骨與關(guān)節(jié)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)與功能Basicstructurea

骨與關(guān)節(jié)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)與功能Basicstructureandfunctionofboneandjoints骨的承載基本概念Basicconceptofbonebearingcapacity骨的生物學(xué)特性Biologicalcharacteristicsofbone1骨的強(qiáng)度Thestrengthofthebone2骨的剛度Therigidityofthebone3骨的穩(wěn)定性Bonestability骨在承載負(fù)荷的情況下抵抗破壞的能力Theabilityofbonetoresistdamageunderload骨在外力作用下抵抗變形的能力Theabilityofbonetoresistdeformationunderexternalforces骨保持原有平衡形態(tài)的能力Theabilityofbonestoretaintheiroriginalbalancedshape

當(dāng)外力作用于骨時(shí)，骨以形變產(chǎn)生內(nèi)部阻抗以抗衡外力Whenanexternalforceactsonthebone,thebonedeformstocreateaninternalresistancetocounteracttheexternalforce應(yīng)力stress

力force應(yīng)力stress=

面積area應(yīng)變strain

骨在外力作用下的局部變形Localdeformationofboneunderexternalforce

變化量variablequantity應(yīng)變strain=

原長(zhǎng)度Theoriginallength應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線stress-straincurve應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線stress-straincurve骨的載荷基本形式Thebasicformofboneload拉伸stretch壓縮compress彎曲curve剪切cut扭轉(zhuǎn)reverse復(fù)合recombination骨的載荷Boneoftheload骨的兩端收到一對(duì)大小相等、方向相反沿軸線的力的作用。骨骼內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生拉應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變。Theendsofthebonereceiveapairofequalandoppositeforcesactingalongtheaxis.Tensilestressesandstrainsoccurwithinthebones.拉伸載荷tensileload施加于骨組織表面的兩個(gè)沿軸線的大小相等、方向相對(duì)的載荷。骨骼內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生壓應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變。Twoequalandoppositeaxialloadsappliedtothesurfaceofbonetissue.Compressivestressesandstrainsoccurwithinthebones.壓縮載荷compressiveload使骨沿其軸線發(fā)生彎曲形變的載荷。Aloadthatcausesabonetobendalongitsaxis彎曲載荷bendingload中性軸兩旁一側(cè)拉應(yīng)力和拉應(yīng)變，另一側(cè)壓應(yīng)力和壓應(yīng)變。中性軸上沒有應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變。Tensilestressandstrainonbothsidesoftheneutralaxis,compressivestressandstrainontheothersidethereisnostressandstrainontheneutralaxis骨的表面受到一對(duì)大小相等、方向相反且相距很近的力的作用。Thesurfacesofthebonesareacteduponbyapairofforcesofequalmagnitude,oppositedirectionsandveryclosetogether.剪切載荷shearload加在骨上并使其沿軸線發(fā)生扭轉(zhuǎn)。Applytotheboneandtwistitalongitsaxis.扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷torsionload骨的幾何結(jié)構(gòu)不規(guī)則，同時(shí)又受到多種不定的載荷。Boneisgeometricallyirregularandsubjectedtoavarietyofvariableloads.復(fù)合載荷combinedload骨的生物學(xué)特性Biologicalpropertiesofbone骨的生物學(xué)特性Biologicalcharacteristicsofbone1234567各向異性anisotropy彈性和堅(jiān)固性Resilienceandrobustness抗壓力強(qiáng)抗張力差StrongresistancetopressurePoorresistancetotension

耐沖擊力和持續(xù)利差ResistancetoimpactAndthepersistentspread

應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度的方向性Directivityofstressintensity

機(jī)械力對(duì)骨的影響Theeffectofmechanicalforcesonbone骨的強(qiáng)度和剛度Strengthandstiffnessofbone概念WOLF定律

骨骼能承受骨組織的機(jī)械應(yīng)變，并具有適應(yīng)這些功能需要的能力，骨骼結(jié)構(gòu)受應(yīng)力的影響，負(fù)荷增加骨增粗，負(fù)荷減少骨變細(xì)。Bonecanwithstandthemechanicalstrainofbonetissueandhastheabilitytoadapttotheneedsofthesefunctions.Bonestructureisaffectedbystress.Bonesbecomethickerwithincreasingloadandthinnerwithdecreasingload.想一想

對(duì)于中老年人和更年期婦女，什么方法可以預(yù)防骨質(zhì)疏松呢？Tomiddle-agedandsenileandmenopausalwomen,whatmethodcanpreventosteoporosis?凹凸定律ConvexandConcaveRealationship關(guān)節(jié)的運(yùn)動(dòng)滾動(dòng)：多點(diǎn)與多點(diǎn)接觸

Multi-pointcontact滑動(dòng)：?jiǎn)吸c(diǎn)與多點(diǎn)接觸Singlepointandmulti-pointcontact轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)：旋轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)節(jié)面上單點(diǎn)與單點(diǎn)接觸Singlepointcontactwithsinglepointontherotatedjointsurface關(guān)節(jié)的運(yùn)動(dòng)凸面-凹面的運(yùn)動(dòng)Convex-concavemotion凹面-凸面的運(yùn)動(dòng)Concave-convexmotion關(guān)節(jié)的運(yùn)動(dòng)凸動(dòng)，滾動(dòng)和滑動(dòng)方向相反Convex,rollingandslidinginoppositedirections關(guān)節(jié)的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式Theformofjointmotion關(guān)節(jié)的運(yùn)動(dòng)屈伸兩骨相互靠近或遠(yuǎn)離Thetwobonesaremovingtowardsorawayfromeachother左屈右伸Leftdownrightout跖屈plantarflexion背伸Backout關(guān)節(jié)的運(yùn)動(dòng)收展向正中面靠攏或遠(yuǎn)離Movetowardsorawayfromthemid