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Sentence
Structure
英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)(1)英語(yǔ)基本句型有五個(gè):S+V,S+V+Cs,S+V+O,S+V+Oi+Od,S+V+Od+Co,其共有特征是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(S+V)。句子成分主要有四種:主語(yǔ)S、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞V、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)Cs,賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)Co)和賓語(yǔ)(直接賓語(yǔ)Od,間接賓語(yǔ)Oi)。●Pattern1(S+V)1.此句型中,“V”是不及物動(dòng)詞,后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ),如:Myrightarmhurts.但通常有后續(xù)成分或稱狀語(yǔ)(A),即S+V+A,如:Shelivedhappily.Thesunriseseverymorning.2.在有些句子中,主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)或某一部分可省略,如:(I)Hopetoseeyouagainsoon.(省略主語(yǔ))Whocalled?Jane(did).(省略謂語(yǔ))●Pattern2(S+V+Cs)1.此句型的“V”是連系動(dòng)詞,“Cs”是主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),或稱表語(yǔ)。充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的有名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞V-ing形式或V-ed形式、不定式及名詞性從句等,如:MyfirstnameisBill.Lifeiscolorful.Seeingisbelieving.Ourbeliefisthatthingswillimprove.2.常見(jiàn)的連系動(dòng)詞有下列幾類:a.表示“判斷”:be;b.表示“變得”、“成為”:become,come,go,fall,get,grow,prove,turn等;c.表示“保持著某一狀態(tài)”:hold,keep,lie,remain,rest,sit,stay等;d.表示“看起來(lái)”、“好像”:appear,look,seem等;e.表示“實(shí)感”:feel,sound,taste,smell等。e.g.SheisateacherandIamadoctor.Springcomesandalltreesturngreen.Hestayedawakeallnight.Youdon’tlookhappy,what'sthematter?Theirplansoundswonderful.●Pattern3(S+V+O)1.“V”是及物動(dòng)詞,后面需跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ),可充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、V-ing結(jié)構(gòu)及名詞性從句等,如:Iunderstandtheprogram.Sheaskedtoseethemanager.Maryisconsideringchangingherjob.Hesaidthathewouldcallmetomorrow.2.這種結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)必須跟狀語(yǔ),意義才完整(即S+V+O+A),如:Weacceptedtheiradviceinbuyinganewcar.Shecompletedtheassignmentjustasthebellwasringing.Wedon’ttrusthimbecauseheoftenlies.Youmakeapromiseonlywhenyouknowyoucankeepit.●Pattern4(S+V+Oi+Od)1.此句型的“V”稱為雙賓及物動(dòng)詞,其后需跟間接賓語(yǔ)“Oi”(通常指人)和直接賓語(yǔ)“Od”(通常指物或事)。2.此類動(dòng)詞大都具有給與的意義,常見(jiàn)的有allow,assign,award,bring,buy,cause,choose,fetch,find,get,give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,post,promise,read,recommend,refuse,render,return,sell,send,show,sing,take,telephone,touch,tell,throw,wish,write等,如:Igavehimthebook.I’llreturnyouthedictionarysoon.3.有時(shí)間接賓語(yǔ)可移至直接賓語(yǔ)之后,但要加相應(yīng)的介詞如“to”,“for”,“of”等,試比較:Bettygaveherdaughteranapple.→Bettygaveanappletoherdaughter.Fatherboughthimabike.→Fatherboughtabikeforhim.Heaskedmeaquestion.→Heaskedaquestionofme.●Pattern5(S+V+Od+Co)該句型中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞雖有賓語(yǔ),但句子意義仍不完整,需加補(bǔ)語(yǔ)“Co”補(bǔ)足其意義。充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)及分詞等,如:Wecallhimafool.Wefoundthehouseempty.Ourneighborsbuilttheirwallhigh.Webelieveyoutobeanhonestman.Iheardthemsingingintheclassroom.常用的這類動(dòng)詞有:appoint,believe,call,catch,choose,consider,declare,elect,fancy,feel,find,hear,imagine,judge,keep,know,leave,make,name,need,prefer,prove,see,select,suppose,think,vote等。NounClause(名詞從句)名詞從句包括主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)等從句。它們可以由下列連詞引導(dǎo):從屬連詞that,whether,if;連接代詞who(ever),whom,whose,what(ever),which(ever);連接副詞when,where,why,how,howmuch/many/long/often等。●主語(yǔ)從句在句中作主語(yǔ)Thatmathematicsfindsitsuseineveryscienceisevident.Whoeveristiredmayrest.Whytheearthmovesroundthesunisquiteclearnow.主語(yǔ)從句常放在句尾而用it作形式主語(yǔ)使句子更加平衡,這時(shí)口語(yǔ)中常省略that,如上面第一句改成“Itisevident(that)mathematicsfindsitsuseineveryscience.”更好。在下列情況下必須把主語(yǔ)從句放在句尾而用it作形式主語(yǔ):1.主句謂語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),如:Itissaidthatheisagooddoctor.2.主句是疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句時(shí),如:Isittruethatthefilmstarwillcome?Howwonderfulitisthatwe'llvisittheGreatWalltomorrow.3.主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是appear,turnout,happen,occur,come,strike,follow,matter等時(shí),如:Ithappenedthatshehadacoldanddidn'tgowithusthatday.ItturnedoutthatIwaswrong.4.表示說(shuō)話人的推測(cè)或評(píng)價(jià),如在itseems,itmaybe,itis(un)likely,itis(im)possible,itisapity,itisawonder等結(jié)構(gòu)中,如:Itseemsthatthistestisreliable.Itisapity(that)shecan'tgowithus.5.強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的表語(yǔ)時(shí),如:Itisamysterytomehowitallhappened.Itisnecessarythatheshoulddoso.●賓語(yǔ)從句在句中作賓語(yǔ)Ithought(that)youhadreadthebook.Weshouldlearntotellwhetheranelementispoisonousornot.Doyouknowwhoinventedthis?1.賓語(yǔ)從句后有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)常移至句末,而用it做形式賓語(yǔ)放在前面,如:Theexperimentmakesitclearthatairhaspressure.2賓語(yǔ)從句可作某些介詞和某些作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞的賓語(yǔ),如:Theresistanceofawirealsodependsuponwhatmaterialitismadeof.Wearesure(that)itwillbeasuccess.3.賓語(yǔ)從句可以是直接引語(yǔ)也可以是間接引語(yǔ),如:Heaskedme,“AreyoufromChengdu?”(直接引語(yǔ))HeaskedmewhetherIwasfromChengdu.(間接引語(yǔ))●表語(yǔ)從句在句中作表語(yǔ)Thereasonis(that)wehaven'traisedenoughmoney.Thatiswhatwewanttoknow.●同位語(yǔ)從句在句中作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明名詞及其短語(yǔ)的從句IamindoubtwhetherIshouldbuyornot.HeexpressedhishopethathewouldvisitChinaagain.RelativeClause(定語(yǔ)從句)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有1.關(guān)系代詞who,whom(代人);which(代物);that,whose,as(代人或物)。它們的數(shù)和人稱要和先行詞一致,格取決于它們?cè)诰渲谐洚?dāng)?shù)某煞?,如:Amachineisakindofdevicewhich(that)helpstodowork.Thosewhowantticketsshouldgototheoffice.Thetechnicianwhomwemetyesterdayhadworkedoutanewautomaticdevice.先行詞前有限定詞all,any,every,(a)few,no,only,some,very或序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)等修飾時(shí),或先行詞是指物的不定代詞all,little,few,much,none或-thing構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí),一般只用關(guān)系代詞that,如:Anyboythatwantstosucceedmustworkhard.Thereisnotmuchthatcanbedone.I'vemadeupmymind,andnothing(that)yousaywillchangeit.先行詞是指示代詞such或same時(shí),只用as,先行詞被指示形容詞such或same修飾時(shí),通常用as,如:ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpected.Shesaidthesameasshesaidbefore.I'veneverseensuchdogsasyoudescribe.I'llwearthesamedressasIdidlasttime.EnglshSentenceStructures英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)(2)2.關(guān)系副詞有:when,where,why,它們都在從句中作狀語(yǔ),其先行詞總是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,如:Thedayswhentheyhadtoimportgrainfromabroadhavenowpassed.Airmovesfromplaceswherethepressureishighertoplaceswherethepressureislower.Herefusedtotellthereasonwhyhedidit.限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句(RestrictiveandNon-restrictiveClause)限制性定語(yǔ)從句是主句中的先行詞不可缺少的一部分,如果省去,主句的意義就不完整或不明確,因此,它與主句關(guān)系十分密切,不用逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi);非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)主句中的先行詞作附加說(shuō)明,如果省去,主句仍能表達(dá)明確、完整的概念,因此,它與主句間有一逗號(hào)分開(kāi),如:Don'tyouknowthepeoplewholivenextdoor?Theproblem,whichiscomplicated,hasbeensolved.That不用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;先行詞是主句或主句的一部分時(shí),用which或as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,如從句放在主句之前則用as而不用which,如:Hechangedhismind,whichmademeveryangry.Hewasaforeigner,as/whichIknewfromhisaccent.Aswasexpected,heperformedthetaskwithsuccess.關(guān)于“Noun/Pronoun+Preposition+Which/Whom/Whose”結(jié)構(gòu)Theresistanceofaconductordependsonthekindofsubstanceofwhichitismade.Isn'tshethegirlwithwhomyouvisitedtheexhibitiontheotherday?關(guān)系代詞whom和which常常作介詞of的賓語(yǔ),用“名詞/代詞/數(shù)詞+of+whom/which”結(jié)構(gòu),如:Heisreadingabook,thenameofwhichIdon'tknow.Herparents,bothofwhomareteachers,areverystrictwithher.Inourclasstherearefortystudents,fourofwhomarefromAfrica.Whose指物時(shí)??捎胦fwhich代替,這時(shí)whose所修飾的名詞放在ofwhich之前,如:Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear.=Wehadameetingthepurposeofwhichwascompletelyunclear.AppositionandAppositiveClause(同位語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)從句)可以用作同位語(yǔ)的有:1.名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞及其它們的短語(yǔ)、不定式和分詞短語(yǔ),如:China,ourgreatmotherland,nowisdevelopingrapidlyinscienceandtechnology.Weallwenttoseeher.WetwoarefromChongqingandtheythreearefromChengdu.Weallhaveacommondesire—tobecomequalifiedteachers.That'sherjob,takingcareoftheagedinthecommunity.2.of引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ),如:thecityofBeijing,theartofwriting3.用連詞or,orrather或orbetter等引導(dǎo)的詞或短語(yǔ),如:Theyarrivedhomelatethateveningorratherearlythenextmorning.4.用插入語(yǔ)thatis(tosay),inotherwords,namely,forexample,forinstance,suchas,say,especially,particularly,chiefly,mainly等引導(dǎo)的詞或短語(yǔ),如:Mr.Smithknowsfivelanguages,namelyEnglish,French,Chinese,RussianandJapanese.5.同位語(yǔ)從句,即與先行詞同位或等同的從句,其先行詞多為belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,promise,question,remark,reply,report,thought,truth等;其引導(dǎo)詞多為that(在口語(yǔ)中可省去),也可用whether等,如:Therecanbenodoubtthatwe'llfinishintime.Mostpeoplearefamiliarwiththeideathatallmatterconsistsofatoms.Weshoulddiscusscarefullytheimportantquestionwhetherornotwecancompletethetaskwithinaweek.注意that在同位語(yǔ)從句中不作任何句子成分,只起引導(dǎo)從句的作用,而在定語(yǔ)從句中that還充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),或狀語(yǔ),比較:Noonecandenythefactthathehasmadegreatachievementsinhiswork.(同位語(yǔ)從句,連詞that在從句中不作任何句子成分。)Thisisthepicturethatthelittleboydrewyesterday.(定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。)英語(yǔ)句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須和主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致,如:Mr.SmithteachesusoralEnglish.Nowadayslotsofcollegegraduatesarebusylookingforjobs.1.一些句子結(jié)構(gòu)中的主謂一致:a.在"there+be"句型中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常和最鄰近它的那個(gè)名詞保持一致,如:Thereisabookandfourpensonthedesk.Therearetwobedsandabookshelfintheroom.b.在定語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)和該從句的先行詞保持一致,如:Aliceisthepersonwhorunstheschool.Hewhocheatsonexamswillbekickedoutoftheschool.Iwasoneofthosepersonswhowereluckilyinterviewedbythedirectorhimself.上例中如果one前有theonly修飾,強(qiáng)調(diào)某一個(gè)體時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù),如:Iwastheonlyoneofthosepersonswhowasluckilyinterviewedbythedirectorhimself.c.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與它的真正主語(yǔ)保持一致,如:Hereisaletterforyou.Therecometwobuses.2.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)句子的主謂一致:a.由both...and...連接的兩個(gè)名(代)詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),如:BothTomandMaryhavebeeninvitedtotheparty.b.由and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。但當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞表達(dá)同一個(gè)人、同一件事或同一概念時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該用單數(shù),如:Thewriterandeditorisgoingtothemeetinginperson.Breadandbutterisadailyfoodinthewest.Lawandorderissoimportanttoacountrythatnooneshouldbreakit.c.由aswellas,asmuchas,alongwith,besides,inadditionto,including,like,nolessthan,ratherthan,(together)with等連接的兩個(gè)名(代)詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)和第一個(gè)名(代)詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致,如:Thebusdriveraswellasseveralpassengershassurvivedtheaccident.YesterdayIsawapick-pocketwithhiscompanywascaughtbyapoliceman.d.由or,either…or...,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…等連接的兩個(gè)名(代)詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般和后一個(gè)名(代)詞保持一致,如:NotyoubutIamtoblame.NeitheryounorIamresponsibleforthewholething.3.集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)句子的主謂一致a.cattle,police作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞總用復(fù)數(shù),如:Lotsofcattleareraisedonthegrassland.Thepoliceweresearchingforthecriminals.b.audience,board,class,committee,crowd,crew,enemy,family,government,team等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),如果作整體看待,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);若強(qiáng)調(diào)每一成員,謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù),如:Thecommitteeconsistsof12members.Thecommitteehaven'treachedanyagreementyet.Iamnotsurewheremyfamilyis.Myfamilycarealotaboutmystudy.4.一些代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)句子的主謂一致:a.由any,every,no和one,thing,body構(gòu)成的合成代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),如:Nothingwasfoundinthero
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