection;accordingtothestandardofthemanufacturingcountry,theimportcountry,ortheusualstandardadoptedinternationallyincasethatthestandardisnotspecifiedinthecontract;thelawandruleofstateandtheinternationalusualpracticearepriortothecontractclauses;forsomeinternationalstandardssuchasISO9000orthestandardofInternationalWoolSecretariat,itisdecidedbybothsellerandbuyertoadoptthemornot.1.按進(jìn)口合同中對(duì)品質(zhì)、規(guī)格、包裝、抽樣檢驗(yàn)的規(guī)定辦理。2.合同未規(guī)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一般按生產(chǎn)國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、進(jìn)口國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，或按國(guó)際上已用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，無(wú)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的按進(jìn)口國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。3.有國(guó)家法規(guī)、國(guó)際慣例的，按法規(guī)、慣例優(yōu)先于合同進(jìn)行。4.是否采用某些國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，由買賣雙方自愿決定，如ISO9000、國(guó)際羊毛局標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。Re-inspection復(fù)驗(yàn)

There-inspectionrightofbuyerisnotcompulsory,northebasicconditionfortheacceptanceofgoods,dependingonthebuyersselection.Thebuyermustfinishthere-inspectionwithinareasonabletimeifthere-inspectionisneeded.Thereasonabletimeisregulatedinthecontract.買方對(duì)到貨的復(fù)驗(yàn)權(quán)不是強(qiáng)制性的，也不是接受貨物的前提條件，由買方自決，如進(jìn)行復(fù)驗(yàn)，買方必須在合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成。合理時(shí)間的期限由買賣雙方在合同中規(guī)定。8.2Claims索賠

DisputeandClaim爭(zhēng)議和索賠

ClaimClauseinContract合同中的索賠條款DisputeandClaim爭(zhēng)議和索賠

Therearemanyreasonscausingdisputebetweenbuyerandsellerinatransaction,whichareclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:交易中雙方引起爭(zhēng)議的原因很多，大致可歸納為以下幾種情況：BreachofContractbytheSeller賣方違約BreachofContractbytheBuyer買方違約ContractwithoutSpecificClauses合同規(guī)定不明確ClaimClauseinContract合同中的索賠條款

DisputeandClaimclause異議與索賠條款PenaltyClause罰金條款DisputeandClaimclause異議與索賠條款Theclauseinclude,unlessotherwisestipulatedthatonepartyisentitledtolodgeclaimagainsttheotherpartywhobreachesacontract,theproofsforlodgingaclaimandeffectiveperiodforfilingaclaim,thewaystocompensatefortheloss,andthecompensationsumetc.異議與索賠條款的內(nèi)容，除規(guī)定一方違反合同，另一方有權(quán)索賠外，還包括索賠的依據(jù)、索賠期限、索賠損失的辦法和賠付金額等內(nèi)容。PenaltyClause罰金條款Theclauseisapplicabletothesituationsincludingthedelayeddeliveryofgoodsbythesellerorthebuyer,thedeferredissuanceofL/C,thedelayedpaymentetc..Onepartyshallmakepaymentinacertainsumofmoneytotheotherpartyinlossasthecompensationwhenthepartyfailstofulfillthecontract.Thepenaltyisalsocalledasthefineforthebreachofcontract.Thesumofpenaltyisdependentonthebeachtimewithamaximumamount.此條款一般適用于賣方延期交貨或買方延期接運(yùn)貨物、拖延開(kāi)立信用證、拖欠貨款等場(chǎng)合。當(dāng)一方未履行合同時(shí)，應(yīng)向?qū)Ψ街Ц兑欢〝?shù)額的約定金額，以補(bǔ)償對(duì)方的損失。罰金亦稱“違約金”或“罰則”。罰金的數(shù)額大小以違約時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短為轉(zhuǎn)移，并規(guī)定出最高限額。CaseStudy本章案例Case1Animport&exportcompanyinourcountryisinexportof1000cartonsoffoodstuffwithtermofCIFRotterdam,andarrangeforinsurancewithPICCcoveringallrisks.Afterthearrivalofthegoods,theimporterfindthefollowingproblemsafterthere-inspection:(1)thereareattaintinonebatch(100cartons)aftersampling20cartonsfrom10batches(1000cartons);(2)theshortageof2cartonswithreceiving998cartonsactually;(3)theshortageof60KGStotallyfor15cartonswithgoodappearanceoutside.Accordingtotheabovesituation,whoshallbeclaimedagainstbytheimporter?【案例1】我國(guó)某進(jìn)出口公司以CIF鹿特丹條件出口食品1000箱，并向中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司投保一切險(xiǎn)。貨到目的港后，經(jīng)進(jìn)口人復(fù)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)下列情況：（1）該批貨物共10個(gè)批號(hào)，抽查20箱，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中1個(gè)批號(hào)，即100箱內(nèi)出現(xiàn)玷污現(xiàn)象；（2）收貨人實(shí)收998項(xiàng)，短少2箱；（3）有15箱貨物外表良好，但箱內(nèi)貨物共短少60千克。根據(jù)以上情況，進(jìn)口人應(yīng)當(dāng)分別向誰(shuí)索賠？Analysis:(1)itbelongstoGeneralAdditionalInsuranceCoverage,includedinAllRisks,whichcanbeclaimedagainsttheinsurancecompany;(2)itbelongstoRiskofShortage,onetypeofGeneralAdditionalInsuranceCoverage,whichcanbeclaimedagainsttheinsurancecompany;(3)Itissupposedthattheexporterdidntloadthecargoinfullbeforethedeliverywithgoodappearanceoutside,sotheimportershallmakeclaimagainsttheexporter.【案例分析】（1）屬于一般附加險(xiǎn)，包含在一切險(xiǎn)范圍，應(yīng)向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠；（2）屬于短量險(xiǎn)，應(yīng)向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠；（3）由于外表良好，應(yīng)為出口商所裝食品量不足，是交貨以前發(fā)生的，應(yīng)向出口商索賠。Case2InApril2003,oneforeigntradecompanyofChinasignedateaexportcontractwithaCanadianimporter,requiringaproperpacking,withtradetermofCIFOttawa,coveringallrisksbyPICC.Themanufacturerlowereddownthehumidityofteatothescalespecifiedinthecontractatthelastprocedure,packedtheteainthecontainersmadeofhardpaperthenincartonswithdoublelayers.ThegoodswereshippedincontainerandarrivedinOttawaonMay2003.But,theresultoftheinspectionatdestinationportindicates:allteahasgoneoffandmoldy,thetotallossreachedonehundredthousanddollars.But,thetemperatureandhumidityinthemanufacturingplaceandtheimportcountryaremodest,thetransportationisnormalandsmooth.Whoshalltaketheresponsibilityandmakecompensationfortheloss?Why?【案例2】2003年4月，我某外貿(mào)公司與加拿大進(jìn)口商簽訂一份茶葉出口合同，并要求采用合適的包裝運(yùn)輸，成交術(shù)語(yǔ)為CIF渥太華，向中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司投保一切險(xiǎn)。生產(chǎn)廠家在最后一道工序?qū)⒉枞~的濕度降低到了合同規(guī)定值，并用硬紙筒盒作為容器裝入雙層紙箱，在裝入集裝箱后，貨物于2003年5月到渥太華。檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：全部茶葉變質(zhì)、濕霉，總共損失價(jià)值達(dá)10萬(wàn)美元。但是當(dāng)時(shí)貨物出口地溫度與濕度適中，進(jìn)口地溫度與濕度也適中，運(yùn)輸途中并無(wú)異常發(fā)生，完全為正常運(yùn)輸。試問(wèn)以上貨物的損失該由誰(shuí)來(lái)賠償，為什么？Analysis:AlthoughitshallbecoveredinAllRisks,themainreasonisnotfromthecarrierasthetransportationisnormal.Ontheotherhand,thepackagefortheteacannotmeettherequirementoftheanti-humidityforthecommontransportation,sotheproblemisduetothepackagewhichoccurredbeforethetransportation,themanufacturershalltaketheresponsibilityandmakecompensationfortheloss.【案例分析】盡管屬于一切險(xiǎn)賠償范圍，但是應(yīng)當(dāng)找到主要責(zé)任原因。由于運(yùn)輸過(guò)程正常，因此船方無(wú)責(zé)任；另一方面，由于茶葉包裝并不能滿足其一般運(yùn)輸防潮要求，因此貨物問(wèn)題應(yīng)當(dāng)是由于包裝不能滿足基本運(yùn)輸要求所引起的，這是在運(yùn)輸交貨前發(fā)生的，所以責(zé)任應(yīng)當(dāng)是在生產(chǎn)廠家，貨物損失應(yīng)當(dāng)由出口廠家賠償。Case3OnetraderabroadplacedanorderwithadomesticmanufactureratFOBprice,itisstipulatedinthesalescontractthatthemanufactureshallpay5%ofthetotalpaymentasthepenaltytothebuyerifthegoodsisnotbedeliveredbytheendofJuly.Later,themanufacturerdelayedthedeliveryfor5days,leadingtothebuyersclaimfor3%penaltyagainstthetrader.Inthiscase,shallthetradermakelodgeclaimagainstthemanufacturer?For5%or3%?【案例3】外國(guó)某貿(mào)易商以FOB價(jià)向我國(guó)某廠訂購(gòu)一批貨物，在買賣合同中訂明若工廠未能于7月底之前交運(yùn)，則工廠應(yīng)賠付貨款5%的違約金。后工廠交運(yùn)延遲5天，以致貿(mào)易商被其買方索賠貨款的3%。在這種情況下，貿(mào)易商是否可向工廠索賠，索賠5%還是3%？Analysis:Accordingtothestipulationinthecontract,5%ofthetotalpaymentshallbepaidtothetraderifthedeliveryisnotbemadebytheendofJuly,theactualdeliveryisdelayedfor5daysbythemanufacturer,breachingthecontract,sothetradershalllodgeclaimfor5%againstthemanufacture.【案例分析】因合同規(guī)定工廠如未能于7月底之前交運(yùn)則應(yīng)賠付貨款5%的違約金，并且工廠交運(yùn)延遲5天，造成違約，故該貿(mào)易商可向工廠索賠，索賠5%。Case4AmericancompanyApurchasedturkeyfromtraderBabroadfortheChristmasmarket.ItwasstipulatedinthecontractthatthesellershallshipthegoodsbytheendofSeptember.Butthesellerbreachedthecontractandeffectedshipmenton7thOct..Cons