高一英語語法歸納總結(jié)

高一英語語法歸納總結(jié)----定語從句的歸納一．幾個基本概念1.定語從句的定義：用作定語的從句叫定語從句。2.先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。3.定語從句的位置：緊跟先行詞（名詞或代詞）之后。4.引導(dǎo)詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞（包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞）。﹙1﹚關(guān)系代詞：that/who/whom/which/as﹙2﹚關(guān)系副詞：when/where/why5.引導(dǎo)詞的位置：位于定語從句之前（先行詞之后）?！綼s除外】6.引導(dǎo)詞的功能（作用）：﹙1﹚連接先行詞和定語從句。﹙2﹚在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分（關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語或賓語，關(guān)系副詞充當(dāng)狀語）。7.定語從句的類型：﹙1﹚限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間無逗號）。①直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句Themanwhoyou’retalkingtoismyfriend.②由介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom/which）引導(dǎo)Themantowhomyou’retalkingismyfriend.IneedapenwithwhichIcanwritealetter.=IneedapieceofpaperonwhichIcanwritealetter.介詞的選用可根據(jù)從句中的相關(guān)詞組確定，該介詞通常可以放在關(guān)系代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如：Theman(who/whom/that)ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijing=ThemanaboutwhomItalkedatthemeetingisfromBeijingThepalace(which/that)Ioftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury.=ThepalacetowhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.﹙2﹚非限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間用逗號隔開）。①直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。②由介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom/which）引導(dǎo)。Iliveinahousefarawayfromthecity,infrontofwhichisabigtree.Thereisanappletreestandingatthegate,onwhicharemanyapples.ThisisthemantowhomIgavethebook.③由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“ofwhich/whom+名詞/代詞”(先行詞指人用whom,指物用which)引導(dǎo)。One,some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等詞、數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或百分比與ofwhom或ofwhich連用。Hehasfivechildren,twoofwhomareabroad.(比較：Hehasfivechildren,andtwoofthemareabroad.)Wehavethreebooks,noneofwhichis/areinteresting.(比較：Wehavethreebooks,butnoneofthemis/areinteresting.)除why和that不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句外，其余引導(dǎo)詞都可以，用法同限定性定語從句一樣。但要注意以下區(qū)別。1.在形式上非限定性定語從句與主句有逗號隔開。2.非限定性定語從句的作用：它只是補充說明先行詞的情況，翻譯時可譯成兩個句子。Theengineer,whoselegwasbadlyhurt,wasquicklysenttohospital.（那位工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院，其腿部受了重傷）Theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.（那位腿部受了重傷的工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院）3.在非限定性定語從句中，任何引導(dǎo)詞都不能省略（包括引導(dǎo)詞在此定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語在內(nèi)）。指人做主語時只能用who,做賓語時用whom;指物做主語，賓語都用which;關(guān)系副詞用when或where，也不能省略。Theman,______issittingonthechair,ismyfather.Thewoman,_______Imetyesterday,ismyEnglishteacher.Thecity,_______isfaraway,isverybeautiful.HewenttoAmerica,______hisparentslive.HejoinedtheArmyyesterday,______Ileft,too.4.whose引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句：Thehouse,whosewindowfacessouth,ismine.=Thehouse,thewindowofwhichfacessouth,ismine.＝Thehouse,ofwhichthewindowfacessouth,ismine.二.定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的基本用法。1.who/that指人是主格在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的主語，不能省略。Doyouknowthegentlemanwho/thatissittingthere?2.whom/who/that指人是賓格，在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的賓語（動賓或介賓）。①當(dāng)作動賓（動詞后接賓語）時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。Doyouknowthegentleman(whom/who/that)wemetjustnow?②當(dāng)作介賓（介詞后接賓語）時：介詞不提前時，關(guān)系代詞可省略；介詞提前時，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞＋whom(指人時介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用whom)。Theman(whom/who/that)Ispokewithismyteacher.ThemanwithwhomIspokeismyteacher.※注：固定的動詞短語（動詞+介詞）如lookfor,takecareof等不能把動詞與介詞拆開，既介詞不能提至引導(dǎo)詞前。Sheistherightgirl(who/whom/that)wearelookingfor.3.whose:指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語（動賓或介賓）即先行詞的什么東西怎樣了，whose不能省略。。Whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.Ididn’tfindthedeskwhoselegwasbroken.（主語）HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday.（動賓）ThebossinwhosecompanyIworkisverykind.（介賓）4.which/that指物，指代先行詞且在定語從句中作主語或賓語（動賓或介賓）。①當(dāng)作動賓時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。②當(dāng)作介賓時：介詞不提前時，關(guān)系代詞可省略；介詞提前時，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞＋which(指物時介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用which)。Thehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.Thepen(which/that)youfoundyesterdayismine.Thegames(that/which)theyoungmencompetedinweredifficult.Thegamesinwhichtheyoungmencompetedweredifficult.※注:介詞+關(guān)系代詞即介詞+whom/which(先行詞指人用whom，指物用which)?！?.as指人或物，在定語從句中可作主語，賓語，表語或狀語，不能省略。主要用于“thesame…as…；such…as…；so…as…；as…as…；asfollows”固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，形式固定此時的引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句。要用as代替who(m),which,或that引導(dǎo)定語從句：SuchpeopleasknewHillthoughthewashonest.SuchpeopleasHillknewthoughthewashonest.Myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.Thechildknowsasmuchasgrow-ups(know).I’dliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool.HeisnotsuchapersonasIexpected.Hewillmarryasprettyagirlashecanfind.※注：which和as可引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容，有時可以互換。因此，當(dāng)as/which指代前面的整個句子，或前句中的部分內(nèi)容作定語從句的主語時，謂語用單數(shù)．Ourteamlostthegame,as/whichwasreportedinthenewspaper.Shewasterrified,as/whichIcouldseefromhereyes.Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.區(qū)別：①as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中間或放在主句末尾；而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句后面。Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.=Aswasnatural,hemarriedher.MarkTwinisagreatwriter,which/asisknowntoall.=Asisknowntoall,MarkTwinisagreatwriter.②as引導(dǎo)的從句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which則無此意。常用句型有：asweallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected,Asisknown/said/reported/told/weallknow等。如：Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.Toshutyoureyestofacts,asmanyofyoudo,isfoolish.③主句和從句有因果關(guān)系時，用which.Ourclasshaswonthefootballmatch,whichmadeusveryhappy.Bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.④從句含否定意義時常用which.Shedidn’tpasstheexam,whichwecouldn’texpect.Shedidn’tpasstheexam,asweexpected.6.when關(guān)系副詞：指時間。在定語從句中作時間狀語，不能省略。此時的when還可用介詞+which替換（此時先行詞一定是表時間的名詞）。IstillrememberthetimewhenIjoinedtheLeague.＝IstillrememberthetimeonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.＝Istillrememberthetime(which/that)IjoinedtheLeagueon.7.where關(guān)系副詞：指地點。在定語從句中作地點狀語，不能省略。此時的when還可用介詞+which替換（此時先行詞一定是表地點的名詞）。IstillremembertheschoolwhereIjoinedtheLeague.＝IstillremembertheschoolinwhichIjoinedtheLeague.＝Istillremembertheschool(which/that)IjoinedtheLeaguein.※注：對關(guān)系副詞when,where的認(rèn)識。①.先行詞是時間的名詞，并非都用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語從句。I’llneverforgetthetime(which/that)IspentinBeijing.②.先行詞是地點的名詞，并非都用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句。Thisisthefactory(which/that)hevisitedyesterday.③.當(dāng)句型為It/This/Thatis(was)thefirst(second…last)time引起的句子時用that連接其后的句子。此時的time是次數(shù)，不是時間。It/Thisisthefirsttimethatwetravel.It/ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.8.why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，先行詞通常為reason,不能省略。且why引導(dǎo)的定語從句只能是限定性定語從句。Why=forwhichIdon’tknowthereasonwhyhewaslateyesterday.Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslateisthathemissedthebus.※注：當(dāng)先行詞為reason時，關(guān)系副詞并非都用why。Thisisthereason(that/which)hegave/explainedtous.【判斷用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞】從句缺少的是主語、賓語還是狀語是確定用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞的關(guān)鍵。試比較：Iwillneverforgettheday(which/that)IspentinHongkong.(spent是及物動詞，后缺賓語，因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略)Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichHongkongreturnedtoitsmotherland.（從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整，缺狀語，因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞）Thereason（that/which）hegavefornotcomingtoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.(gave是及物動詞，后缺賓語，因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略)Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcometoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.（從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整，缺狀語，因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞）三.值得注意的幾個問題：第一.當(dāng)先行詞是物時，關(guān)系代詞(that/which)只用that的情況。1.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級修飾時。Thisisthebestfilmthathasbeenshownthisyear.Thisisthefirstbook(that)Iborrowfromthelibrary.※Heisthefirststudentthat/whocametoschooltoday.2.當(dāng)先行詞為兩個或兩個以上分別指人和物的名詞時。Hetalkedabouttheteachersandtheschool(that)hehadvisited.3.當(dāng)先行詞本身是all的，用that。(allthat=what)Allthat(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.=All(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.Gooverallthat(what)welearned.=Gooverall(what)welearned.（that在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語可以省略）4.先行詞為something,anything,nothing,everything,thing時，用that.I’lltellyouanything(that)Iknow.5.當(dāng)先行詞前有all,much,little,many,(a)few,every,some,any,no,only,thevery,oneof,theonly,thelast,thenext等修飾語時。Thisisoneofthebooks(that)I’mveryinterestingin.※ThisisoneofthebooksinwhichI’mveryinteresting.Thisistheonlybook(that)Iread.Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.Alltheglassesthatwereonthetablefelloffontothefloor.6.（人，物），當(dāng)先行詞在以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句中時，用that引導(dǎo)以避免混淆．Whoisthemanthatistalkingwiththelady?Whichofyouthatknowtheanswercancometothefront?7.當(dāng)先行詞是在定語從句中作表語時，用that．Helikesthegirlthatsheusedtobe.第二.當(dāng)先行詞是物時，關(guān)系代詞(that/which)只用which的情況。1.作介賓且介詞置于引導(dǎo)詞之前時．Theroominwhichhelivesisverylarge.2.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時（主，賓都用which,都不能省略）．Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.Thehouse,whichIvisitedyesterday,isverylarge.3.which指整個句子的內(nèi)容或部分內(nèi)容，引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句．Healwaysmakesfunofme,whichupsetsme.第三.其他特殊情況．1.先行詞是these,those指人時，關(guān)系代詞只用who.Thosewhoareplayingovertherearemystudents.2.先行詞是人稱代詞(he,she…)時，關(guān)系代詞只用who.Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.3.不定代詞someone,anyone,everyone,noone,somebody,anybody,everybody作先行詞時，關(guān)系代詞用who.Anybodywhobreakstheruleswouldbepunished.4.①先行詞是theonlyoneof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂語用單數(shù)形式（因為此時的先行詞是theonlyone,而不是of后的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)）．Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksthatisborrowed.②先行詞是oneof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式（因為此時的先行詞是of后的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),而不是one）．Thisisoneofthestudentswhoarelate.5.當(dāng)主句缺先行詞時，用theone代替，但須注意：theone只能代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)．如為不可數(shù)名詞時，指什么用什么．IsthisschooltheoneIvisitedyesterday?Ispopmusicthemusichelikesbest?6.當(dāng)先行詞是theway,在定語從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語時（theway表＂以…方式／方法＂），引導(dǎo)詞通常用that或省略，也可用inwhich．Idon’tliketheway(that)youspeak.=Idon’tlikethewayinwhichyouspeak.=Idon’tliketheway(which/that)youspeakin.【“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”十種情況】在定語從句中，介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)是一種較為復(fù)雜的問題?，F(xiàn)就幾種常見的介詞+關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)淺析如下：1．介詞+which在定語從句中分別作時間、地點和原因狀語，代替相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞when,where和why。如：Istillrememberthedayonwhich(when)Ifirstcametoschool.我仍然記得初來學(xué)校的那一天。Thefactoryinwhich(=where)Iworkisalargeone.我工作的工廠是一個大工廠。Thisisthereasonforwhich(=why)hewaslate.這就是他為什么遲到的原因。2．介詞+which（指物）/whom（指人）在定語從句中作地點狀語，表示存在關(guān)系，定語從句主謂一般要倒置。Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.他來到一處農(nóng)舍，前邊坐著一個小男孩。Isawaman,ontheheadofwhomstoodabird.我看見一個人，他的頭上站著一只鳥。3．介詞+which（指物）/whom（指人）在定語從句中作目的、方式或地點狀語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞一般受動詞或介詞后的名詞所制約。如：Couldyoutellmeforwhomyou’veboughtthiscoat?你能告訴我這件衣服是給誰買的嗎？Theman,fromwhomIlearnedthenews,isanengineer.這人是一位工程師，我是從他那里得到這消息的。4．介詞+which/whom，用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)的定語從句中，作狀語，說明動作的出發(fā)者。如：Thewolfbywhichthesheepwaskilledwasshot.傷害羊的那只狼被打死了。Themanbywhomthewolfwasshotwasagoodhunter.打死狼的那人是個好獵手。5．不定代詞+of+which/whom，在定語從句中作主語，說明整體中的部分，常用的不定代詞有：both,all,any,some,each,none,most等。如：Therearealotofbookshere,noneofwhichbelongstome.這兒有許多書，可一本也不屬于我。YesterdayMaryboughtafewclothes,allofwhichwereexpensive.昨天瑪麗買了一些衣服，他們都很貴。6．?dāng)?shù)詞+of+which/whom，在定語從句中作主語，說明整體與部分的關(guān)系。數(shù)詞可以是基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)。如：Inourclasstherearefifty-fourstudents,twenty-fiveofwhomaregirls.我們班有54名學(xué)生，25人是女生。Twowatcheswerestolen,oneofwhichwasmine.兩只手表被偷了，其中一只是我的。7．名詞+of+which代替whose+名詞，在定語從句中作定語。如：Isawsometrees,theleavesofwhich(=whoseleaves)wereblackwithdisease.我看見一些樹，他們的葉子因害病而發(fā)黑。Iliveinahouse,thewindowsofwhichareallbroken.我住在一所房子里，其窗都破了。8．介詞+which（指物）/whose（指人）修飾后邊的名詞。如：Itrainedallnightandallday,duringwhichtimetheshipwasbrokenintopieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在這期間輪船撞碎了。Thedriverwasthemanfromwhoseroomshehadstolenthemaps.司機就是那個人，她從他的房間偷走地圖。9．形容詞最高級+of+which/whom結(jié)構(gòu)，在定語從句中，作定語，表部分關(guān)系。如：Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.中國有成千上萬個島嶼，其中最大的是臺灣島。Inourclasstherearetwentygirls,thecleverestofwhomisLiHua.我們班有20名女生，最聰明的是李華。10．介詞+which+不定式。此種用法多見于正式文體中，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。如：Atlasthehadsomethingaboutwhichtowritehome.他終于有了給家里寫信的內(nèi)容了。Hehadnokeywithwhichtoopenthedoor.他沒有開門的鑰匙。Hehasasmallroominwhichtolive.【運用定語從句時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題】1．關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)和先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyMarkTwain.這是馬克吐溫所寫的書中的一本。（先行詞是books，因此動詞應(yīng)用were。）2．關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當(dāng)一個句子成分，因此要注意避免從句中句子成分的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。ThisisthemostbeautifulplacethatIhavevisitedit.ThisisthemostbeautifulplacethatIhavevisited.這是我參觀過的最美的地方。（去掉it，因that代替先行詞themostbeautifulplace在定語從句中作visit的賓語，再加it就多余了。）TheschoolwhereIworkedthereisabigone.TheschoolwhereIworkedisabigone.我所工作過的學(xué)校是一所大學(xué)校。（去掉the