高中英語語法總結(jié)SummaryofSeniorEnglishGrammar

學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載SummaryofSeniorEnglishGrammar

*********************SectionOne名詞***************************

*名詞的種類

專有名詞，eg人名，國家名，地區(qū)名等Tom,France

個體名詞，eg可數(shù)名詞country,gun,soldier

集體名詞，eg表示一個可數(shù)集團(tuán)family,team,crowd

物質(zhì)名詞，eg不可數(shù)名詞meat,rice,paper

抽象名詞，eg非“自然”產(chǎn)物youth,beauty,life

*名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式

1.一般加s.

egresearchers,plans,poems

2.以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾一般加es.

egclasses,boxes,kisses,watches,brushes

注：stomach例外，stomachs.

3.輔音+y的y變?yōu)閕es.

egladies,factories

4.元音+y的直接加s.

egplays,boys

5.結(jié)尾為o的一般加es.

egtomatoes,potatoes,heroes

注：尾部為兩個元音的以及部分外來語只加s.

egradios,studios,zoos,bamboos,photos,pianos,kilos,tabaccos.

6.以f,fe結(jié)尾的變f/fe為ves.

egwife-wives,life-lives,knife-knives,wolf-wolves,self-selves,shelf-shelves,leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,half-halves.

注：也有例外，roofs,cliffs,chiefs,gulfs,beliefs.

7.改變元音字母.

egman-men,woman-women,mouse-mice,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,ox-oxen

8.復(fù)合名詞之后加s.

egarmchairs,bookcases,bookstores

9.man和woman做定語，前后名詞都要復(fù)數(shù).

egmandoctor-mendoctors,womandriver-womendrivers.

注：其他沒有這類規(guī)則egboystudent-boystudents,ladydriver-ladydrivers

10.與介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞在主體名詞上加s.

egbrothers-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,standers-by,comrade-in-arms變?yōu)閏omrades-in-arms

11.個別單詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)形式相同.

egChinese,works工廠，means手段，sheep,deer,fish,Japanese.

*物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式具有特殊含義。

物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞是不可數(shù)的，有時轉(zhuǎn)為復(fù)數(shù)形式通常用于表示類別。

egteas各種茶，gases各種氣體，fruits各種水果

有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式其意義發(fā)生變化。

egtime時間-times時代，次數(shù)。looks外貌，greens青菜，goods貨物，sands沙漠，沙灘。

*有些名詞根據(jù)具體情況確定是否使用復(fù)數(shù)。

eg(全部)頭發(fā)hair,幾根白頭發(fā)afewwhitehairs.經(jīng)驗experience,經(jīng)歷experiences.工作work，著作works.紙paper,論文，

文件，試卷papers.幫助help,幫手，助手helps.驚訝surprise,令人驚奇的事surprises.

*專有名詞前加不定冠詞a時可以表示“像……的人或事”，“叫……的人”

eghewishestobeanEdison.希望成為愛迪生式的人。

aMr.Wangiswaitingforyouatthegate.一個叫王先生的在門口等你。

*名詞所有格

1.一般直接加's.

egaman'sjob,achild'svoice,thebird'smouth,women'sclothes,thepeople'schoice.

2.以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞只加'.

egtheGreens'car,thegirls'teacher.

3.復(fù)合名詞在最后加's.

egmysister-in-law'sfather,eachother'sshortcomings,somebodyelse'sbook

*雙重所有格

of+“名詞所有格或名詞性物主代詞”

egafriendofmine,thenaughtydaughteroftheGreen's,afewarticlesofLi's,afriendofmymother's.

*“數(shù)詞-名詞-（形容詞）”做定語

egnine-story九層樓的，120-mile120英里的，five-year-old五歲的，200-foot-long200英尺長的。

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SectionTwo代詞

*人稱代詞

1.并列結(jié)構(gòu)中I或me位于其他代詞之后，egyou,sheandiwillbeinchargeofthework.

2.承擔(dān)責(zé)任時，要把I放在首位，egIandTombrokethewindowbyaccident.

3.注意人稱代詞主格和賓格的用法，egitwasmewhotheywantedtosee.

4.we和you常用來泛指一般人，egundersuchconditions,we/youshouldbemorecareful.

5.she可以代表國家，船只，大地，月亮等，egthecountryneedsstrongleaders,mayshealwayshavethem?

theTitanicwasthelargest,wasn'tshe?

*物主代詞

分為形容詞性物主代詞（egmy,your,their）和名詞性物主代詞（egmine,hers,ours,yours）。

*反身代詞

oneself

1.做賓語

pleasehelpyourself.

2.做表語

thepoorboymentionedinthestorywasmyself.

iamnotquitemyselftoday.

3.做主語或賓語的同位語,表示“親自，本人”

iwillgoandlookintothemattermyself.

4.與介詞搭配

discussitamongyourselves.

helivesallbyhimselfinthecountry.

*指示代詞(this,that,these,those)

具有形容詞和代詞的詞性，可以做定語，主語，賓語，表語等。

thisiswhatijustwanttotellyou.

youshouldalwayskeepthisinmind.

1.打電話時用this自我介紹，that詢問對方。

hello!thisisYangYangspeaking.whoisthatspeaking?

2.this/that可以充當(dāng)副詞so使用。

ididneverthinkthatitwasthishotinTaian.

3.such也是指示代詞。

sucharetheresultsoftheexperiment.

*不定代詞

不定代詞主要有：all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,no等。其中除

了every和no只能做定語外，其他均可做主語，賓語，表語或定語。另外還有some,any,no,every的合成代詞。

1.both，either,neither的用法

均表示兩者的關(guān)系。both兩者都（動詞復(fù)數(shù)），either任何一個（動詞單數(shù)），neither沒有一個（動詞單數(shù)）。

bothbanksoftheriverarecoveredwithbushes.

neitherofthemdrinksbeer.

wearebothinterestedinthesubject.

2.each,every的用法

each強(qiáng)調(diào)個體，every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體。

each可以做同位語，every只能做定語。

theyhaveeachgotanewtextbook.

theyhavegotanewtextbookeach.

eachofthemhavegotanewtextbook.

everyotherday每隔一天，每兩天（不能用each）。

3.none，no的用法

none做主語，賓語，同位語等，no做定語。

noneof所接的動詞采用單復(fù)數(shù)均可，后接不可數(shù)名詞的表語時應(yīng)使用動詞單數(shù)，后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)做表語時使用動詞復(fù)數(shù)。

noneofthatmoneyonthetableismine.

noneofthemarefilmfans.

wearealmosthome,wewillbehomeinnotime.

4.other,theother,others,another,therest的用法

other可作形容詞或代詞，常與some,any,no,many等連用。

theother表示“兩者中的另一個”，做代詞或形容詞。

others表示“另外的，其他的”，常與some連用。

theothers表示“其余的”，只能代替可數(shù)名詞。

therest表示“其余的”，可以代替可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。

shehastwootherbrothersbesidesJohn.

whynottrydoingitsomeotherday?

nootherpeopleknowthetruthexceptTom.

thereseemstobeanoldtreeontheothersideofthestreet.

wherearetheotherphotos?

hehastwosons.oneisanarmyofficer,andtheotherisapilot.

he'sgotfourforeignfriends.oneisEnglish,andtheotherthreearefromAustrilia.

heisalwaysthinkofothers.

someareploughing,othersseeding.

idon'tlikethisone.canyoushowmeanyothers?

ihavedrunksomeofthebeer,andtherestisforyou.

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SectionThree形容詞、副詞

*比較級，最高級的基本句型

1.asas,notso/asas.

thebuildingisashighasthetower.

mybikeisnotsoexpensiveasyours.

2.asmany/fewc.n.as,asmuch/littleu.n.as.

youmayborrowasmanybooksasyoucan.

drinkasmuchwaterasyoucan.

3.No.timesasas.

thereare3timesasmanystudentsinourschoolasintheirs.

4.much/far/alot/byfar/even/still/abit/little/no/any+

比較級

thelivingstandardofthepeopletherewasmuchworsethanihadthought.

youhavedonethejobwell,butyoucandoitstill(更加)better.

therewerenofewerthan200peopleatthereportlastnight.

areyoufeelinganybetternow?

sheisbyfarthebetteractress.

canyoustayalittlelonger?

mybrotherisjustabittallerthaniam.

itwaswarmyesterday,butit'sevenwarmertoday.

5.any,anyother

ChinaisbiggerthananyothercountryinAsia.

BeijingisbiggerthananycityinShandongProvince.

6.the比較級the比較級

themorecarefulyouare,thelessmistakesyouwillmake.

7.moreandmore,比較級and比較級

astimewenton,hefounditmoreandmoredifficulttosupporthisfamily.

thecityisbecomingcleanerandcleaner.

*下列句型表示比較

1.wouldratherthan寧愿不愿

iwouldratherplayfootballthanswim.

haveadrink?no,iwouldrathernot.

2.ratherthan倒不如說是

sheranratherthanwalked.

theseshoesarecomfortableratherthanpretty.

3.preferto喜歡而不喜歡

ipreferEnglishtoJapanese.

hetoldmehepreferedswimmingtorunning.

4.shouldprefersbtodosth更希望某人干某事

i'dpreferyoutogotherewithhim.

*形容詞做表語與做定語的區(qū)別

表語形容詞不能做前置定語。

1.表示健康的，egwell,unwell,ill,faint.

heisill.

2.sorry,glad,fond,sure,worth,mistaken等

iamgladthatyouarefondofthesubject.

3.多數(shù)以字母a開頭的形容詞

afraid,alive,asleep,awake,ashamed,alone,alike,ahead等。

theboyisasleepnow.

*形容詞的主要用途

1.做定語，修飾名詞或代詞

heisagoodboy.

givemeagoodone,please.

2.做表語

sheishonest.

thefaceofthetablefeelssmooth.

3.做賓語補(bǔ)足語

theykepteveryroomclean.

*副詞的主要用途

1.副詞（very）修飾形容詞（terrible）

theirlivingconditionwereveryterrible.

2.副詞（happily）修飾動詞（areplaying）

theyareplayinghappily.

3.副詞（very）修飾副詞（fast）

herunsveryfast.

4.副詞（obviously）修飾整個句子

obviously,theyaregoingtowinthematch.

*要會區(qū)分形容詞和副詞

1.名詞+ly組成的形容詞有時會誤以為是副詞

friendly，lovely,monthly,weekly

2.同一個形容詞的副詞有兩個且含義不同

high高高地，highly高度地，很

deep深地（具體），deeply深地（抽象）

wide寬闊，widely廣泛地

egthetrainwasgoingatahighspeed.

weflewhighinthesky.

thepeoplethinkhighlyofhim.

3.fast,straight,early等既可以做形容詞也可以做副詞

4.下列形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為副詞后詞義變化劇烈

hard努力，hardly幾乎不，most非常，mostly主要地，late遲到的，lately最近，near靠近，nearly幾乎

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SectionFour冠詞

*三種表示類屬的方法

1.可數(shù)名詞的類屬

馬是有用的動物的3種表述

ahorseisausefulanimal.

thehorseisausefulanimal.

horsesareusefulanimal.

三種說法通用。

2.不可數(shù)名詞的類屬

只能用原詞表示類屬

waterisimportanttolife.

但表示特指時加the

thewaterinthejarisnotfittodrink.

*抽象名詞和不定冠詞a

抽象名詞一般不與a一起使用，但有時連用表示“一次，一種”等或者使抽象名詞具體化。

haveagoodtime

haveadeeplovefor深深地愛……

haveataste

haveagoodlunch

haveahappylife

itisagreatjoytoliveinNewChina

theplaywasagreatsuccess

thegirlisagreathelptohermother

whatapleasantsurpriseyoubroughtus!

*定冠詞的用法

1.加名詞表示某特定人物

howdidyoulikethereport?

2.與表示獨一無二的東西的名詞連用

thesunisthecentreoftheworld.

3.與名詞連用表示一個階層或群體

theChineseareahard-workingpeople.

4.一般江河海洋、山脈群島、海峽海灣等地理名詞前須加定冠詞

theYellowRiver

theDeadSea

thePhilippines

theTaiwanStraits

注：湖泊以及個別山和島嶼的前面一般不加冠詞。

MountTai

MountOMei

ChristmasIsland

5.定冠詞+姓氏復(fù)數(shù)=一家人

theGreensweresittingatthetablewhenIgettothehouse.

6.樂器前要加定冠詞

thegirlplaysthepianoforabouttwohourseachday.

7.表示方位的名詞前加定冠詞

ShanghailiesinthesoutheastofChina.

8.組合的專有名詞前加定冠詞

theUnitedNations

9.the+形容詞，表示一類人時動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示一類東西時動詞用單數(shù)

therichbecomericher.

thebeautifulisalwaysloved.

*不用定冠詞的情形

1.物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞表示概念時

electricityisaformofenergy.

sciencemeanshonest,solidknowledge.

但是表示特指時需加the

thesteelproducedinourplantisofhighquality.

2.表示類別的名詞

doctorsarebadlyneededatthefront.

但是表示特指時需要加the

don'tyourecognizethestudentsplayingoverthere?

3.三餐前

whatdoyouusuallyhaveforlunch?

表特指時要加

whatdidyouthinkofthesupperyesterday?

有時加a表示一頓

wehadareallygooddinner.

4.四季前一般不加the

it'sverycoldinwinter.

表特指時要加

wemetforthefirsttimeinthewinterof2003.

5.球類，棋類，牌類前不加

playingfootballdoesgreatgoodtoone'shealth.

6.turn(變成)后面做表語的名詞前不用

hewasamedicalstudentbeforeturnwriter.

7.在akindof,thiskindof,allkindsof后面的名詞前往往不用冠詞

whatkindofmanishe?

8.表示獨一無二的頭銜，職位名詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語、主語補(bǔ)足語、同位語時不加

whoiscaptainofyourteam?

hewasmademonitoronlyyesterday.

9.當(dāng)bike,car,taxi,bus,train,foot,ship等與介詞by連用表示交通手段時不加

didyoucomebackbyplaneorbytrain?

10.單個詞做專有名詞時不加

ChinaliesintheeastofAsia.

但特指時加

IoftenthinkoftheChinain1986.

11.名詞前有其他限定詞，如：物主代詞、名詞所有格、指示代詞以及some,any,no,each,every等，不加

Tomismyclosestfriend.

12.在含有day的節(jié)假日前不加

Children'sDay

13.某些詞組中用或不用存在不同意義

gotoschool上學(xué)

gototheschool去學(xué)校

inhospital住院

inthehospital在醫(yī)院里

infrontof在……前面

inthefrontof在……的前部

outofquestion不成問題

outofthequestion不可能

takeplace發(fā)生

taketheplace代替

inchargeof負(fù)責(zé)，管理

inthechargeof在……的掌控之下

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SectionFive介詞

*英語中介詞是最為活躍的，常與其他名詞構(gòu)成詞組。

介詞分3種類型：

1.簡單介詞：

at,in,for,about,between,among,before,behind,up,down,beside,besides,beyond,till等。

2.合成介詞：

into,onto,inside,outside,outof,throughout,within,without,upon等。

3.成語介詞：

accordingto,apartfrom,asfor,alongwith,asto,becauseof,infrontof,inspiteof,insteadof,onaccountof等。

*常用介詞的用法

1.in:年，月，季節(jié)，早，晚的時間段

in2007，inOctober,inspring,inthemorning,inthe1990's,inone'stwenties.

2.on:某天或某天的上午，下午，晚上，除夕

onSunday,ontheafternoonofOct.1st,onhisbirthday，onthemorningofMarchtheeighth,onacoldevening,on

ChristmasEve.

3.by:到……時間以前

theplanetakesoffatten,soyou'dbetterbeattheairportby9:50.

mygardenwillbeamassofblossombyMay.

4.by:還常與完成時連用，包括過去完成時，現(xiàn)在完成時，將來完成時。

bytheendofnextmonth,iwillhavereadallthosebooks.

byfifteenshehadmasteredthelanguagewell.

bynowwehavecoveredonethirdofthewholedistance.

5.intime及時，ontime準(zhǔn)時

thetrainarrivedontime.

ihopeyouwillarriveintime.

wewenttothestationjustintimeforthelasttrain.

6.intime:有時還表示“早晚，總有一天”

youwilllearnhowtodoitintime.

7.表示時間的in與after

in表示某段時間之后，與將來時連用

shewillbebackinanhour.

after表示某段時間之后，與過去時，將來時均可連用

shewillbebackafteroneo'clock.

shecamebackafteroneo'clock.

8.表示方位的介詞：in,on,to

ShanghailiesinthesoutheastofChina.內(nèi)部

ShandongliesontheeastofHenan.接壤

JapanliestotheeastofChina.不接壤

9.表示使用的介詞：in，with,through,by

in表示用“語言，原料，大小寫字母”等

with表示用“工具，五官”等

through,by則表示“通過”

pleaseanswermeinEnglish.

pleaseretellthestoryinyourownwords.

inink

incapitalletter

hecutthecakeintotwowithaknife.

weseewithoureyesandsmellwithournose.

whatwillyoubuywiththemoney?

onlybyworkinghardcanyousucceed.

Ilearnedthenewsthroughathirdperson.

onecanlearnalotofknowledgethroughTV.

10.between:通常用于兩者之間，有時也可用于三者以上之間，但仍強(qiáng)調(diào)兩者的關(guān)系。

thisisonlybetweenyouandme.don'ttellothers.

areyouclearaboutthe3changesbetweenthe3states?

wemuststrengthentherelationsbetweenthefourcountries.

11.among:用于三者及以上。

heisamongthestudents.

12.上下小車，小船：getinto,getoutof

上下打車，大船，飛機(jī)：geton,getoff

getintoataxi

getintoacar

getintoasmallboat

getonabus

getonatrain

getonaplane

getonaship

13.表示時間、順序的前后：before,after

Summercomesafterspring.

thestudentsgotoffthebusoneafteranother.

14.表示地點的前后：before,infrontof,behind

thereisabigmarketinfrontofourschool.

theladysatbeforethemirror,combing.

15.表示地點的前部后部：inthefrontof,atthefrontof,atthebackof

Mr.Smithisstandingatthefrontoftheclassroom,teaching.

16.in和on:"在……上"

in表示在內(nèi)部，on表示在表面

theapplesonthetreearebothredandbig.

afoxistalkingtothecockinthetree.

theoldmanisdeafinbothears.

thepoorboyislameintheleftleg.

17.in,under,with:“在……下”

comeandsitintheshade.it'scoolerhere.

don'treadinthesun.

acatjumpedoutfromunderthebed.

withthehelpof

undertheleadershipof領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下

underthedirectionof指導(dǎo)下

18.at:看到，聽到

sheburstintotearsatthesadnews.

atthenews,theyjumpedwithjoy.

atthesightoftheenemyplane,thesoldiersfiredatonce.

19.after:尋找，追求，追趕

heistheverymanIamafter(=lookingfor).

theboyisrunningafterthebike.

20.against:反對，倚著，靠著

youcanplacetheladderagainstthewall.

theboatissailingagainstthewind.

I'mnotforbutagainstyourdecision.

21.在key,answer,notes之后加to，不加of

thekeytothedoor

theanswertothequestion

thenotestothetext

22.對于街道可用in,on,但對于門牌號只能at

theWangsliveat105Tachingstreet.

23.for:“就……而言”

thestudentisquitetallforhisage.

24.on：“位于……河畔，鐵路上”

LondonliesontheRiverThames.

25.with：“隨著，長著，帶著，有著”

thetimetablechangeswiththeseasons.

acountrywithalonghistory.

amanwithapairofthickglasses.

theboywithabighead.

有時用in表示“戴著”

doyouknowthemaninabighat.

26.by：“按……計算”

theapplesaresoldbyweight.

theyarepaidbytheday/hour.

*介詞的省略

1.在表示時間的名詞前有：next,last,these,each,every,one,any,all,yesterday,tomorrow等詞時不加

wheredidyougolastSunday?

ihavebeenbusywritingabookthesedays.

thenaughtyboykeptcryingallthemorning.

2.在表示一段時間的短語前，for可以省略

ihavebeenwaitinghere(for)morethanthreehours.

3.否定句中的時間短語前不可省略for

ihaven'tseenyouforthreeyears.

4.時間狀語在主句之前時，for不能省略

forthewholemorning,theoldmankeptreading.

5.某些動詞短語的介詞可?。?/p>

preventsb(from)doing

stopsb(from)doing

注：keepsbfromdoingsth

bepreventedfromdoingsth

bestoppedfromdoingsth

bekeptfromdoingsth

中不能省

bebusy(in)doing

keepsb(in)doing

havesometrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth

6.在someother之前的介詞往往省略

whynottrydoingitsomeotherway?

let'smakeitsomeotherday,OK?

*介詞之后的動詞形式

1.一般需加動名詞或動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（doingsth,beingdone,sb'sdoingsth,sb'sbeingdone）

i'mlookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.

hestronglyinsistedonbeingsenttheretowork.

nothingcanpreventtheplanfrombeingcarriedout.

heobjectedtomy/megoingtherealone.

2.介詞but/except(除……之外)后依情況跟todosth或dosth

theenemyhadnochoicebuttolaydowntheirarms.

theydidnothingallmorningbutwanderthroughthestreet.

3.在beabouttodosth(正要干……)中必須使用todo的形式

wewereabouttojumpintotheriverwhenourguidesawusandstoppedus.

*不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的for和of

一般使用forsbtodosth的形式。

而有時使用ofsbtodosth表示人的品質(zhì)，性格等。

之前的形容詞如：kind,careful,careless,clever,foolish,stupid,wise,bright,thoughtful等

itisnecessaryforustofinishwritingthepapersthisweek.

itwasreallywiseofyounottoattendedhisparty.

weallthinkitmostcarefulofhimnottomadeasinglemistake.

it'sverykindofyoutocomeandseeme.

**短語動詞

*動詞+介詞

1.v+at:lookat,shootat,shoutat,aimat,knockat,laughat,callat,rushat,workat,arriveat.

2.v+for:lookfor,askfor,waitfor,answerfor,carefor,leavefor,payfor,sendfor,standfor,longfor,apologizefor.

3.v+on:puton,goon,geton,haveon,callon,dependon,operateon,liveon,insiston,congratulateon,carryon,keep

on,lookon,turnon.

4.v+to:listento,getto,happento,replyto,apologizeto,belongto,agreeto,addto,stickto,turnto,referto,admit

to.

5.v+with:agreewith,talkwith,beginwith,startwith,meetwith,fillwith,dealwith.

6.v+of:thinkof,hearof,dieof,speakof,dreamof.

7.v+from:learnfrom,stealfrom,protectfrom,preventfrom,stopfrom,keepfrom,sufferfrom,comefrom,hearfrom,die

from,differfrom.

8.v+in:spendin,succeedin,handin,breakin,dropin,fillin,getin.

9.v+into:getinto,lookinto,changeinto,breakinto,burstinto.

10.v+through:getthrough,lookthrough,gothrough.

*動詞+副詞

1.v+down:putdown,settledown,slowdown.

2.v+out:breakout,callout,carryout,comeout,dieout,giveout,lookout,paintout,wearout,workout.

3.v+off:cutoff,getoff,giveoff,putoff,seeoff,takeoff,turnoff.

4.v+up:bringup,comeup,giveup,lookup,pickup,setup,useup,wakeup,takeup,shutup,makeup,hurryup,growup.

*動詞+副詞+介詞

breakawayfrom,dowellin,getalongwith,keepupwith,lookforwardto,lookdownupon.

***********************************************************************SectionSix系動詞

*系動詞的種類分為以下3類

1.一般狀態(tài)，代表詞匯：be,look,seem,appear,sound,smell,taste,feel等

heisathome.

themeetingwasonThursday.

heappearscalm,butinfactheisn't.

thiskindofappletastesgoodandsmellswell.

whatyousaidsoundedagoodidea.

themixturesmellsterrible.

2.由一種狀態(tài)變?yōu)榱硪环N狀態(tài)，代表詞匯：get,turn,become,get,grow,go等

hebecameacollegestudentin1997.

inautumntheleavesturnbrown.

thefoodisgettingcold.

thenoisegrewlouder.

themilkwentsour.

3.前后狀態(tài)依然如故，代表詞匯：remain,stay,keep,continue等

theboyremainedlockedintheroomafter2hours.

someshopsstayopenlateintothenight.

putonmoreclothestokeepwarm,otherwiseyouwillcatchcold.

*系動詞使用注意事項

1.需加形容詞做表語，萬不得已沒有相應(yīng)的形容詞時，可以使用副詞、分詞、介詞短語做表語

theylooksadatthenews.

hemustbeinthelibarary.

itkeptrainingfor3hours.

2.turn后不加不定冠詞a/an，become后必須加。

theyoungmanturneddriverlastyear.

theyoungmanbecameadriverlastyear.

3.系動詞一般無被動語態(tài)

thefaceofthetablefeelssmooth.

hefellasleepinclass.

4.系動詞與表語形容詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配：

getill,getangry,getexcited,getwet,getmarried,gethungry,gomad,gohungry,gowrong,goblind,standstill,come

safe,appearcalm,lookwell,provecorrect,fallasleep,turnyellow,cometrue,growrich,growfat,growtall.

5.有些系動詞（seem,appear,prove）可以和tobe連用，tobe常被省略

shealwaysseems(tobe)sad.

heappears(tobe)yourfriendbutidoubtifheis.

theyoungmanappears(tobe)especiallyhappy.

**主語一致的原則

*語法一致

1.一個單數(shù)名詞或代詞做主語的情況：單數(shù)形式

Englishisawidelyusedlanguageintheworld.

hetrieshisbesttostudyallthesubjectswell.

2.不定式、動名詞、主語從句作主語的情況：單數(shù)形式

howtosolvetheproblemistobediscussedattomorrow'smeeting.

makingtestsisawaytofindoutanswerstoquestions.

whetherhehelpsmewithitdoesn'tmattertoomuch.

3.what引導(dǎo)的從句作主語且表語為名詞時根據(jù)具體從句代表的內(nèi)容確定：

whathesaidwasofgreatimportance.

whathisfatherlefthimwereonlyafewoldbooks.

4.由連詞and或both……and連接的主語，其謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式

bothLiandWanghavepassedtheexam.

thebreadandthebutterareonsale.

但是當(dāng)and前后名詞表示同一人物時用單數(shù)形式

thetenthandlastlessonisthemostimportantofall.

thesingeranddanceristoattendoutpartythisevening.

符合這類情況的其他短語

ablackandwhitecat

ahorseandcart一架馬車

Tomandmike'sroom合住的房間

比較：Tom'sandmike'sroom各自的房間

5.由each,every,some,any,no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

nothinghashappened.

eachofthebookshereisveryuseful.

everybodyishere,isn'tit?

someoneiswaitingforyououtside.

inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhastherighttoreceiveeducationatschool.

6.不定代詞none做主語時一般提倡用單數(shù)，但表語是c.n.時要視名詞而定。

noneofthemoneyonthetableismine.

noneofthebooksis/aremine.

noneofthemisadancer.

noneofthemaredoctors.

7.主語后有：with,togetherwith,like,but,aswellas,except,including,ratherthan,not引起的短語時，謂語和前面的主語保

持一致。

nooneexcepthisownsupportersagreeswithhim.

Asiaaswellasothercontinentshasveryrichnaturalresources.

Mr.Green,togetherwithhiswifeandson,hasgoneskating.

8.當(dāng)and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前分別有no,each,every或者只在第一個主語前有no,each,every時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

inourcountryeveryboyandgirlhastherighttoreceiveeducation.

noteacherandnostudentisexcusedfortakingpartinsuchastormydiscussion.

9.定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞that,which,who做主語時，其謂語動詞與先行詞一致。

heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard.

thosewhowanttogopleasewritetheirnamesontheblackboard.

heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohaspassed.

10.30percentof,onethirdof,halfof,mostof,allof等所接動詞形式依據(jù)名詞而定。

threefourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthiswater.

50percentofthestudentsinmyclassaregirls.

therestofthelessonisevenmoredifficulttounderstand.

11.anumberof(很多)+c.n.,動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，thenumberof(數(shù)量)+c.n.,動詞用單數(shù)。

anumberofstudentshavegonetothefarmtohelpthefarmerpickapples.

thenumberofpagesinthisbookisthreehundred.

12.people,cattle,thepolice做主語，動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)。

peopleallsaythattheboyisworthyofthepraise.

thepoliceareafterthemissingchild.

thecattleareeatingonthesideofthehill.

13.集體名詞(family,class,school,team,crowd,population,company,government)做主語，強(qiáng)調(diào)集體時用單數(shù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)成員時用復(fù)數(shù)

。

myfamilyisahappyone.

myfamilyareallmusicfans.

14.the+形容詞=一類人時，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，=抽象概念時，動詞用單數(shù)。

thericharenotalwaysgeneroustothepoor.

theoldarewelltakencareofinthecountry.

thebeautifulgivespleasuretoall.

theill丑惡的東西

thesick病人們

*意義一致原則

1.表示時間、金額、價格等的名詞復(fù)數(shù)作為一個整體時，動詞用單數(shù)，但強(qiáng)調(diào)復(fù)數(shù)意義時，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

tenminutesseemsanhourwhenoneiswaitingforaphonecall.

tendollarsiswhattheoldladyneedsnow.

tenminuteshavepassedalready.

2.有些名詞雖為復(fù)數(shù)形式但是單數(shù)的意義，動詞用單數(shù)。

asisknowntoall,theUnitedStatesissmallerthanChina.

Physicsisaveryimportantsubjectforstudents.

類似的還有：politics,news,mathematics,theUnitedNations,theTimes(時代周刊)。

3.therest引導(dǎo)的視主語而定。

onlyTomisintheroom.wherearetherest?

ihavecoveredonlyonethirdofthebook,andtherestisevenmoredifficult.

therestofthebeerisforyou.

4.oneandahalf做定語時，后面的名詞用復(fù)數(shù)，而動詞用單數(shù)。

oneandahalfhourshaspassed.

oneandahalfappleshasbeenleftonthetable.

5.trousers,glasses,shoes,clothes等做主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。

myglassesarebroken.

yourclothesaretoooldforamillionaire.

但用pair,suit等量詞修飾后，動詞由量詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。

thepairofshoesbelongstome.

thetwopairsofthetrousersaretooexpensiveforme.

it'sasuitofclothes.

6.在算式中，數(shù)字看做整體，動詞用單數(shù)。

3plus6is9.

twotimesfiveisten.

fourandfiveisnine.

但有時也可用復(fù)數(shù)。

nineminussevenmaketwo.

*就近原則

1.由notonly...butalso,neither...nor,either...or等連接兩個主語時，動詞與后面的主語一致。

notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherhasnotcome.

neithermyfathernotiwastherethatday.

eithermyfatherormybrothersarecoming.

2.在倒裝句中，動詞與前一個主語一致。

hereisastampandanenvelopeforyou.

whereisyourteacherandclassmates?

thereisabookandtwopensonthetable.

3.morethanone做主語的定語時，動詞用單數(shù)。

morethanonepersonhastoldmeaboutit.

*幾種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的主謂一致。

1.“a+單數(shù)名詞+ortwo”做主語時，動詞用單數(shù)。

adayortwoisenoughformetofinishthejob.

2.當(dāng)先行詞是oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，定語從句中的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

Iamoneofthestudentswhowerepraisedatthemeeting.

但如果不定代詞one前是定冠詞the時通常表示唯一性，定語從句中的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

Iamtheoneofthestudentswhowaspraisedatthemeeting.

3.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，that從句中的謂語動詞與被強(qiáng)調(diào)者保持一致。

itisiwhoaminterestedinthesubject.

itishethathastherighttomakeadecision.

4.oneinten和onetenth

都表示“十分之一”，但實例中onepersoninten的動詞用單數(shù)，onetenthoftheperson的動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

insomepartsofBritain,onepersoninten,bytheageofthirty,hasnoteethleft.

onetenthofthestudentswereaskedtowriteapaperonthesubject.

***********************************************************************

SectionSeven情態(tài)動詞和助動詞

*助動詞分為兩類：

1.基本助動詞：be,have,do

2.情態(tài)助動詞：can,may,must,need,will,shall,oughtto,dare,usedto,haveto

*助動詞的特點：

1.顧名思義，是幫助其他動詞的詞。

iamwaiting.

theywillbethere.

hewouldliketocome.

2.情態(tài)動詞與不加to的不定式一起使用（haveto,usedto,oughtto,wouldliketo除外），表示“可能，必須，能力，義務(wù)”等。

一般來講，情態(tài)動詞第三人稱單數(shù)不加s。

hemaycometomorrow.可能

icantype60wordsaminute.能力

**主要情態(tài)動詞的用法

*can

1.表示能力、許可

icanseeyoueasilyfromhere.

youcanusemycomputertomorrow.

2.推測，可能或不可能

whatevercanitpossiblebe?

wherecantheyhavegone?

hecouldn'thavegonetoBeijing.

cantheybewaitingforusattheairportnow?

肯定句中一般用must（一定）

itmusthaverainedlastnight.

Tommustbestudyinginthereadingroom.

3.表示征詢意見

caniuseyoucomputer?

4.can與but連用，意為only

icanbutobeyhisorders.

5.can和beableto,can只能用在一般時和過去時，而beableto則可用于任何時態(tài)。

hecanspeak3foreignlanguages.

另外，was/wereableto可以強(qiáng)調(diào)過去經(jīng)過努力且做成的一件事

thesailorwasabletoswimhalfwaybeforethewasdrowned.

6.用于虛擬語態(tài)的could,couldn't

could"本來能干，而實際沒干"

couldn't"本來不能干，而實際上干了"

hecouldhelpusifhewereherenow.

icouldhavefinishedtheworklastnight,butiwastoosleepy.

withoutyourhelp,mysoncouldn'thavecomebacksafeandsound.

*may

1.表示“允許，可能”

hemaycomeorhemaynot.

mayileavethesebookswithyou?

youmaythinkyouareclever,butyouhavemadeamistakeinit.

2.征求意見

mayihaveashortrest?

3.回答may引導(dǎo)的問句，肯定時用may，否定時用mustn't,maynot,hadbetternot.

mayigohomenow?yesyoumay./noyoumustn't.

4.表示推測，肯定句中表示“可能，也許”，否定句中表示“可能不，或許不”

hemightlendyouthemoney,butiamnotsure.

don'tbesosad.thenewsmaynotbetrue.

5.might,mightnot用于虛擬語氣

might本來可以，mightnot本來不可以

whydidn'tyougoandattendtheparty?imighthave,butTomcameunexpectedly.

butforyouradvice,imighthavelostsuchachance.

6.maywell表示“很可能”

theappearanceofmyhometownhaschangedsomuchthatimaywellnotrecognizeitnow.

7.may/mightaswell“還是……的好，沒有充分理由不做”

therewasnothingtodo,soimightaswellgotobed.

wemayaswellgoandhavealook.

*must和haveto

1.必須，應(yīng)該

theworkmustbefinishedassoonaspossible.

youmustn'tspeaklikethattoyourmother.

2.must引導(dǎo)的一般疑問句，肯定用must,否定用needn't或don'thaveto,不能使用mustn't

mustihandinthepapersnow?

no,youneedn't.

3.表示推測，“很可能，一定”，只能用于肯定句

theboymustbewatchingTVnow,isn'the?

theturnersmusthavesoldtheirgarden,haven'tthey