成人英語三級語法重點串講

北京地區(qū)英語考試語法重點串講第六節(jié)從句一、定語從句在復合句中起定語作用的從句（每年至少考2題）(一)基本介紹

A.由5個關系代詞who，whom，whose，which，that引導的

ThecompanyofficialwhomIthoughtwouldbefiredreceivedaraise.Theinvestigation,whoseresultswillsoonbepublished,wasmadebyJohn.

34.Donottrustsuchmenoftenliketopraiseyoutoyourface.

A.who B.that C.as D.they (C,0404)

B.由3個關系副詞when,where,why引導的

1、Thetimewillcomewhenmancanflytoouterspacefreely.54、Iwillneverforgetthetenyears____webothspentinthelittlevillage.A.whenB.duringwhichC.whichD.inwhich(A,2001)65.Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibitionwhichtheysawmanynewproducts.答：C，改為where。定語從句。(0304)26.Ofthose_____hadappliedforthejobs,onlytwowereaccepted.A.personsB.that C.who D.which (C,0304)C.as和but有時可以引導定語從句：as引導的定語從句多和such或some連用Suchpeopleasyoudescribearerarenowadays.像你說的這種人現(xiàn)在很少Ihavethesameproblemasyou(have).34.Donottrustsuchmenoftenliketopraiseyoutoyourface.

A.who B.that C.as D.they (C,0404)

but引導的定語從句，實際意義等于whonot或thatnotThereisnooneofusbutwishestogo.我們沒有人不愿意去(二)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句(至少各考1道題)

1、限制性定語從句所修飾的詞代表一個(些)或一類特定的人或事物,從句與主句間沒有逗號，從句不能去掉,否則剩下的部分意義不完整或表意不清,不能說明問題Thesewhowanttogopleasesigntheirnamehere.誰想去請在這里簽名ThisistheplacewhereIworkedfor10years.2、非限定定語從句只對所修飾的詞作一步的說明，與主句之間用逗號分開，去掉后所剩部分仍能成立，意義完整。ThisnotewasleftbyMary,whowashereamomentago.IamgoingtospendthesummerholidaysinDalian,whereIhavesomerelatives.另外，兩種從句表示的意義差別較大Thewinewhich/thatwasinthecellarwasallrained.藏在地窖的酒壞了(部分酒,限)Thewine,whichwasinthecellar,wasallrained.酒藏在地窖里，都壞了(全部酒,非限) Hewillwearnoclothesthatwilldistinguishhimfromhisfellowcolleagues. 他不會穿那種讓其他人很容易把他和他同事區(qū)分開的衣服 Hewillwearnoclothes,whichwilldistinguishhimfromhisfellowcolleagues. 他將一絲不掛,為讓其他人容易把他和他同事分開 IhaveasisterwholivesinTaiwan. 我有一個住在臺灣的姐姐 Ihaveasister,wholivesinTaiwan.我有一個姐姐，她住在臺灣*使用定語從句需要注意的問題：①which和that都可以指代事物引導定語從句，但如果先行詞有限定詞all,any,every,(a)few,no,only,some,very或序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾，其后的關系代詞只能用that: Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree. ItisthefirsttimethatIhavemetMary. ThisistheveryfilmthatIwanttosee.very就是…個②關系代詞前有介詞的情況，主要體現(xiàn)在which和whom這兩個關系代詞 Thesearethefactsonwhichmyargumentisbased.(base…on把…建立在…基礎上)Themantowhomwehandedtheformsoutthattheyhadnotbeenproperlyfilledin. (tohandtosb.把…交給)31.Beforejoiningthearmy,hespentalotoftimeinthevillage_____hebelonged.A.towhichB.whichC.towhereD.atwhich答：A。belongto：屬于。因此選towhich。 (2001)55.Thegrass______manyanimalsliveisabundanthere.[A]bywhich[B]withwhich[C]onwhich[D]ofwhich答：C。liveon：靠…生活。選onwhich。 (0304)53.Theseventeenthcenturywasonewhichmanysignificantadvancesweremadeinbothscienceandphilosophy.答：A。改為inwhich。在某個世紀用in (0311)19.ThisisthedictionaryIdependalotwheneverIhaveproblemswithnewwords.

A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.forwhich (C,dependon,0404)

③在②形式上有時介詞前還會有形容詞最高級、數(shù)詞、most、all、none等詞，用ofwhich Chinahashundredsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan答：B。改為：twoofwhich。非限定性定語從句，which在從句中指fiftystates。(2000)46.TheUnitedStatesiscomposedoffiftystates,twoof__areseparatedfromtheothersbylandorwater.[A]them[B]that[C]which[D]those (C,0304)17.Thewriterhaspublishedmanybooks,arewellreceivedbythereaders.

A.noneofwhomB.allofwhichC.neitherofwhoD.oneofwhich(B,0404)句子或句子的一部分也可以作先行，換句話說，定語從句也可以修飾前面整個一句話或半句話，這種情況下只能出現(xiàn)非限制性定語從句 Someoftheroadswereflooded,whichmadeourjourney,moredifficult. Themeetinghasbeenputoff,whichiswhatwewant. Hesaidhehadnobike,whichwasnottrue.④關系代詞后的數(shù)和人稱要和先行詞一致，它的格則取決于它在句子中所充當?shù)某煞帧?5.Thisisoneofthebestbooks_____onthesubject.(2000)A.thathaveeverbeenwritten B.whichhaveeverbeenwrittenC.thathaseverbeenwritten D.whateverhavebeenwritten答：A。因為先行詞是復數(shù)，而且有形容詞的最高級修飾，只能選that。31.Anoldfriendfromabroad,_____Iwasexpectingtostaywith,telephonedmefromtheairport.A.thatB.whomC.whoD.which答：B.whom。關系代詞，在定語從句中做with的賓語，指人。(2000)67.WhenshecamebackfromHollywood,shewantedtotelleverybodyaboutallthestarsandexcitingpeoplewhoshehadseen. 答：D。改為whom或直接刪除。 (0304)⑤關系代詞whose既可指人，有時也可以指物。代物時，相當于ofwhich。近幾年這類題出現(xiàn)較多 Idon’twanttorentthehousewhosewindowsarebroken.55.Theexperiment,_____willsoonbeannounced,wasdonebymycolleagues.A.whoseresultsB.theresultsonwhichC.atwhichtheresultsD.ofwhoseresults答：A。定語從句。關系代詞whose在從句中做results的定語(2001)二、讓步狀語從句①由though,although引導 Nogoalswerescoredthoughitwasanexcitinggame.②由eventhough(=evenif)引導 Shewillnotrevealthesecreteventhough(if)sheknows. ③由whether…or…引導(“不管”) Whether(sheis)sickorwell,sheisalwayscheerful. Itistruth,whetheryoubelieveitornot. Healwayslosesinanargumentwhetherheisrightorwrong.④由nomatter+wh詞（或how）引導(“不管”)，注意從句中的詞序Nomatterwhoyouare,youhavenorighttodosuchathing.Nomatterwhichsidewine,Ishallbeverysatisfied.Nomatterhowmuchsheeats,shenevergetsfat.Nomatterwhatjobyoudo,doitwell.Nomatterwhereyoulive,youmustgetthereontime.⑤由wh詞+even引導(“不管”)，注意同第④項句式的區(qū)別Whoeveryouare,youhavenorighttodosuchathing.54.Nomatterwhateverhappens,we’redeterminedtodoourbestandmaketheexperimentasuccess. 答：A。改為whathappen，前面已經(jīng)有nomatter。(0311)⑥由as引導(“僅管”)，通常把被強調(diào)的形容詞或副詞放在句首(或稱倒裝) Busyasshewas,shemanagedtocometothemeeting.(形容詞)44.atHarvard,hebeganagaintowritehisessay.(C,0411)A.Busywasashe B.Busywasashe C.Busyashewas D.Aswashebusy MuchasIwouldliketohelp,Ihaveotherwork.(副詞)44.Young_____heis,heknowswhatistherightthingtodo.A.thatB.asC.althoughD.however答：B。as引導的讓步狀語從句要倒裝。(2000)除上述6種結(jié)構外，有時while(雖然，盡管)也可以引導定語從句，多放在句首，含有前后對照的意思。 Whilerespectedheisnotliked. WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisshortcoming.29.______Iadmitthatthereareproblems,Idon'tagreethattheycannotbesolved.AWhenB.AsC.WhileD.Since (C,0304)三、主語從句在句中充當主語成分。動名詞、不定式、從句做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)①由連接代詞或連接副詞引導 Whowillchairthemeetinghasnotyetbeendecided. Whatyouhavesaidisconviction.信服 Whyheleftthecountryisasecret.秘密57.Whenandwherethenewhospitalwillbebuilt_____amystery.(B,2000)A.toremainB.remainsC.remainD.isremaining38._____Isawwastwomencrossingthestreet.A.WhatB.WhomC.WhoD.That答：A。主語從句，what在從句中做主語。(2001)49.Howthefireinthedancinghallstarted_________amystery.(B,2002)A.toremainB.remainsC.remainD.isremaining27.wasonceregardedasimpossiblehasnowbecomeareality.(A,0411)A.What B.That C.Which D.As②由連詞that引導 Thatyouneedmorepracticeisquitobvious.→Itisquitobviousthatyouneedmorepractice.常和以下句型： Itisapity(ashame,agoodthing)that… Itisstrange(true,surprising)that…③由whether…or…引導 WhetherJohnwillgo(ornot)remainsaquestion. Whethershelikesthepresentisnotcleartome此句型在口語中多被改為含絮形式主語it開頭的句子，而此時可以用法替代whether，但if不能放在句首。Itisnotcleartomeifshelikesthepresent.40._____wasunimportant.A.Whetherheenjoyedourdinnerornot B.NomatterhowheenjoyedourdinnerC.Ifheenjoyedourdinner D.Whatheenjoyedourdinner答案：A。主語從句，意思“他是否喜歡我們的飯不重要?！?2000)四、賓語從句在復合句中充當賓語成分,要特別注意語序①由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(wh詞) Wecanlearnwhatwedidnotnowbefore. Don’tputofftilltomorrowwhatwecandotoday.今天能做的事不要推到明天 Couldyoutellmewherehelives?25.Marynevertellsanyonewhatshedoesfora_____.A.jobB.workC.professionD.living(2000)答：D。living：生計。make(earn)aliving謀生，生計。48.Infacthehaddone______hecoulddotohelpthepoor.[A]what[B]which[C]as[D]allwhich (A,0304)②由連詞if或whether引導的名詞性從句 Letmeknowwhether(if)youcancomeornot. IaskedJohnwhetherJanewascoming.③由that引導，that可省略 Idon’tthink(that)shecanfinishitallbyherself.五、同位語從句①由that引導。that之前通常是一個抽象名詞，也稱為先行詞 Haveyouheardthenews(that)Marygothurtinacaraccident?44.Thefact_______hedoessoinsoshortperiodoftimechallengesexplanation.[A]why[B]that[C]what[D]which (B,0304)58.Wouldthenews_____hefailedtopasstheexambotheryou?[A]which[B]that[C]ofwhich[D]onwhich (B,0304)24.Itisimportanttorememberthesayingthatisbetterthancure.

A.prevention B.promotion C.permission D.proportion(A,0404)

常見的先行詞有：belief,fact,news,saying,doubt,evidence,hope,idea,question,reply,rumour等②同位語從句和關系代詞that引導的定語從句的區(qū)別 That在同位語從句中是連詞，只起連接作用，無具體含義，在從句中不充當任何句子成分。 That在定語從句中是關系代詞，在從句中充當一定的成分，多為主語或賓語 Thenewsthatshewasresignherpositionprovedtobeincorrect.(同) ThisisthebookthatIboughtyesterday. (定)第七節(jié)倒裝句結(jié)構 OnlytodaydidIlearnthegoodnews. Onnoaccountmustwegiveup. 任何情況下都不①含有否定詞開頭的句子多倒裝：否定詞＋助動詞（be動詞）+主語。not,only,never,little,few,nowhere,seldom,rarely,hardly,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…than,atnotimenotuntil,innotime=bynomeans,undernocircumstances,notonly…but(also)29.Nowhereelseintheworld_____moreattractivescenerythaninSwitzerland.A.youcanfindB.isfoundC.canyoufindD.hasbeenfound答：C。否定詞nowhere放在句首，句子倒裝(2000)53.NotuntilIremindedhimforthethirdtime_____workingandlookedup.A.thathestoppedB.doeshestoppedC.didhestopD.thathestopped答：C。notuntil放在句首，句子倒裝。(2000)55.Nosoonerhadtheygotoffthetrain_____itstartedmoving.A.whenB.thanC.thenD.after答：B。nosooner…..than…(2000)51.Notalways_____theywantto.A.peoplecandowhat B.peoplecannotdowhatC.canpeopledowhat D.can'tpeopledowhat答：C。否定詞not放在句首，句子倒裝。(2001)55.Notuntilmostofthepeoplehadlefttheairport_________hissisterwasthere.A.thathesawB.hadheseenC.didheseeD.thathehadseen答：C。notuntil放在句首，句子倒裝(2002)57.Nosoonerhadtheygotthegoodscoveredup_____itstartedraininghard.A.whenB.thanC.thenD.after (B,2002)答：B。atnotime放在句首，句子要倒裝。應改為willChina。(2002)44.Nosoonerhadsheenteredthehousethetelephonerang.A.when B.than C.as D.while (B,0404)

33.Onlyrecentlytodealwiththeenvironmentalproblems.(C,0411)AsomethinghasdoneBhassomethingdoneChassomethingbeendone Dsomethinghasbeendone②用于neither(行為動詞/否定),nor(be動詞/否定),so(肯定)開始的簡短回應，表示與他人的相同看法。 Idon’tcaremuchforsweets. －NeitherdoI. Iamnotveryfondofthissortoffilms. –NoramI. Ilikeskatingverymuch. －SodoI.還可以說：Ienjoyedtheplayandsodidmywife.③so…that(太…以致于)結(jié)構中的so置于句首時，需要部分倒裝 Sofunnydidhelookthateveryonestaredathim. Soexcitedwashethathecouldn’tfallasleep.28.SoistheweatherinEnglandthatbylunchtimetherecouldbethunderandlightening.

A.various B.varies C.variable D.variation(C,0404)

④虛擬條件句如果可以省略if，而倒裝。（詳見虛擬語氣一節(jié)）情態(tài)動詞、be、have、否定詞第八節(jié)主謂一致（數(shù)的一致） 單數(shù)主語用單數(shù)動詞，復數(shù)主語用復數(shù)動詞。①兩個或兩個以上做主語的單數(shù)名詞用and連接，謂語動詞原則上用復數(shù)。但是如果單數(shù)名詞前有each,no,every,manya,morethanone等詞修飾，此時謂語動詞要有單數(shù)形式。 Eachsoldierandsailorwasgivenagun. Everyteacherandeverystudentistoattendthemeeting. Manyastudentcomestothefrontandasksmesomequestion.②every還可以和帶數(shù)字的復數(shù)名詞連用，此時仍然認為它是一個整體，其謂語動詞也用單數(shù)形式 Everyfivepeoplesharesacar.表示時間的復數(shù)，動詞也用單數(shù) Fiveweeksisnotalongperiodoftime.③主語如果是單數(shù)，盡管后邊跟有aswellas,togetherwith,including,accompaniedby,incompanywith,besides,inadditionto,alongwith等短語，其謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式(不能喧賓奪主)John’sfather,alongwithhisuncles,demandsthathestayinNewYorkforanotherweek.Jane,aswellasAliceandMary,isstudyingnursingattheQueen28.Mr.Smith,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,goingtothepartyhisweekend.A.am B.is C.are D.will (B,0411)④集合名詞做主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于主語表示的意義：當主語表示一個不可分割的整體時，謂語用單數(shù)；當主語強調(diào)集體中的各個成員時，謂語動詞用復數(shù) Thefamilyisthebasicunitofoursociety.(整體) Thefamilyhaveagreedamongthemselvestopayanewhouse. (家庭成員)此類集合名詞還有army,audience,committee,crew,group,government,public,staff,team,class等⑤有些名詞盡管以s結(jié)尾：news,politics,physics,economics,mathematics，但表示是單數(shù)的意思(學科)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)Physicsisadifficultsubject.答：C。改為is。當以news（新聞）是單數(shù)，做主語時謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。(2000) means（方法/手段）的單、復數(shù)形式一樣，若前有every修飾用單數(shù)動詞，若前有all修飾用復數(shù)動詞。 Everymeanshasbeentried,butwithlittlesuccess. Allmeanshavebeentried,butwithlittlesuccess.⑥當句子有兩個主語，而它們又是由either…or,neither…nor,…or…,…nor…,notonly…but(also)連接起來的,謂語動詞通常和鄰近的主語一致,又稱“鄰近原則” NotonlyyourbutalsoIammistakenonthispoint. NeitherBillnorhisparentsareathome.35.NeitherJohnnorIabletopersuadeRichard’sgrandfathertoattendthewedding.A.am B.are C.aretobe D.is(A,0311)⑦注意thenumberof與anumberof接動詞的區(qū)別，前者用單數(shù)，后者用復數(shù) Anumberoferrorsmadebyhimweresurprising. Thenumberoferrorsmadebyhimwassurprising.⑧在定語從句中，關系代詞who,that,which作主語時其謂語動詞的人稱數(shù)要和主句中的先行詞一致 不可數(shù)名詞做主語用單數(shù):information,threequartersof68.Manyofthesociety'swealthiscontrolledbylargecorporationsandgovernmentagencies. 答：A。改為much。(0304)52.Nearlythreequartersofthesurfaceoftheeartharecoveredwithwater,andtherewouldbeevenlesslandifthepolaricecapsweremelted. 答：B。改為is。(0311)52.Peoplecomplainthatthecostofsettingupacompanyaresogreatthatonlytherichcanaffordtorunacompanyinthatcountry.(C.改為is.0411)*注意主從復合句中主、從句主語一致的問題主從復合句中，主句和從句中的主語可以一致，也可以不一致。但主、從句主語不一致時，涉及從句中的助動詞其主語不能被省略Walkinginthestreet,thecarandbusesarerunninglikestreams. 答：A。改為Whenwewerewalking。Byreadingthedirectionscarefully,somemistakesintheexamcouldhavebeenavoided. 答：A。改為Ifyou(I)hadread。

第九節(jié)附加疑問句陳述部表示否定意思，疑問部分須用肯定式；反之，則相反。陳述部分和提問部分的前后對應表陳述部分提問部分havetodon'thadtodidn'toughttooughtn't/shouldn’tusedtododidn'tletshall(包括別人)willyou(僅指自己，不包括別人)Don’twill23.Don’tforgettowritetome,? (A,0404)

A.willyou B.didn’tyou C.areyou D.don’tyou

22.Wehadtowaitalongtimetogetourpassports,? (C,0411)A.won’twe B.don’twe C.didn’twe D.shouldn’tyou①當陳述句是一個主從復合句時，通常情況下附加疑問部分應當根據(jù)主語的動詞形式而定： Hesaidthathedidn’twanttogo,didn’the?53.Younevertoldmeyouhaveseenthefilm,_________?A.hadyouB.didn'tyouC.didyouD.weren'tyou答：C。反意疑問句。(2002)②雖然陳述部分是主從復合句，但如果主句部分是以下一個結(jié)構：I’d(would)say,I’llbet,Iguess,Ithink,Isuppose,Ibelieve,Iexpect,Iimagine附加疑問部分要根據(jù)從句中的動詞形式而定。Isupposeyou’renotserious,areyou?Isupposeyoucouldn’tletmeborrowyourcarthisevening,couldyou?③如果在②句式中的主句部分加上否定詞，附句為肯定 Idon’tsupposehecares,doeshe? Idon’tthinkyou’reheardofhimbefore,haveyou?④如果陳述句的主語是somebody,someone,everybody,everyone,nobody,提問部分的人稱要用they。 Everybodyknowsthattheearthisround,don’tthey?⑤陳述部分若含有nothing,nobody,seldom,rarely,never,hardly,scarcely等詞時，提問部分用肯定式。 NobodyphonedmewhileIwasout,didthey? Shescarcelycaresforanything,doesshe?第十節(jié)強調(diào)句結(jié)構①基本形式Itis（was）+被強調(diào)部分+that… Itwasinthatsmallroomthattheyworkedhardanddreamedofbetterdaystocome.66.ItisdrivingontheleftwhatcausesvisitorstoBritainthemosttrouble.答：C。改為that。強調(diào)句。(0304)47.Itwasintheprimaryschoolwheremyteacherintroducedmetocomputer.答：C。改為that。強調(diào)句。(0311)16.ItisfrommygrandparentsIlearnedalot. (C,0404)

A.who B.whom C.that D.which

51.ItisinhissparetimewhenRobertteacheshimselfEnglishandJapanese.答：C。改為that。強調(diào)句。(0411)另外，強調(diào)原因的Itisbecause…that也屬于這一類型33.Itisbecausesheisverydevotedtoherstudents_____sheisrespectedbythem.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.who答：A。強調(diào)句型。Itis（was）…that/who；who（只能強調(diào)人）；that（可強調(diào)人和物）因為本句是強調(diào)原因。又如：Itistomorrowthattheywillhaveameeting.就在明天他們要開會。（強調(diào)時間狀語）Itistheywho（that）willhaveameetingtomorrow.就是他們明天要開會。（強調(diào)人，可以用who或that）②notuntil加部分倒裝結(jié)構 Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom. NotuntilyesterdaydidIknowthenews.③Itis/wasnotuntil＋時間狀語＋that從句，不倒裝，特別注意和第②項的區(qū)別 Itwasnotuntilaftermidnightthathefellasleep. Itwasnotuntilbedtimethattheboyeverremembersdoeshishomework.19.Itwasnotmidnightthattheydiscoveredthechildrenwerenotintheirbeds.A.before B.at C.after D.until (D,0311)? 成人英語三級復習指導：高分語法定冠詞限定名詞時主要表示特指，針對TOEFL應注意以下幾點：(1)the和可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，表示一類人或物，如：thefern(蕨類),thewallflower(2)序數(shù)詞之前必須用the，如：thefirstwoman,thenineteenthcentury但前面有物主代詞時除外，如myfirstbaby(3)形容詞最高級之前必須用the(有物主代詞時除外)，如：thelargestcity,themostadvancedtechnology(4)of連接的名詞前多用the,如：thedevelopmentofthewatch,(5)世界上獨一無二的東西前應加the,如：theglobe(地球)，theequator(赤道),themoon,thesun在下列情況下，一般不用the：(1)表示人名、地名、國家名等專有名詞前,一般不加，如：DennisChavez(人名)，Alaska(地名)，English(英語),February(二月),America(美國)但是在表示海洋、海峽、江、河、山脈、群島等專有名詞時要加上thetheGreatLakes(美國五大湖)，theChangjiangRiver(長江)(2)無特指的不可數(shù)名詞前，如：algebra(代數(shù)學),advertising，accounting（會計學）(3)表示類別的復數(shù)名詞前，如：Historiansbelievethat…,Amphibians(兩棲動物)hatchfrom…(4)一些固定詞組中，如：inhistory,innature,atwork,athome,gotoschool,gotobed,inbed乘車的詞組：bytrain(乘火車),bycar(乘汽車),bybicycle(騎腳踏車),bybus(乘公共汽車),byland(由陸路),bysea(由海路),bywater(由水路),byair(通過航空)onfoot(步行)，byplane(乘飛機)，byship(乘船)，打球的詞組：playtennis,playbaseball,playbasketball注意：表示職位的詞之前的冠詞有無均可,如：Hewaselected(the)chairmanofthecommittee.不可數(shù)名詞的限定詞和不可數(shù)名詞原形連用,下面這些限定詞后面一定跟不可數(shù)名詞：much,alargeamountof,agreatdealof,awealthof(大量的、豐富的)little/alittle/less/least,apiece/sheet/slice/barof,屬不可數(shù)名詞專用另外一些詞(詞組)如such,some/any(of),most(of),alotof,lotsof,therestof,plentyof等既可接可數(shù)名詞又可接不可數(shù)名詞。有些形容詞本身就具有“比….年長”、“比…..優(yōu)越”等含義，因此也就沒有比較級和最高級。有些形容詞本身就具備“最、極”的含義，所以就沒有最高級和比較級。如：absolute(絕對的),unique(獨一無二的),infinite(無限的),round(圓的),right(對的),correct(正確的),wrong(錯誤的),perfect(完美的)，這類形容詞往往被稱為絕對形容詞對于most來講，除了構成某些詞最高級外，most的用法有幾點需要注意，經(jīng)常成為改錯題的考點：1．當most表示大多數(shù)時，之前不加the,并且有兩種形式來表示大多數(shù)，分別為：most+名詞，如：mostpeople,mostIndiantribes；most+of+限定詞+名詞或代詞，如：mostofhispaintings，mostofus,mostofthemodernartists2.most有時意思等同于very,此時most之前用不定冠詞，如：amostlovelygirl,amostimpressiveproposal例題：(1)Themostsubstancesexpandinvolumewhentheyareheated.ABCD答案：A應改為：Most解釋：most只有在表示形容詞最高級作定語時需加定冠詞，此句表示“大多數(shù)”，沒必要加the.AluminumisthemostabundantmetalinthecrustoftheEarth,butthenonmetalsABCoxygenandsiliconaremorestillabundant.D考點：程度副詞答案：D應改為：stillmore解釋：程度副詞still修飾比較級more時，應置于其前幾點參考規(guī)則：1.多數(shù)副詞放在修飾的動詞之后，若動詞有賓語則放在賓語之后，如：Shesingsverywell.Imetyouruncle(動詞的賓語)justnow.Imetjustnowyouruncle(錯)2.副詞修飾形容詞、介詞短語、副詞時常放在被修飾成分之前，如：Thesetwoareonlyslightlydifferent.rightafterthis,verysmoothly當然，副詞enough是一個例外，要放在修飾成分的后面，如：Iamnotgoodenoughtodothisjob.(對)Iamnotenoughgoodtodothisjob.(錯)3.表示頻率的副詞常放在實意動詞之前，be動詞之后，如：Heoften/always/rarely/seldom/neverplay(實意動詞)tennis.、Heisalwayshereat8’clock.(be動詞之后)4.部分副詞的位置沒有一定的規(guī)定，原則上接近被修飾詞即可，如：only,even,still,perhaps,etc.第四節(jié)容易混淆的詞D考點：程度副詞答案：D應改為：stillmore解釋：程度副詞still修飾比較級more時，應置于其前幾點參考規(guī)則：1.多數(shù)副詞放在修飾的動詞之后，若動詞有賓語則放在賓語之后，如：Shesingsverywell.Imetyouruncle(動詞的賓語)justnow.Imetjustnowyouruncle(錯)2.副詞修飾形容詞、介詞短語、副詞時常放在被修飾成分之前，如：Thesetwoareonlyslightlydifferent.rightafterthis,verysmoothly當然，副詞enough是一個例外，要放在修飾成分的后面，如：Iamnotgoodenoughtodothisjob.(對)Iamnotenoughgoodtodothisjob.(錯)3.表示頻率的副詞常放在實意動詞之前，be動詞之后，如：Heoften/always/rarely/seldom/neverplay(實意動詞)tennis.Heisalwayshereat8’clock.(be動詞之后)4.部分副詞的位置沒有一定的規(guī)定，原則上接近被修飾詞即可，如：only,even,still,perhaps,etc.第四節(jié)容易混淆的詞hard(努力，副詞)－h(huán)ardly（幾乎不，副詞）close（接近，形容詞）－closely（接近，副詞）near（接近，形容詞）－nearly（幾乎，副詞），nearby(adj.鄰近的)most（大多數(shù)的，形容詞）－mostly（主要地，大部分副詞）late（遲、晚，形容詞）－lately（最近，副詞），later(adv.稍后的)high(高的，形容詞)－h(huán)ighly(adv.非常，大大的)另外：friendly（友好的），lovely(可愛的、有趣的)，盡管詞尾有l(wèi)y,但是都是形容詞作主語：不定式短語可作主語如：Toseeistobelieve(百聞不如一見)Toworkhardshouldbeyourmajorconcern.注意：由于英文不習慣句子主語過長，不定式主語常被形式主語it所代替(詳見第十七章)例如上面第二句可以變?yōu)椋篒tshouldbeyourmajorconcerntoworkhard.又如：Itisveryniceofyoutohelpme不定式常接在名詞之后作定語，如：somethingtoread,nothingtodo,anythingtodeclare,alottocomplainof,therightpersontotalkto,etc.由上述例子不難看出不定式和被修飾詞間有動賓關系，因此不及物動詞之后必須加上相搭配的介詞（例如上面的complain+of,talk+to）不定式定語還可表示將來的含義，如：intheyearstofollow,themeetingtobeheldinJune獨立主格的主語和句子主語不一致如：(With)Hismouthfilledwithwater,hecouldn’tutteraword.(獨立主格)對于分詞來講其邏輯主語必須和句子的主語保持一致:Fillinghismouthwithwater,hecouldn’tutteraword.在TOEFL考試中，經(jīng)常混淆反身代詞的寫法，結(jié)尾的-self和-selves經(jīng)常故意寫錯反身代詞的用法可以用來做賓語：Hehurthimselfwhenhefell.可以用來做表語：Heisnotquitehimselftoday.(他今天有些不舒服)反身代詞經(jīng)常放在名詞或者代名詞的后面來進行強調(diào),表示“親自”的意思Imyselfdoit.Idoitmyself.Theymadetheresearchthemselves.牢記makepossible的三種形式：1.make+名詞+possible；Hisfinancialaidmakesthistrippossible.2.make+possible+名詞（名詞短語較長時）HisfinancialaidmakespossiblethepoorChinesestudent’senteringoftheworldfamousuniversity.3.makeitpossible(forsb.)todo(見形式賓語部分)Thefather’shardlabormakesitpossibleforthesontoreceivebettereducation.定語從句可分為限定性和非限定性兩種，其主要區(qū)別為：1.非限定性定語從句中，引導詞和先行詞之間需用逗號隔開。2.非限定性定語從句中，引導詞一般不用that，在修飾人時用who,whom,whoseHehadthreechildren,allofwhomhadgraduatedfromcollege.在修飾物時用which部分狀語從句可以省略，在填空題中時有出現(xiàn)如：Althoughdefeated,hedidnotloseheart.(從句中省略了hewas)IfinFORMedtimely,Iwouldn’thavemissedthemeeting.(從句中省略了Iwere)注意:當現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語是for+一段時間(已經(jīng)有…時間了),和since+一個時間點(自從…以來)的時候,句中的謂語不能是非延續(xù)性動詞(暫短性動詞),如不能說:Ihaveborrowedthebookfortendays.(錯誤:borrow這個動作是發(fā)生在圖書出納臺上的一次性動作,不能延續(xù),因此不能和for引導的時間狀語連用)應改為:Ihavekeptthebookfortendays.這樣的暫短性動詞還有:buy/sell,break,die,graduate,drop等倒裝倒裝句就是將正常的陳述語序加以變化，主要作用是強調(diào)被提前的部分倒裝句可分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝兩種：一、全部倒裝謂語動詞提前至主語之前為全部倒裝，如：Outcamehisguest.Onthehillstoodalittlecottagethatcontainedheapsofhay.Therelivedanelderlyladywhosehusbanddiedlongago.二、部分倒裝助動詞或情態(tài)動詞提至主語之前，謂語動詞位置不變，即為部分倒裝，如：Neithercouldheseethroughyourplan.SolittledidIknowabouthimthatIwaseasilytakeninbyhiswords.Doesn’therinvitationappealtoyou?第一節(jié)否定詞提前倒裝否定詞用于句首時，句子應進行部分倒裝否定詞常用的有：Notonly…(butalso),Notuntil(直到…..才),Nosooner….(than)(一…..就)Never/Rarely/SeldomHardly/Scarcely…(when)Few/LittleNeither/Nor(也不)NwhereAtnotimeUndernocircumstances(決不)Onnoaccount(決不)Innoway其中notonly,nosooner,hardly,scarcely分別和but(also),than,when搭配使用，需注意：后一組詞之后的部分不進行倒裝，只有否定詞之后的部分倒裝如：HardlyhadIarrivedhomewhenitbegantorain.Notonlywasheabletoenterthefinalroundofthecontest,buthecameoutfirstaswell.NosoonerhadIgotanychancetospeakthantheclerkslammedthedoorinmyface.Seldomdoeshetravelabout.Undernocircumstancesshouldyoubetrayyourowncountry.此類倒裝句一般出現(xiàn)在填空題中，需填入的是倒裝部分，只要在句首見到上述的詞，就應條件反射的想到用倒裝句第二節(jié)介詞、分詞詞組提前倒裝當句子沒有賓語，且主語偏長時，往往將句中作狀語的介詞短語或作表語的形容詞短語或作表語的分詞短語提至句首，引起主謂的全部倒裝如：Inthemiddleoftheriverfloatedtheclusterofplantsthatshehadcast.Characteristicofananarchistwasherstrongoppositiontothegovernment,whichshehadblamedforallthesocialinjustices.Lyingonthegrasslandisaprettygirlinherearlytwenties.第三節(jié)副詞提前倒裝副詞提至句首引起倒裝，可分以下幾種情況：1.only+副詞(when,before,if,after等)或only+介詞狀語(由in,under,by,on,after等引導)提前，必須部分倒裝如：Onlythendidherealizehowstupidhehadbeen.OnlyafterenteringthestoredidArthurrealizethattherewasdanger.Onlyinthelibrarycansheconcentrateonherstudy.2.often,such,so等副詞提前，部分倒裝如:Sodiligentlydidheworkthathegothightscoresonthefinalexam.=Heworkedsodiligentlythathegothightscoresonthefinalexam.Suchwashiswishthattheworldwouldstayawayfromwarforever.Oftendidwegoonaholidayinhotsummer.注意，so的另一種倒裝是表示“也…”Californiareliesheavilyonincomefromcrops,andsodoesFlorida.加利福尼亞過多的依賴于來自農(nóng)作物的收入，佛羅里達也是這樣同理，體會一下neither,nor的倒裝Hecan’tdance,neither/norcanI.=Ican’t,either.他不會跳舞，我也不會。3.in,out,down,up,away,off,here,there,over等副詞提前，全部倒裝如：Offgotthestaggeringgentlemen.HerearethephotosItookattheseaside.第四節(jié)疑問倒裝疑問句需部分倒裝語序，由于經(jīng)常用到不會成為考試的難點。如：WhatpartdidheplayinHamlet?Doyoupreferteaorcoffee?by可視為被動語態(tài)的標志詞，by之后的名詞短語是句中動作的施動者；在題干中若見到by+名詞的結(jié)構要優(yōu)先考慮用被動式如:ThewallispaintedbyTom.ThebookwaswrittenbyMarkTwain.注意1：by之后如果接的是動名詞，則表示方式、手段，不能視為被動式的標志，且此時謂語應用主動式，如：Hepassedtheexambycheating.注意2：對于know來講，一般用beknownto而不用beknowby強調(diào)句中it作形式主語可以替代任何被強調(diào)的部分基本模式：It+be+強調(diào)對象+who/whom/that+句子其余部分如：Itwasonlyyouwhocaredforme.(強調(diào)主語)Itishissisterwhom/thatIhavefalleninlovewith.(強調(diào)賓語)Itwasunderthetreethatshefoundhermissingpurse.(強調(diào)地點狀語)ItwaslastweekthatIattendedanartexhibitforthefirsttime.(強狀語)ItwasnotuntilhebrokemyfavoritevasethatIflewintorages.(強調(diào)狀語從句)注意：強調(diào)的對象是人時，可用who,whom或that,其余情況一律用that;當強調(diào)對象在從句中做主語時用who/that,當強調(diào)對象在從句中做賓語時用whom/that.虛擬語氣此章內(nèi)容在TOEFL考點中處于相對次要地位，但在英文中是比較活躍的用法，必須對其有所了解,這樣對讀題非常有幫助虛擬語氣是英文中一特殊的語言現(xiàn)象，主要用于表達與事實相反的陳述，常表達強烈愿望、遺憾、感慨、后悔、責備、規(guī)勸等語義，可大致分為三類一、對現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬基本形式：If+were/did等過去式…,…would/could/should/might+do例如：IfIwereabird,Iwouldflytothemoon.(事實上，I’mnotabird,soIwillnotflytothemoon.)Ifsheknewwhoyouare,shewouldgooutofjoy.二、對過去事實的虛擬基本形式：If+haddone…,…would/could/should/might+havedone例如：Ifshehadbeenwarnedearlier,shewouldn’thavebrokentherules.(事實上：Shewasnotwarnedearlierandshebroketherules.)Ifithadn’trained,thematchwouldhaveseemedmorefascinating.(事實上：Itrainedandthematchwaslessfascinating.)此種虛擬可進行倒裝，如：Hadtheletterbee