成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)串講

北京地區(qū)英語(yǔ)考試語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)串講第六節(jié)從句一、定語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中起定語(yǔ)作用的從句（每年至少考2題）(一)基本介紹

A.由5個(gè)關(guān)系代詞who，whom，whose，which，that引導(dǎo)的

ThecompanyofficialwhomIthoughtwouldbefiredreceivedaraise.Theinvestigation,whoseresultswillsoonbepublished,wasmadebyJohn.

34.Donottrustsuchmenoftenliketopraiseyoutoyourface.

A.who B.that C.as D.they (C,0404)

B.由3個(gè)關(guān)系副詞when,where,why引導(dǎo)的

1、Thetimewillcomewhenmancanflytoouterspacefreely.54、Iwillneverforgetthetenyears____webothspentinthelittlevillage.A.whenB.duringwhichC.whichD.inwhich(A,2001)65.Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibitionwhichtheysawmanynewproducts.答：C，改為where。定語(yǔ)從句。(0304)26.Ofthose_____hadappliedforthejobs,onlytwowereaccepted.A.personsB.that C.who D.which (C,0304)C.as和but有時(shí)可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句：as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句多和such或some連用Suchpeopleasyoudescribearerarenowadays.像你說(shuō)的這種人現(xiàn)在很少Ihavethesameproblemasyou(have).34.Donottrustsuchmenoftenliketopraiseyoutoyourface.

A.who B.that C.as D.they (C,0404)

but引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，實(shí)際意義等于whonot或thatnotThereisnooneofusbutwishestogo.我們沒(méi)有人不愿意去(二)限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句(至少各考1道題)

1、限制性定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞代表一個(gè)(些)或一類特定的人或事物,從句與主句間沒(méi)有逗號(hào)，從句不能去掉,否則剩下的部分意義不完整或表意不清,不能說(shuō)明問(wèn)題Thesewhowanttogopleasesigntheirnamehere.誰(shuí)想去請(qǐng)?jiān)谶@里簽名ThisistheplacewhereIworkedfor10years.2、非限定定語(yǔ)從句只對(duì)所修飾的詞作一步的說(shuō)明，與主句之間用逗號(hào)分開，去掉后所剩部分仍能成立，意義完整。ThisnotewasleftbyMary,whowashereamomentago.IamgoingtospendthesummerholidaysinDalian,whereIhavesomerelatives.另外，兩種從句表示的意義差別較大Thewinewhich/thatwasinthecellarwasallrained.藏在地窖的酒壞了(部分酒,限)Thewine,whichwasinthecellar,wasallrained.酒藏在地窖里，都?jí)牧?全部酒,非限) Hewillwearnoclothesthatwilldistinguishhimfromhisfellowcolleagues. 他不會(huì)穿那種讓其他人很容易把他和他同事區(qū)分開的衣服 Hewillwearnoclothes,whichwilldistinguishhimfromhisfellowcolleagues. 他將一絲不掛,為讓其他人容易把他和他同事分開 IhaveasisterwholivesinTaiwan. 我有一個(gè)住在臺(tái)灣的姐姐 Ihaveasister,wholivesinTaiwan.我有一個(gè)姐姐，她住在臺(tái)灣*使用定語(yǔ)從句需要注意的問(wèn)題：①which和that都可以指代事物引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但如果先行詞有限定詞all,any,every,(a)few,no,only,some,very或序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾，其后的關(guān)系代詞只能用that: Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree. ItisthefirsttimethatIhavemetMary. ThisistheveryfilmthatIwanttosee.very就是…個(gè)②關(guān)系代詞前有介詞的情況，主要體現(xiàn)在which和whom這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞 Thesearethefactsonwhichmyargumentisbased.(base…on把…建立在…基礎(chǔ)上)Themantowhomwehandedtheformsoutthattheyhadnotbeenproperlyfilledin. (tohandtosb.把…交給)31.Beforejoiningthearmy,hespentalotoftimeinthevillage_____hebelonged.A.towhichB.whichC.towhereD.atwhich答：A。belongto：屬于。因此選towhich。 (2001)55.Thegrass______manyanimalsliveisabundanthere.[A]bywhich[B]withwhich[C]onwhich[D]ofwhich答：C。liveon：靠…生活。選onwhich。 (0304)53.Theseventeenthcenturywasonewhichmanysignificantadvancesweremadeinbothscienceandphilosophy.答：A。改為inwhich。在某個(gè)世紀(jì)用in (0311)19.ThisisthedictionaryIdependalotwheneverIhaveproblemswithnewwords.

A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.forwhich (C,dependon,0404)

③在②形式上有時(shí)介詞前還會(huì)有形容詞最高級(jí)、數(shù)詞、most、all、none等詞，用ofwhich Chinahashundredsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan答：B。改為：twoofwhich。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，which在從句中指fiftystates。(2000)46.TheUnitedStatesiscomposedoffiftystates,twoof__areseparatedfromtheothersbylandorwater.[A]them[B]that[C]which[D]those (C,0304)17.Thewriterhaspublishedmanybooks,arewellreceivedbythereaders.

A.noneofwhomB.allofwhichC.neitherofwhoD.oneofwhich(B,0404)句子或句子的一部分也可以作先行，換句話說(shuō)，定語(yǔ)從句也可以修飾前面整個(gè)一句話或半句話，這種情況下只能出現(xiàn)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 Someoftheroadswereflooded,whichmadeourjourney,moredifficult. Themeetinghasbeenputoff,whichiswhatwewant. Hesaidhehadnobike,whichwasnottrue.④關(guān)系代詞后的數(shù)和人稱要和先行詞一致，它的格則取決于它在句子中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧?5.Thisisoneofthebestbooks_____onthesubject.(2000)A.thathaveeverbeenwritten B.whichhaveeverbeenwrittenC.thathaseverbeenwritten D.whateverhavebeenwritten答：A。因?yàn)橄刃性~是復(fù)數(shù)，而且有形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾，只能選that。31.Anoldfriendfromabroad,_____Iwasexpectingtostaywith,telephonedmefromtheairport.A.thatB.whomC.whoD.which答：B.whom。關(guān)系代詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中做with的賓語(yǔ)，指人。(2000)67.WhenshecamebackfromHollywood,shewantedtotelleverybodyaboutallthestarsandexcitingpeoplewhoshehadseen. 答：D。改為whom或直接刪除。 (0304)⑤關(guān)系代詞whose既可指人，有時(shí)也可以指物。代物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于ofwhich。近幾年這類題出現(xiàn)較多 Idon’twanttorentthehousewhosewindowsarebroken.55.Theexperiment,_____willsoonbeannounced,wasdonebymycolleagues.A.whoseresultsB.theresultsonwhichC.atwhichtheresultsD.ofwhoseresults答：A。定語(yǔ)從句。關(guān)系代詞whose在從句中做results的定語(yǔ)(2001)二、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句①由though,although引導(dǎo) Nogoalswerescoredthoughitwasanexcitinggame.②由eventhough(=evenif)引導(dǎo) Shewillnotrevealthesecreteventhough(if)sheknows. ③由whether…or…引導(dǎo)(“不管”) Whether(sheis)sickorwell,sheisalwayscheerful. Itistruth,whetheryoubelieveitornot. Healwayslosesinanargumentwhetherheisrightorwrong.④由nomatter+wh詞（或how）引導(dǎo)(“不管”)，注意從句中的詞序Nomatterwhoyouare,youhavenorighttodosuchathing.Nomatterwhichsidewine,Ishallbeverysatisfied.Nomatterhowmuchsheeats,shenevergetsfat.Nomatterwhatjobyoudo,doitwell.Nomatterwhereyoulive,youmustgetthereontime.⑤由wh詞+even引導(dǎo)(“不管”)，注意同第④項(xiàng)句式的區(qū)別Whoeveryouare,youhavenorighttodosuchathing.54.Nomatterwhateverhappens,we’redeterminedtodoourbestandmaketheexperimentasuccess. 答：A。改為whathappen，前面已經(jīng)有nomatter。(0311)⑥由as引導(dǎo)(“僅管”)，通常把被強(qiáng)調(diào)的形容詞或副詞放在句首(或稱倒裝) Busyasshewas,shemanagedtocometothemeeting.(形容詞)44.atHarvard,hebeganagaintowritehisessay.(C,0411)A.Busywasashe B.Busywasashe C.Busyashewas D.Aswashebusy MuchasIwouldliketohelp,Ihaveotherwork.(副詞)44.Young_____heis,heknowswhatistherightthingtodo.A.thatB.asC.althoughD.however答：B。as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句要倒裝。(2000)除上述6種結(jié)構(gòu)外，有時(shí)while(雖然，盡管)也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，多放在句首，含有前后對(duì)照的意思。 Whilerespectedheisnotliked. WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisshortcoming.29.______Iadmitthatthereareproblems,Idon'tagreethattheycannotbesolved.AWhenB.AsC.WhileD.Since (C,0304)三、主語(yǔ)從句在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分。動(dòng)名詞、不定式、從句做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)①由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo) Whowillchairthemeetinghasnotyetbeendecided. Whatyouhavesaidisconviction.信服 Whyheleftthecountryisasecret.秘密57.Whenandwherethenewhospitalwillbebuilt_____amystery.(B,2000)A.toremainB.remainsC.remainD.isremaining38._____Isawwastwomencrossingthestreet.A.WhatB.WhomC.WhoD.That答：A。主語(yǔ)從句，what在從句中做主語(yǔ)。(2001)49.Howthefireinthedancinghallstarted_________amystery.(B,2002)A.toremainB.remainsC.remainD.isremaining27.wasonceregardedasimpossiblehasnowbecomeareality.(A,0411)A.What B.That C.Which D.As②由連詞that引導(dǎo) Thatyouneedmorepracticeisquitobvious.→Itisquitobviousthatyouneedmorepractice.常和以下句型： Itisapity(ashame,agoodthing)that… Itisstrange(true,surprising)that…③由whether…or…引導(dǎo) WhetherJohnwillgo(ornot)remainsaquestion. Whethershelikesthepresentisnotcleartome此句型在口語(yǔ)中多被改為含絮形式主語(yǔ)it開頭的句子，而此時(shí)可以用法替代whether，但if不能放在句首。Itisnotcleartomeifshelikesthepresent.40._____wasunimportant.A.Whetherheenjoyedourdinnerornot B.NomatterhowheenjoyedourdinnerC.Ifheenjoyedourdinner D.Whatheenjoyedourdinner答案：A。主語(yǔ)從句，意思“他是否喜歡我們的飯不重要。”(2000)四、賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)成分,要特別注意語(yǔ)序①由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)(wh詞) Wecanlearnwhatwedidnotnowbefore. Don’tputofftilltomorrowwhatwecandotoday.今天能做的事不要推到明天 Couldyoutellmewherehelives?25.Marynevertellsanyonewhatshedoesfora_____.A.jobB.workC.professionD.living(2000)答：D。living：生計(jì)。make(earn)aliving謀生，生計(jì)。48.Infacthehaddone______hecoulddotohelpthepoor.[A]what[B]which[C]as[D]allwhich (A,0304)②由連詞if或whether引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 Letmeknowwhether(if)youcancomeornot. IaskedJohnwhetherJanewascoming.③由that引導(dǎo)，that可省略 Idon’tthink(that)shecanfinishitallbyherself.五、同位語(yǔ)從句①由that引導(dǎo)。that之前通常是一個(gè)抽象名詞，也稱為先行詞 Haveyouheardthenews(that)Marygothurtinacaraccident?44.Thefact_______hedoessoinsoshortperiodoftimechallengesexplanation.[A]why[B]that[C]what[D]which (B,0304)58.Wouldthenews_____hefailedtopasstheexambotheryou?[A]which[B]that[C]ofwhich[D]onwhich (B,0304)24.Itisimportanttorememberthesayingthatisbetterthancure.

A.prevention B.promotion C.permission D.proportion(A,0404)

常見(jiàn)的先行詞有：belief,fact,news,saying,doubt,evidence,hope,idea,question,reply,rumour等②同位語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 That在同位語(yǔ)從句中是連詞，只起連接作用，無(wú)具體含義，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分。 That在定語(yǔ)從句中是關(guān)系代詞，在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分，多為主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) Thenewsthatshewasresignherpositionprovedtobeincorrect.(同) ThisisthebookthatIboughtyesterday. (定)第七節(jié)倒裝句結(jié)構(gòu) OnlytodaydidIlearnthegoodnews. Onnoaccountmustwegiveup. 任何情況下都不①含有否定詞開頭的句子多倒裝：否定詞＋助動(dòng)詞（be動(dòng)詞）+主語(yǔ)。not,only,never,little,few,nowhere,seldom,rarely,hardly,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…than,atnotimenotuntil,innotime=bynomeans,undernocircumstances,notonly…but(also)29.Nowhereelseintheworld_____moreattractivescenerythaninSwitzerland.A.youcanfindB.isfoundC.canyoufindD.hasbeenfound答：C。否定詞nowhere放在句首，句子倒裝(2000)53.NotuntilIremindedhimforthethirdtime_____workingandlookedup.A.thathestoppedB.doeshestoppedC.didhestopD.thathestopped答：C。notuntil放在句首，句子倒裝。(2000)55.Nosoonerhadtheygotoffthetrain_____itstartedmoving.A.whenB.thanC.thenD.after答：B。nosooner…..than…(2000)51.Notalways_____theywantto.A.peoplecandowhat B.peoplecannotdowhatC.canpeopledowhat D.can'tpeopledowhat答：C。否定詞not放在句首，句子倒裝。(2001)55.Notuntilmostofthepeoplehadlefttheairport_________hissisterwasthere.A.thathesawB.hadheseenC.didheseeD.thathehadseen答：C。notuntil放在句首，句子倒裝(2002)57.Nosoonerhadtheygotthegoodscoveredup_____itstartedraininghard.A.whenB.thanC.thenD.after (B,2002)答：B。atnotime放在句首，句子要倒裝。應(yīng)改為willChina。(2002)44.Nosoonerhadsheenteredthehousethetelephonerang.A.when B.than C.as D.while (B,0404)

33.Onlyrecentlytodealwiththeenvironmentalproblems.(C,0411)AsomethinghasdoneBhassomethingdoneChassomethingbeendone Dsomethinghasbeendone②用于neither(行為動(dòng)詞/否定),nor(be動(dòng)詞/否定),so(肯定)開始的簡(jiǎn)短回應(yīng)，表示與他人的相同看法。 Idon’tcaremuchforsweets. －NeitherdoI. Iamnotveryfondofthissortoffilms. –NoramI. Ilikeskatingverymuch. －SodoI.還可以說(shuō)：Ienjoyedtheplayandsodidmywife.③so…that(太…以致于)結(jié)構(gòu)中的so置于句首時(shí)，需要部分倒裝 Sofunnydidhelookthateveryonestaredathim. Soexcitedwashethathecouldn’tfallasleep.28.SoistheweatherinEnglandthatbylunchtimetherecouldbethunderandlightening.

A.various B.varies C.variable D.variation(C,0404)

④虛擬條件句如果可以省略if，而倒裝。（詳見(jiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣一節(jié)）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、be、have、否定詞第八節(jié)主謂一致（數(shù)的一致） 單數(shù)主語(yǔ)用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。①兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上做主語(yǔ)的單數(shù)名詞用and連接，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞原則上用復(fù)數(shù)。但是如果單數(shù)名詞前有each,no,every,manya,morethanone等詞修飾，此時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要有單數(shù)形式。 Eachsoldierandsailorwasgivenagun. Everyteacherandeverystudentistoattendthemeeting. Manyastudentcomestothefrontandasksmesomequestion.②every還可以和帶數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用，此時(shí)仍然認(rèn)為它是一個(gè)整體，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)形式 Everyfivepeoplesharesacar.表示時(shí)間的復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù) Fiveweeksisnotalongperiodoftime.③主語(yǔ)如果是單數(shù)，盡管后邊跟有aswellas,togetherwith,including,accompaniedby,incompanywith,besides,inadditionto,alongwith等短語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式(不能喧賓奪主)John’sfather,alongwithhisuncles,demandsthathestayinNewYorkforanotherweek.Jane,aswellasAliceandMary,isstudyingnursingattheQueen28.Mr.Smith,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,goingtothepartyhisweekend.A.am B.is C.are D.will (B,0411)④集合名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)表示的意義：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)不可分割的整體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；當(dāng)主語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的各個(gè)成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) Thefamilyisthebasicunitofoursociety.(整體) Thefamilyhaveagreedamongthemselvestopayanewhouse. (家庭成員)此類集合名詞還有army,audience,committee,crew,group,government,public,staff,team,class等⑤有些名詞盡管以s結(jié)尾：news,politics,physics,economics,mathematics，但表示是單數(shù)的意思(學(xué)科)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)Physicsisadifficultsubject.答：C。改為is。當(dāng)以news（新聞）是單數(shù)，做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。(2000) means（方法/手段）的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式一樣，若前有every修飾用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，若前有all修飾用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 Everymeanshasbeentried,butwithlittlesuccess. Allmeanshavebeentried,butwithlittlesuccess.⑥當(dāng)句子有兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，而它們又是由either…or,neither…nor,…or…,…nor…,notonly…but(also)連接起來(lái)的,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常和鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致,又稱“鄰近原則” NotonlyyourbutalsoIammistakenonthispoint. NeitherBillnorhisparentsareathome.35.NeitherJohnnorIabletopersuadeRichard’sgrandfathertoattendthewedding.A.am B.are C.aretobe D.is(A,0311)⑦注意thenumberof與anumberof接動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別，前者用單數(shù)，后者用復(fù)數(shù) Anumberoferrorsmadebyhimweresurprising. Thenumberoferrorsmadebyhimwassurprising.⑧在定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞who,that,which作主語(yǔ)時(shí)其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱數(shù)要和主句中的先行詞一致 不可數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)用單數(shù):information,threequartersof68.Manyofthesociety'swealthiscontrolledbylargecorporationsandgovernmentagencies. 答：A。改為much。(0304)52.Nearlythreequartersofthesurfaceoftheeartharecoveredwithwater,andtherewouldbeevenlesslandifthepolaricecapsweremelted. 答：B。改為is。(0311)52.Peoplecomplainthatthecostofsettingupacompanyaresogreatthatonlytherichcanaffordtorunacompanyinthatcountry.(C.改為is.0411)*注意主從復(fù)合句中主、從句主語(yǔ)一致的問(wèn)題主從復(fù)合句中，主句和從句中的主語(yǔ)可以一致，也可以不一致。但主、從句主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)，涉及從句中的助動(dòng)詞其主語(yǔ)不能被省略Walkinginthestreet,thecarandbusesarerunninglikestreams. 答：A。改為Whenwewerewalking。Byreadingthedirectionscarefully,somemistakesintheexamcouldhavebeenavoided. 答：A。改為Ifyou(I)hadread。

第九節(jié)附加疑問(wèn)句陳述部表示否定意思，疑問(wèn)部分須用肯定式；反之，則相反。陳述部分和提問(wèn)部分的前后對(duì)應(yīng)表陳述部分提問(wèn)部分havetodon'thadtodidn'toughttooughtn't/shouldn’tusedtododidn'tletshall(包括別人)willyou(僅指自己，不包括別人)Don’twill23.Don’tforgettowritetome,? (A,0404)

A.willyou B.didn’tyou C.areyou D.don’tyou

22.Wehadtowaitalongtimetogetourpassports,? (C,0411)A.won’twe B.don’twe C.didn’twe D.shouldn’tyou①當(dāng)陳述句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句時(shí)，通常情況下附加疑問(wèn)部分應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式而定： Hesaidthathedidn’twanttogo,didn’the?53.Younevertoldmeyouhaveseenthefilm,_________?A.hadyouB.didn'tyouC.didyouD.weren'tyou答：C。反意疑問(wèn)句。(2002)②雖然陳述部分是主從復(fù)合句，但如果主句部分是以下一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：I’d(would)say,I’llbet,Iguess,Ithink,Isuppose,Ibelieve,Iexpect,Iimagine附加疑問(wèn)部分要根據(jù)從句中的動(dòng)詞形式而定。Isupposeyou’renotserious,areyou?Isupposeyoucouldn’tletmeborrowyourcarthisevening,couldyou?③如果在②句式中的主句部分加上否定詞，附句為肯定 Idon’tsupposehecares,doeshe? Idon’tthinkyou’reheardofhimbefore,haveyou?④如果陳述句的主語(yǔ)是somebody,someone,everybody,everyone,nobody,提問(wèn)部分的人稱要用they。 Everybodyknowsthattheearthisround,don’tthey?⑤陳述部分若含有nothing,nobody,seldom,rarely,never,hardly,scarcely等詞時(shí)，提問(wèn)部分用肯定式。 NobodyphonedmewhileIwasout,didthey? Shescarcelycaresforanything,doesshe?第十節(jié)強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)①基本形式Itis（was）+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that… Itwasinthatsmallroomthattheyworkedhardanddreamedofbetterdaystocome.66.ItisdrivingontheleftwhatcausesvisitorstoBritainthemosttrouble.答：C。改為that。強(qiáng)調(diào)句。(0304)47.Itwasintheprimaryschoolwheremyteacherintroducedmetocomputer.答：C。改為that。強(qiáng)調(diào)句。(0311)16.ItisfrommygrandparentsIlearnedalot. (C,0404)

A.who B.whom C.that D.which

51.ItisinhissparetimewhenRobertteacheshimselfEnglishandJapanese.答：C。改為that。強(qiáng)調(diào)句。(0411)另外，強(qiáng)調(diào)原因的Itisbecause…that也屬于這一類型33.Itisbecausesheisverydevotedtoherstudents_____sheisrespectedbythem.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.who答：A。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。Itis（was）…that/who；who（只能強(qiáng)調(diào)人）；that（可強(qiáng)調(diào)人和物）因?yàn)楸揪涫菑?qiáng)調(diào)原因。又如：Itistomorrowthattheywillhaveameeting.就在明天他們要開會(huì)。（強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）Itistheywho（that）willhaveameetingtomorrow.就是他們明天要開會(huì)。（強(qiáng)調(diào)人，可以用who或that）②notuntil加部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom. NotuntilyesterdaydidIknowthenews.③Itis/wasnotuntil＋時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)＋that從句，不倒裝，特別注意和第②項(xiàng)的區(qū)別 Itwasnotuntilaftermidnightthathefellasleep. Itwasnotuntilbedtimethattheboyeverremembersdoeshishomework.19.Itwasnotmidnightthattheydiscoveredthechildrenwerenotintheirbeds.A.before B.at C.after D.until (D,0311)? 成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)：高分語(yǔ)法定冠詞限定名詞時(shí)主要表示特指，針對(duì)TOEFL應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：(1)the和可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，表示一類人或物，如：thefern(蕨類),thewallflower(2)序數(shù)詞之前必須用the，如：thefirstwoman,thenineteenthcentury但前面有物主代詞時(shí)除外，如myfirstbaby(3)形容詞最高級(jí)之前必須用the(有物主代詞時(shí)除外)，如：thelargestcity,themostadvancedtechnology(4)of連接的名詞前多用the,如：thedevelopmentofthewatch,(5)世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的東西前應(yīng)加the,如：theglobe(地球)，theequator(赤道),themoon,thesun在下列情況下，一般不用the：(1)表示人名、地名、國(guó)家名等專有名詞前,一般不加，如：DennisChavez(人名)，Alaska(地名)，English(英語(yǔ)),February(二月),America(美國(guó))但是在表示海洋、海峽、江、河、山脈、群島等專有名詞時(shí)要加上thetheGreatLakes(美國(guó)五大湖)，theChangjiangRiver(長(zhǎng)江)(2)無(wú)特指的不可數(shù)名詞前，如：algebra(代數(shù)學(xué)),advertising，accounting（會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)）(3)表示類別的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前，如：Historiansbelievethat…,Amphibians(兩棲動(dòng)物)hatchfrom…(4)一些固定詞組中，如：inhistory,innature,atwork,athome,gotoschool,gotobed,inbed乘車的詞組：bytrain(乘火車),bycar(乘汽車),bybicycle(騎腳踏車),bybus(乘公共汽車),byland(由陸路),bysea(由海路),bywater(由水路),byair(通過(guò)航空)onfoot(步行)，byplane(乘飛機(jī))，byship(乘船)，打球的詞組：playtennis,playbaseball,playbasketball注意：表示職位的詞之前的冠詞有無(wú)均可,如：Hewaselected(the)chairmanofthecommittee.不可數(shù)名詞的限定詞和不可數(shù)名詞原形連用,下面這些限定詞后面一定跟不可數(shù)名詞：much,alargeamountof,agreatdealof,awealthof(大量的、豐富的)little/alittle/less/least,apiece/sheet/slice/barof,屬不可數(shù)名詞專用另外一些詞(詞組)如such,some/any(of),most(of),alotof,lotsof,therestof,plentyof等既可接可數(shù)名詞又可接不可數(shù)名詞。有些形容詞本身就具有“比….年長(zhǎng)”、“比…..優(yōu)越”等含義，因此也就沒(méi)有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。有些形容詞本身就具備“最、極”的含義，所以就沒(méi)有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如：absolute(絕對(duì)的),unique(獨(dú)一無(wú)二的),infinite(無(wú)限的),round(圓的),right(對(duì)的),correct(正確的),wrong(錯(cuò)誤的),perfect(完美的)，這類形容詞往往被稱為絕對(duì)形容詞對(duì)于most來(lái)講，除了構(gòu)成某些詞最高級(jí)外，most的用法有幾點(diǎn)需要注意，經(jīng)常成為改錯(cuò)題的考點(diǎn)：1．當(dāng)most表示大多數(shù)時(shí)，之前不加the,并且有兩種形式來(lái)表示大多數(shù)，分別為：most+名詞，如：mostpeople,mostIndiantribes；most+of+限定詞+名詞或代詞，如：mostofhispaintings，mostofus,mostofthemodernartists2.most有時(shí)意思等同于very,此時(shí)most之前用不定冠詞，如：amostlovelygirl,amostimpressiveproposal例題：(1)Themostsubstancesexpandinvolumewhentheyareheated.ABCD答案：A應(yīng)改為：Most解釋：most只有在表示形容詞最高級(jí)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)需加定冠詞，此句表示“大多數(shù)”，沒(méi)必要加the.AluminumisthemostabundantmetalinthecrustoftheEarth,butthenonmetalsABCoxygenandsiliconaremorestillabundant.D考點(diǎn)：程度副詞答案：D應(yīng)改為：stillmore解釋：程度副詞still修飾比較級(jí)more時(shí)，應(yīng)置于其前幾點(diǎn)參考規(guī)則：1.多數(shù)副詞放在修飾的動(dòng)詞之后，若動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)則放在賓語(yǔ)之后，如：Shesingsverywell.Imetyouruncle(動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ))justnow.Imetjustnowyouruncle(錯(cuò))2.副詞修飾形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞時(shí)常放在被修飾成分之前，如：Thesetwoareonlyslightlydifferent.rightafterthis,verysmoothly當(dāng)然，副詞enough是一個(gè)例外，要放在修飾成分的后面，如：Iamnotgoodenoughtodothisjob.(對(duì))Iamnotenoughgoodtodothisjob.(錯(cuò))3.表示頻率的副詞常放在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前，be動(dòng)詞之后，如：Heoften/always/rarely/seldom/neverplay(實(shí)意動(dòng)詞)tennis.、Heisalwayshereat8’clock.(be動(dòng)詞之后)4.部分副詞的位置沒(méi)有一定的規(guī)定，原則上接近被修飾詞即可，如：only,even,still,perhaps,etc.第四節(jié)容易混淆的詞D考點(diǎn)：程度副詞答案：D應(yīng)改為：stillmore解釋：程度副詞still修飾比較級(jí)more時(shí)，應(yīng)置于其前幾點(diǎn)參考規(guī)則：1.多數(shù)副詞放在修飾的動(dòng)詞之后，若動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)則放在賓語(yǔ)之后，如：Shesingsverywell.Imetyouruncle(動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ))justnow.Imetjustnowyouruncle(錯(cuò))2.副詞修飾形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞時(shí)常放在被修飾成分之前，如：Thesetwoareonlyslightlydifferent.rightafterthis,verysmoothly當(dāng)然，副詞enough是一個(gè)例外，要放在修飾成分的后面，如：Iamnotgoodenoughtodothisjob.(對(duì))Iamnotenoughgoodtodothisjob.(錯(cuò))3.表示頻率的副詞常放在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前，be動(dòng)詞之后，如：Heoften/always/rarely/seldom/neverplay(實(shí)意動(dòng)詞)tennis.Heisalwayshereat8’clock.(be動(dòng)詞之后)4.部分副詞的位置沒(méi)有一定的規(guī)定，原則上接近被修飾詞即可，如：only,even,still,perhaps,etc.第四節(jié)容易混淆的詞hard(努力，副詞)－h(huán)ardly（幾乎不，副詞）close（接近，形容詞）－closely（接近，副詞）near（接近，形容詞）－nearly（幾乎，副詞），nearby(adj.鄰近的)most（大多數(shù)的，形容詞）－mostly（主要地，大部分副詞）late（遲、晚，形容詞）－lately（最近，副詞），later(adv.稍后的)high(高的，形容詞)－h(huán)ighly(adv.非常，大大的)另外：friendly（友好的），lovely(可愛(ài)的、有趣的)，盡管詞尾有l(wèi)y,但是都是形容詞作主語(yǔ)：不定式短語(yǔ)可作主語(yǔ)如：Toseeistobelieve(百聞不如一見(jiàn))Toworkhardshouldbeyourmajorconcern.注意：由于英文不習(xí)慣句子主語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，不定式主語(yǔ)常被形式主語(yǔ)it所代替(詳見(jiàn)第十七章)例如上面第二句可以變?yōu)椋篒tshouldbeyourmajorconcerntoworkhard.又如：Itisveryniceofyoutohelpme不定式常接在名詞之后作定語(yǔ)，如：somethingtoread,nothingtodo,anythingtodeclare,alottocomplainof,therightpersontotalkto,etc.由上述例子不難看出不定式和被修飾詞間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因此不及物動(dòng)詞之后必須加上相搭配的介詞（例如上面的complain+of,talk+to）不定式定語(yǔ)還可表示將來(lái)的含義，如：intheyearstofollow,themeetingtobeheldinJune獨(dú)立主格的主語(yǔ)和句子主語(yǔ)不一致如：(With)Hismouthfilledwithwater,hecouldn’tutteraword.(獨(dú)立主格)對(duì)于分詞來(lái)講其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須和句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致:Fillinghismouthwithwater,hecouldn’tutteraword.在TOEFL考試中，經(jīng)常混淆反身代詞的寫法，結(jié)尾的-self和-selves經(jīng)常故意寫錯(cuò)反身代詞的用法可以用來(lái)做賓語(yǔ)：Hehurthimselfwhenhefell.可以用來(lái)做表語(yǔ)：Heisnotquitehimselftoday.(他今天有些不舒服)反身代詞經(jīng)常放在名詞或者代名詞的后面來(lái)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),表示“親自”的意思Imyselfdoit.Idoitmyself.Theymadetheresearchthemselves.牢記makepossible的三種形式：1.make+名詞+possible；Hisfinancialaidmakesthistrippossible.2.make+possible+名詞（名詞短語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)）HisfinancialaidmakespossiblethepoorChinesestudent’senteringoftheworldfamousuniversity.3.makeitpossible(forsb.)todo(見(jiàn)形式賓語(yǔ)部分)Thefather’shardlabormakesitpossibleforthesontoreceivebettereducation.定語(yǔ)從句可分為限定性和非限定性兩種，其主要區(qū)別為：1.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間需用逗號(hào)隔開。2.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，引導(dǎo)詞一般不用that，在修飾人時(shí)用who,whom,whoseHehadthreechildren,allofwhomhadgraduatedfromcollege.在修飾物時(shí)用which部分狀語(yǔ)從句可以省略，在填空題中時(shí)有出現(xiàn)如：Althoughdefeated,hedidnotloseheart.(從句中省略了hewas)IfinFORMedtimely,Iwouldn’thavemissedthemeeting.(從句中省略了Iwere)注意:當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是for+一段時(shí)間(已經(jīng)有…時(shí)間了),和since+一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(自從…以來(lái))的時(shí)候,句中的謂語(yǔ)不能是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(暫短性動(dòng)詞),如不能說(shuō):Ihaveborrowedthebookfortendays.(錯(cuò)誤:borrow這個(gè)動(dòng)作是發(fā)生在圖書出納臺(tái)上的一次性動(dòng)作,不能延續(xù),因此不能和for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用)應(yīng)改為:Ihavekeptthebookfortendays.這樣的暫短性動(dòng)詞還有:buy/sell,break,die,graduate,drop等倒裝倒裝句就是將正常的陳述語(yǔ)序加以變化，主要作用是強(qiáng)調(diào)被提前的部分倒裝句可分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝兩種：一、全部倒裝謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提前至主語(yǔ)之前為全部倒裝，如：Outcamehisguest.Onthehillstoodalittlecottagethatcontainedheapsofhay.Therelivedanelderlyladywhosehusbanddiedlongago.二、部分倒裝助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提至主語(yǔ)之前，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞位置不變，即為部分倒裝，如：Neithercouldheseethroughyourplan.SolittledidIknowabouthimthatIwaseasilytakeninbyhiswords.Doesn’therinvitationappealtoyou?第一節(jié)否定詞提前倒裝否定詞用于句首時(shí)，句子應(yīng)進(jìn)行部分倒裝否定詞常用的有：Notonly…(butalso),Notuntil(直到…..才),Nosooner….(than)(一…..就)Never/Rarely/SeldomHardly/Scarcely…(when)Few/LittleNeither/Nor(也不)NwhereAtnotimeUndernocircumstances(決不)Onnoaccount(決不)Innoway其中notonly,nosooner,hardly,scarcely分別和but(also),than,when搭配使用，需注意：后一組詞之后的部分不進(jìn)行倒裝，只有否定詞之后的部分倒裝如：HardlyhadIarrivedhomewhenitbegantorain.Notonlywasheabletoenterthefinalroundofthecontest,buthecameoutfirstaswell.NosoonerhadIgotanychancetospeakthantheclerkslammedthedoorinmyface.Seldomdoeshetravelabout.Undernocircumstancesshouldyoubetrayyourowncountry.此類倒裝句一般出現(xiàn)在填空題中，需填入的是倒裝部分，只要在句首見(jiàn)到上述的詞，就應(yīng)條件反射的想到用倒裝句第二節(jié)介詞、分詞詞組提前倒裝當(dāng)句子沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)，且主語(yǔ)偏長(zhǎng)時(shí)，往往將句中作狀語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)或作表語(yǔ)的形容詞短語(yǔ)或作表語(yǔ)的分詞短語(yǔ)提至句首，引起主謂的全部倒裝如：Inthemiddleoftheriverfloatedtheclusterofplantsthatshehadcast.Characteristicofananarchistwasherstrongoppositiontothegovernment,whichshehadblamedforallthesocialinjustices.Lyingonthegrasslandisaprettygirlinherearlytwenties.第三節(jié)副詞提前倒裝副詞提至句首引起倒裝，可分以下幾種情況：1.only+副詞(when,before,if,after等)或only+介詞狀語(yǔ)(由in,under,by,on,after等引導(dǎo))提前，必須部分倒裝如：Onlythendidherealizehowstupidhehadbeen.OnlyafterenteringthestoredidArthurrealizethattherewasdanger.Onlyinthelibrarycansheconcentrateonherstudy.2.often,such,so等副詞提前，部分倒裝如:Sodiligentlydidheworkthathegothightscoresonthefinalexam.=Heworkedsodiligentlythathegothightscoresonthefinalexam.Suchwashiswishthattheworldwouldstayawayfromwarforever.Oftendidwegoonaholidayinhotsummer.注意，so的另一種倒裝是表示“也…”Californiareliesheavilyonincomefromcrops,andsodoesFlorida.加利福尼亞過(guò)多的依賴于來(lái)自農(nóng)作物的收入，佛羅里達(dá)也是這樣同理，體會(huì)一下neither,nor的倒裝Hecan’tdance,neither/norcanI.=Ican’t,either.他不會(huì)跳舞，我也不會(huì)。3.in,out,down,up,away,off,here,there,over等副詞提前，全部倒裝如：Offgotthestaggeringgentlemen.HerearethephotosItookattheseaside.第四節(jié)疑問(wèn)倒裝疑問(wèn)句需部分倒裝語(yǔ)序，由于經(jīng)常用到不會(huì)成為考試的難點(diǎn)。如：WhatpartdidheplayinHamlet?Doyoupreferteaorcoffee?by可視為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的標(biāo)志詞，by之后的名詞短語(yǔ)是句中動(dòng)作的施動(dòng)者；在題干中若見(jiàn)到by+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)要優(yōu)先考慮用被動(dòng)式如:ThewallispaintedbyTom.ThebookwaswrittenbyMarkTwain.注意1：by之后如果接的是動(dòng)名詞，則表示方式、手段，不能視為被動(dòng)式的標(biāo)志，且此時(shí)謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用主動(dòng)式，如：Hepassedtheexambycheating.注意2：對(duì)于know來(lái)講，一般用beknownto而不用beknowby強(qiáng)調(diào)句中it作形式主語(yǔ)可以替代任何被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分基本模式：It+be+強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象+who/whom/that+句子其余部分如：Itwasonlyyouwhocaredforme.(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ))Itishissisterwhom/thatIhavefalleninlovewith.(強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ))Itwasunderthetreethatshefoundhermissingpurse.(強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))ItwaslastweekthatIattendedanartexhibitforthefirsttime.(強(qiáng)狀語(yǔ))ItwasnotuntilhebrokemyfavoritevasethatIflewintorages.(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)從句)注意：強(qiáng)調(diào)的對(duì)象是人時(shí)，可用who,whom或that,其余情況一律用that;當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象在從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí)用who/that,當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象在從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用whom/that.虛擬語(yǔ)氣此章內(nèi)容在TOEFL考點(diǎn)中處于相對(duì)次要地位，但在英文中是比較活躍的用法，必須對(duì)其有所了解,這樣對(duì)讀題非常有幫助虛擬語(yǔ)氣是英文中一特殊的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，主要用于表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反的陳述，常表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈愿望、遺憾、感慨、后悔、責(zé)備、規(guī)勸等語(yǔ)義，可大致分為三類一、對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬基本形式：If+were/did等過(guò)去式…,…would/could/should/might+do例如：IfIwereabird,Iwouldflytothemoon.(事實(shí)上，I’mnotabird,soIwillnotflytothemoon.)Ifsheknewwhoyouare,shewouldgooutofjoy.二、對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的虛擬基本形式：If+haddone…,…would/could/should/might+havedone例如：Ifshehadbeenwarnedearlier,shewouldn’thavebrokentherules.(事實(shí)上：Shewasnotwarnedearlierandshebroketherules.)Ifithadn’trained,thematchwouldhaveseemedmorefascinating.(事實(shí)上：Itrainedandthematchwaslessfascinating.)此種虛擬可進(jìn)行倒裝，如：Hadtheletterbee