高考英語語法專題突破全國全解析專項訓(xùn)練專題 構(gòu)詞法含解析

1．(2017·全國卷Ⅰ，69)However,be________(care)nottogotoextremes.答案：careful名詞加后綴-ful變成形容詞，作表語或定語。此句用于becareful(not)todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)。2．(2017·全國卷Ⅲ，70)Itis________(certain)funbutthelifestyleisalittleunreal.答案：certainly此處應(yīng)用副詞修飾形容詞fun,certain加后綴-ly構(gòu)成其副詞形式。3．(2017·全國卷Ⅲ，66)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher________(educate)．答案：education形容詞性物主代詞通常在名詞前作定語。由此可知her后面的空格處應(yīng)為名詞education。-tion為名詞后綴。4．(2017·江蘇高考，29，改編)OnlyfiveyearsafterSteveJobs'death,smart-phonesdefeated________(convention)PCsinsales.答案：conventional分析句子可知，名詞PCs前缺少一個定語，故用形容詞形式。-al為形容詞后綴。句意：僅僅在史蒂夫·喬布斯去世五年之后，智能手機的銷售額就打敗了傳統(tǒng)的個人電腦。5．(2016·全國卷Ⅰ，42)Handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou'llfeelarealsenseof________(achieve)．答案：achievement介詞of后要用名詞作賓語。動詞achieve加后綴-ment構(gòu)成名詞。asenseofachievement“成就感”。常用的英語構(gòu)詞法一、名詞加后綴構(gòu)成形容詞二、動詞加后綴構(gòu)成形容詞三、動詞加后綴構(gòu)成名詞四、名詞加后綴構(gòu)成相應(yīng)意義的抽象名詞五、形容詞加后綴構(gòu)成副詞六、形容詞加后綴構(gòu)成名詞七、形容詞加后綴構(gòu)成動詞(一)八、形容詞加前綴構(gòu)成動詞(二)九、常見的表示特定含義的前綴十、表示“人”的名詞后綴十一、常用的否定前綴Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．________(fortunate),Natalie'sfamilyescapedtoBrooklynshortlybeforethecity'sbridgeclosed.答案：Fortunately此處表述“幸運地是”，修飾整個句子，應(yīng)當(dāng)用副詞形式。2．It'sstillausefulandpleasantformof________(communicate)．答案：communication介詞of之后要用名詞形式communication作賓語。3．Itisnot________(surprise)thatyoungpeoplearelikelytoburstout,particularlywhentherearereasonstodoso.答案：surprising此處表述that從句所陳述的事情是surprising“令人吃驚的”。慣用句式：Itis＋adj.＋that...，v.＋-ing→adj.。4．Chinesescientists________(recent)hadachancetostudyawildfemalepandawithanewbornbaby.答案：recently修飾謂語動詞應(yīng)用副詞形式。形容詞recent＋-ly→副詞。5．Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportant________(grow)inautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.答案：growth前面有形容詞important修飾。此處應(yīng)填名詞growth和后面的development構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系。6．Someschoolswillhavetomake________(adjust)inagreementwiththenationalsoccerreform.答案：adjustmentsmakeadjustments“做出調(diào)整”，固定短語。7．Weshouldsee________(fail)asarequirementformovingtowardsourgoals.答案：failure設(shè)空處應(yīng)填名詞作動詞see的賓語，且此處為抽象名詞，不可數(shù)。由派生構(gòu)詞法可知，v.＋-ure→n.，故填failure。8．Youcanliveamore________(power)lifewhenyoudevotesomeofyourtimeandenergytosomethingmuchlargerthanyourself.答案：powerful修飾后面的名詞的應(yīng)是形容詞，依據(jù)派生構(gòu)詞法，名詞加后綴-ful構(gòu)成形容詞；powerful“強有力的”。9．Antsaregatheringtheirwinterfoodinthemiddleofsummerandmake________(prepare)forthelongcoldwinter.答案：preparationsmakepreparationsfor...“為……作準(zhǔn)備”。10．Itis________(danger)forawomantowalkaloneatnight.答案：dangerous所填詞位于系動詞is之后，作表語，應(yīng)填形容詞；根據(jù)派生構(gòu)詞法規(guī)則可知，可在名詞后加后綴-ous，構(gòu)成形容詞，故填dangerous，意為“危險的”。Ⅱ.單句改錯1．Witheachshovelofdirtwhichhithisback,thedonkeywasdoingsomethingamazed.____________________________________________________答案：amazed→amazing形容詞修飾不定代詞something應(yīng)位于其后，且此處表示“令人驚訝的事”，故改為amazing。2．Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon'tnaturallysharefoodeither.Humanchildren,ontheotherhandareextremelycooperate.______________________________________________________答案：cooperate→cooperative此處用形容詞作表語。由派生構(gòu)詞法可知v.＋-ive→adj.。3．ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenlystopjustinthemiddleoftheroad._____________________________________________________答案：suddenly→sudden句中，stop是名詞，應(yīng)由形容詞修飾；根據(jù)副詞的構(gòu)詞法規(guī)則可知，此處應(yīng)將表示副詞的后綴-ly去掉，故改suddenly為sudden。4．Thefruitsaresmallinsize,butjuicyandtaste.____________________________________________________答案：taste→tasty形容詞small,juicy和句子最后一個詞為并列表語，故句末的詞應(yīng)改為其形容詞形式。由派生構(gòu)詞法可知，v.＋-y→adj.。5．Theyaretruegoodbirdsthatarewortheveryeffortweputintorecoveringthem._____________________________________________________答案：true→truly此處用副詞形式修飾后面的形容詞good。Ⅲ.語法填空Onthefirstdayofherwork,Sallyfoundthataclassfullofproblemswaswaitingforher.Shewastoldsixteachers__1__(quit)beforeher.Whenshewalkedintotheclassroom,itwaschaos:twoboyswerefightinginacorner,yet__2__restoftheclassseemednottonoticethem;somegirlswerechattingandsomewererunningaboutwithpaper,foodpackagesandothergarbage__3__(leave)everywhere.Sallywalkedontotheplatform,__4__(pick)upapieceofchalkandwroteontheblackboard:“Rule1:Wearefamily！”Allstudentsstopped__5__(look)ather.AndshecontinuedwithRule2,Rule3...Inthefollowingweeks,Sallyworkedout10classrulesandpostedthem__6__thewallsoftheclassroom.Shepatientlyexplainedalltherulestothestudentsandrequiredeveryonetofollowthem.__7__(surprise),Sallywasnotdrivenoutliketheformerteachers;__8__，shewonrespectfromthestudents.Overtheyears,shewitnessedgradualchangesintheclass.Atthegraduationceremony,just__9__sheexpected,shewasveryproudtostandwithaclassofcare,mannersand__10__(confident)．1．________2.________3.________4.________5.________6.________7.________8.________9.________10.________篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇記敘文，講述了一名老師通過努力最終將問題班級轉(zhuǎn)化成優(yōu)秀班級的故事。1．hadquit(ted)考查動詞的時態(tài)。辭職動作發(fā)生在“Shewastold”之前，因此需用過去完成時。2．the考查冠詞?！皌herestof...”是固定短語，意為“其余的……”。3．left考查非謂語動詞。過去分詞作賓語補足語，表示被動。4．picked考查動詞的時態(tài)。老師走上講臺，拿起粉筆在黑板上寫字，構(gòu)成并列謂語。and連接三個并列的謂語動作，由walked,wrote可知，此處填所給詞的過去式。5．tolook考查非謂語動詞。所有學(xué)生都停下當(dāng)時所做的事情來看老師，故使用“stoptolook”。6．on/onto考查介詞。把規(guī)則張貼到墻上，故使用“post...on/ontothewall”。7．Surprisingly考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。副詞修飾整個句子，翻譯為“令人驚訝的是……”。8．instead考查副詞。承接前文可知此處表述令人驚訝的是，Sally并沒有像其他老師那樣被趕出去，反而贏得了學(xué)生的尊重。副詞instead“反而，相反”，符合語境。9．a(chǎn)s考查定語從句。正如她所期待的那樣。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。10．confidence考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。此處應(yīng)用名詞作介詞of的賓語。Ⅳ.短文改錯BorninAmerica,ThomasEdisonwasagreatscientistandaninventor.Hewasoncethoughttobeaboywhomwasnotwortheducating.Infact,hewasamanfullofimaginations.IadmireEdisonalotbecausehisgreatcontributionstotheworld.Heissaidtohavingmorethan1,000inventions.Inhislifetime,hewerealwayseagertoknowhowthingsworked.Hewasalsoverydiligentandworkdayandnight.Andthisexplainedwhyhehadsomuchgreatinventions.Successcanneverbeeasyachieved.ProbablyIcan'tbeanotherEdisonhimself,butIwillworkhardtobeaworthyperson.答案：BorninAmerica,ThomasEdisonwasagreatscientistandeq\o(eq\o(an,＼),\s\do14(①))inventor.Hewasoncethoughttobeaboyeq\o(whom,\s\do14(②who))wasnotwortheducating.Infact,hewasamanfullofeq\o(imaginations,\s\do14(③imagination)).IadmireEdisonalotbecauseeq\o(∧,\s\do14(④of))hisgreatcontributionstotheworld.Heissaidtoeq\o(having,\s\do14(⑤have))morethan1,000inventions.Inhislifetime,heeq\o(were,\s\do14(⑥was))alwayseagertoknowhowthingsworked.Hewasalsoverydiligentandeq\o(work,\s\do14(⑦worked))daya