人教版-全套高中英語語法大全-非謂語動詞總結

TeachingplanforNon-definiteVerbs---byTaylorZhangCHAPTERONETheInfinitive(1)I.Whatistheinfinitive?Infinitivesarethestemsofverbs.Inotherwords,theyarethebaseformofverbs.Theymaysometimesbeusedaloneandsometimeswith'to'.Forinstance,'sing'isthebaseformofaverb,infull,itspasttenseis'sang'anditspastparticipleis'sung'Thiscanbeillustratedbythefollowingtable.Infinitive3rdpersonsingularPresentparticiplePasttensePastparticiplesingsingssingingsangsungII.UsageoftheinfinitiveA.iInfinitivesareusedafterverbsofsaying,thinkingandperception.Herearesomeexamples:agree,hope,expect,want,watch,learn,refuse,decide,intend,hesitate,remember,try,mean,choose,promisee.g.1.Jennydecidedtojointhedancingclubnextyear.2.Theprincipalwatchedthestudenthittheteacher.3.Irefusedtotakepartinthisadhocproject.iiInfinitivesareusedafterauxiliaryverbssuchas'shall','will','should','would','can','could','may','might','ought','must'and'be'.e.g.1.Petercouldnotclimbupthewall.2.ImaygotoCaliforniathissummer.TheInfinitive(2)II．.UsageoftheinfinitiveB.InfinitivesareusedaftermanyadjectivesiAnadjectiveprecedeby'too',followedby'enough'orinbetween'so...as'isfollowedbyaninfinitive.e.g.1.Thatmanistooselfishtoreturnallthesouvenirsgivenbythecommunitycenter.2.Kenisnotboldenoughtofightwiththebully.3.Heissorudeastogivemeapushintheback.iiWhenanadjectiveisprecededby'Itis'andfollowedby'for'or'of',aninfinitiveisusedafterthisstructure.e.g.1.Itisunwiseofyoutoinvestallyourmoneyinthestockmarket.2.Itisimpossibleformetofinishtheprojectwithinthisweek.iiiInfinitivesareusedaftermanyadjectivesthatshowhowapersonfeels.Examplesoftheseadjectivesinclude:angry,happy,surprised,anxiousandexcited.e.g.1.She'shappytohearthathermotherhastotallyrecoveredfromherillness.2.He'sanxioustoundergothesurgery.C.Infinitivescanbeusedassubjectse.g.1.Tohaveaquizeverydayisreallyexhausting.2.Toleanoutofthewindowisnotallowed.D.Infinitivescanbeusedasobjectse.g.1.Sheknowshowtocareforthedisabled.2.Idon'tknowwheretobuythehandicrafts.E.Infinitivesareusedaftercertainnounssuchas'plan','attempt','wish','request','ability','promise','offer'and'failure'.e.g.1.Sarah'splantomovetoSaiKungwillbepostponed.2.HerrequesttosendtheflowersonMondaywasacceptedbytheflorist.F.Aperfectinfinitiveisformedby'(to)have'followedbyapastparticiple.Itisusedtorefertoactionsthattakeplaceearlier.e.g.1.Johnseemstohavefailedintheexamination.2.Heisbelievedtohavewitnessedthemurder.NOTE:1.Asforpassivevoice,theinfinitiveisprecededby'to'afterverbsofperception.e.g.ShewasseensingingintheCityHall.2.Thereisadifferenceinmeaningbetweengerundandinfinitive.Whenanactionisfollowedbyagerund,thegerundgivesageneralmeaning.Whenaninfinitiveisused,themeaningismorespecificandtheactionisrelatedtoaparticularsubject.CHAPTERTWO-ING'FORMTHEGERUNDThislooksexactlythesameasapresentparticiple,andforthisreasonitisnowcommontocallbothforms'the-ingform'.Howeveritisusefultounderstandthedifferencebetweenthetwo.Thegerundalwayshasthesamefunctionasanoun(althoughitlookslikeaverb),soitcanbeused:a.asthesubjectofthesentence:Eatingpeopleiswrong.Huntingelephantsisdangerous.Flyingmakesmenervous.b.asthecomplementoftheverb'tobe':Oneofhisdutiesisattendingmeetings.ThehardestthingaboutlearningEnglishisunderstandingthegerund.Oneoflife'spleasuresishavingbreakfastinbed.c.afterprepositions.Thegerundmustbeusedwhenaverbcomesafterapreposition:Canyousneezewithoutopeningyourmouth?Sheisgoodatpainting.They'rekeenonwindsurfing.Sheavoidedhimbywalkingontheoppositesideoftheroad.WearrivedinMadridafterdrivingallnight.MyfatherdecidedagainstpostponinghistriptoHungary.Thisisalsotrueofcertainexpressionsendinginapreposition,e.g.inspiteof,there'snopointin..:There'snopointinwaiting.Inspiteofmissingthetrain,wearrivedontime.d.afteranumberof'phrasalverbs'whicharecomposedofaverb+preposition/adverbExample:tolookforwardto,togiveup,tobefor/against,totaketo,toputoff,tokeepon:Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.(attheendofaletter)Whenareyougoingtogiveupsmoking?Shealwaysputsoffgoingtothedentist.Hekeptonaskingformoney.NOTE:Therearesomephrasalverbsandotherexpressionsthatincludetheword'to'asapreposition,notaspartofato-infinitive:-tolookforwardto,totaketo,tobeaccustomedto,tobeusedto.Itisimportanttorecognizethat'to'isaprepositioninthesecases,asitmustbefollowedbyagerund:Wearelookingforwardtoseeingyou.Iamusedtowaitingforbuses.Shedidn'treallytaketostudyingEnglish.Itispossibletocheckwhether'to?isaprepositionorpartofato-infinitive:ifyoucanputanounorthepronoun'it'afterit,thenitisaprepositionandmustbefollowedbyagerund:Iamaccustomedtoit(thecold).Iamaccustomedtobeingcold.e.incompoundnounsExample:adrivinglesson,aswimmingpool,bird-watching,train-spottingItisclearthatthemeaningisthatofanoun,notofacontinuousverb.Example:thepoolisnotswimming,itisapoolforswimmingin.f.aftertheexpressions:can'thelp,can'tstand,it'snouse/good,andtheadjectiveworth:Theelephantcouldn'thelpfallinginlovewiththemouse.Ican'tstandbeingstuckintrafficjams.It'snouse/goodtryingtoescape.Itmightbeworthphoningthestationtocheckthetimeofthe-ING'FORMCHAPTERTHREETHEPRESENTPARTICIPLEThepresentparticipleofmostverbshastheformbase+ingandisusedinthefollowingways:a.aspartofthecontinuousformofaverb(SeecontinuoustensesinVERBTENSES)Example:Iamworking,hewassinging,theyhavebeenwalking.b.afterverbsofmovement/positioninthepattern:verb+presentparticipleExample:ShewentshoppingHelaylookingupatthecloudsShecamerunningtowardsmeThisconstructionisparticularlyusefulwiththeverb'togo',asinthesecommonexpressions:togoshoppingtogoski-ingtogofishingtogosurfingtogowalkingtogoswimmingtogorunningtogodancingc.afterverbsofperceptioninthepattern:verb+object+presentparticipleExample:Iheardsomeonesinging.Hesawhisfriendwalkingalongtheroad.Icansmellsomethingburning!NOTE:Thereisadifferenceinmeaningwhensuchasentencecontainsazero-infinitiveratherthanaparticiple.Theinfinitivereferstoacompleteaction,buttheparticiplereferstoanincompleteaction,orpartofanaction.Compare:IheardJoannasinging(=shehadstartedbeforeIheardher,andprobablywentonafterwards)IheardJoannasing(=Iheardhercompleteperformance)d.asanadjectiveExamples:amazing,worrying,exciting,boring.Itwasanamazingfilm.It'sabitworryingwhenthepolicestopyouDarkbillowingcloudsoftenprecedeastorm.Racingcarscangoasfastas400kph.Hewastrappedinsidetheburninghouse.Manyofhispaintingsdepictthesettingsun.e.withtheverbsspendandwaste,inthepattern:verb+time/moneyexpression+presentparticipleExample:Mybossspendstwohoursadaytravelingtowork.Don'twastetimeplayingcomputergames!They'vespentthewholedayshopping.f.withtheverbscatchandfind,inthepattern:verb+object+presentparticiple:Withcatch,theparticiplealwaysreferstoanactionwhichcausesannoyanceoranger:IfIcatchyoustealingmyapplesagain,there'llbetrouble!Don'tlethimcatchyoureadinghisletters.Thisisnotthecasewithfind,whichisunemotional:Wefoundsomemoneylyingontheground.Theyfoundtheirmothersittinginthegarden.g.toreplaceasentenceorpartofasentence:Whentwoactionsoccuratthesametime,andaredonebythesamepersonorthing,wecanuseapresentparticipletodescribeoneofthem:Theywentoutintothesnow.Theylaughedastheywent.Theywentlaughingoutintothesnow.Hewhistledtohimself.Hewalkeddowntheroad.Whistlingtohimself,hewalkeddowntheroad.Whenoneactionfollowsveryquicklyafteranotherdonebythesamepersonorthing,wecanexpressthefirstactionwithapresentparticiple:Heputonhiscoatandleftthehouse.Puttingonhiscoat,heleftthehouse.Shedroppedthegunandputherhandsintheair.Droppingthegun,sheputherhandsintheair.Thepresentparticiplecanbeusedinsteadofaphrasestartingas,since,because,anditexplainsthecauseorreasonforanaction:Feelinghungry,hewentintothekitchenandopenedthefridge.(=becausehefelthungry...)Beingpoor,hedidn'tspendmuchonclothes.Knowingthathismotherwascoming,hecleanedtheflat.CHAPTERFOUR(Chinese)動名詞一、動名詞的基本特征表主動的，抽象的，無時間概念二、A.“色普·瑪爾格·菲克斯”Cep.marg.fiks“色普·瑪爾格·菲克斯”是指后面只能用動名詞作賓語的動詞。C——consider,can'thelp,can'tstandE——enjoy,excuse,escapeP——practise,putoffM——miss,mindA——avoid,admitR——riskG——giveupF——finishI——imagineK——keepS——suggestB.firecamps(火燒連營):thewordsasfollowing:finish,imagine,reject,enjoy,consider,avoid/admit,miss,practise/putoff,suggest三、在begin,start,continue等詞后，既可以跟不定式，又可以跟動名詞。但其后如是：see,understand,realize時，一般用不定式。四、love,like,hate,prefer之后，用不定式表示某一具體動作或情況（一般在其前加would或should）；用動名詞表示一般性動作（如愛好或習慣）。五、need,demand,want,require在表示“需要”時，用動名詞的主動形式表被動，或用不定式的被動形式，但動名詞形式更常見。六、“八個雙面人”“八個雙面人”是指既可以用動名詞作賓語，又可以用不定式作賓語，但意義完全不同的動詞。八個雙面人+todosth.doingsth.stop停下來做…停止做…try企圖做…試著做…mean想要做…意味著…regret遺憾未做…后悔做了…agree答應別人的要求(to)贊成別人的意見remember記住要做…記得做過…forget忘記了要做…忘記了做過…goon接著再做別的事繼續(xù)做…七、使用動名詞的其他情況1.在any(some,no)use,any(some,no)good等詞后要用動名詞Thereisnousedoingsth.=Itisnousedoingsth.Itisnogooddoingsth.Itisofnousedoingsth.(=todosth.)2.在下列結構中要用動名詞havenobusinessdoingsth.（無權做…）feellikedoingsth.（想要做…）makeapointofdoingsth.（認為…是必要的）Ondoingsth.（一…就…）beworthdoing（值得做…）lookforwardto3.注意：advise(allow,consider,permit,encourage,forbid)sb.todosth.advise(allow,consider,permit,encourage,forbid)doingsth.分詞●現在分詞一、現在分詞的基本特征表主動的，進行的，表特征二、現在分詞的用法①現在分詞作表語，表示主語的特征或和連系動詞連用構成進行時態(tài)。Thebookisinteresting.Thepresentsituationismoreencouragingthaneverbefore.Thegirliswateringthetrees.現在分詞作表語一般可以譯成“使、令…的”②現在分詞作定語表示所修飾的名詞的特征，或修飾名詞所做的動作。單個的現在分詞作定語必須前置；現在分詞短語則后置?，F在分詞短語作定語，相當于一個定語從句，都可以變成一個相應的定語從句?，F在分詞作定語所修飾的名詞有主謂關系。boilingingweeksettingsunshiningexamplerunningwaterwalkingtractorwaitingcarsleepingchildflyingfishHeisapromisingyoungman.IhaveafriendlivinginLondon.(=IhaveafriendwholivesinLondon.)③現在分詞作狀語，多用來表示伴隨、時間、原因、方式等?，F在分詞作狀語它的邏輯主語是主句的主語。如果分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，并且已經完成，用現在分詞的完成形式。Theystoodbytheroad,readingbooks.Havingsteppedintothecave,Crusoelitafire.④現在分詞作賓語補足語，表示動作正在進行，動作是賓語發(fā)出的，主動的，多用于使役動詞或感官動詞之后。Wesawalightburninginthewindow.Ican'tgettheclockgoingagain.●過去分詞一、過去分詞的基本特征表被動的、完成的、表狀態(tài)二、過去分詞的用法①過去分詞作表語，表示主語的狀態(tài)或和連系動詞一起表示被動語態(tài)（動詞應是及物動詞）。Theglassisbroken.Sheisquitepleased.TheglasswasbrokenbyLiHua.②過去分詞作定語多表示被動意義和完成意義。動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。其前置和特征與現在分詞相同。過去分詞作定語所修飾的名詞有被動關系或系表關系。Heisamanlovedbyall.Ihatetoseeletterswritteninpencil.③過去分詞作狀語與現在分詞作狀語一樣，可以表示伴隨、時間、原因、方式等。過去分詞作狀語必須注意它表示的動作是該句主語發(fā)不出來的或表示主語的狀態(tài)。但其邏輯上的主語應是主句的主語。Whenheated,waterchangesintosteam.④過去分詞作賓補，多表示賓語的狀態(tài)或被動意義。動作是賓語發(fā)不來的。多用于使役動詞、感官動詞和like,want,wish,order等表示“希望”“要求”等意義的動詞后面。特別注意“have＋賓語＋過去分詞”這一結構的用法。Isawalightburningintheroom.Ican'tgettheclockgoingagain.Ihavetohavemyhaircut.CHAPTERSIX動詞不定式和動名詞的句法功能比較：一、作主語⒈不定式作主語動詞不定式作主語時，句子的謂語動詞常用單數，其位置有以下兩種：(1)把不定式置于句首。如：Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.(2)用it作形式主語，把真正的主語不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：①It＋be＋名詞＋todoIt'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.②Ittakessb+sometime+todoHowlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?③It＋be＋形容詞＋forsb＋todoItisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositionaquarterofanhour.④It＋be＋形容詞＋ofsb＋todoItisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.⑤Itseems(appears)＋形容詞＋todoItseemedimpossibletosavemoney.在句型③中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示贊揚或批評的詞。在不定式前的sb，可看作其邏輯主語。這一句式有時相當于Sbis＋形容詞＋todo句式，如：It'skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish.⒉動名詞作主語Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.動名詞作主語時，也常用It句式。如：①It's+nogood(nouse,fun,apleasure,awasteoftime)+doing…It'snogoodreadingindimlight.It'snousesittingherewaiting.②It's＋形容詞＋doingIt'sdangerousswimmingintheseainwindydays.這樣用的形容詞有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary則不適用于這種結構，應用不定式代替，如：It'simportantforyoutokeepfit.③Thereisno+doingThereisnosayingwhatwillhappennext.在這一結構中，動名詞后常帶賓語，相當于"It'simpossibleto…"結構。⒊動詞不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別①不定式作主語經常表示具體動作，常與特定的動作執(zhí)行者聯系在一起；而動名詞作主語經常表示抽象動作，經常不與特定的動作執(zhí)行者聯系在一起。如：It'snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.It'snogoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.②動名詞結構作主語，可以用名詞或代詞屬格形式作邏輯主語。如：It'snouseyourpretendingthatyoudidn'tknowtherules.二、作賓語⒈不定式作賓語在以下動詞后只能接不定式agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，這些詞大部分可接that引導的從句。如：Idecidedtoaskformymoneyback.IdecidedthatIwouldaskformymoneyback.Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedtostartbackonfoot.Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedthatwewouldstartbackonfoot.②當復合賓語中的賓語是不定式時，先用形式賓語it代替不定式，把不定式置于補語之后，即：主語＋動詞＋it＋補語＋todo句式。如：Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.③介詞but,except,besides+todo(do)在這種句型中，如介詞前有動詞do，后面應接不帶to的不定式；如無do，則接to不定式，即帶do不帶to，帶to不帶do。如：Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein.OnSundayafternoonIhadnothingtodobutwatchTV.⒉動名詞作賓語①以下動詞后，只能接動名詞作賓語，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don'tmind,giveup,insist,on,putoff等。如：Isuggestspendingoursummervacationinaseasidetown.Youmustgiveupsmoking,foritdoestoomuchharmtoyourhealth.②動名詞作介詞的賓語Ishouldgotoattendthebirthdaycelebrationinsteadofstayingathome.WhataboutinvitingLiJuntomakeaspeech?動名詞前的介詞有時可以省略，如：havedifficulty(in)doing,havenotrouble(in)doing,losenotime(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,thereisnouse(in)doing等。⒊部分動詞后面，既可接動詞不定式，也可接動名詞作賓語，意義不變。如：begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等。在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被動意義，也可接不定式，但要用被動形式，如：Yourhandwritingneedsimproving(tobeimproved).hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未來事件，接動名詞表示目前正在進行的活動或一般的行為。在下列情況下，一般要用不定式：①hate,like,love前有would(should)時，如：I'dliketohaveacupofcoffee.②當謂語動詞begin,continue,start等是進行式時，如：Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.③begin,continue,start與know,understand等狀態(tài)動詞連用時，如：Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening.⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等動詞后接動名詞作賓語，或帶不定式作賓語補足語。如：Ourteachersdon'tpermitourswimminginthelake.Ourteachersdon'tpermitustoswiminthelake.⒌部分動詞后接不定式或動名詞時，意義差別較大，應根據句子語境選擇使用。①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示現在或未來的動作，接動名詞表示動作已經發(fā)生。如：Don'tforgettoposttheletterforme.HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport?Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.②meantodo打算做某事doing意味著……Imeanttocatchupwiththeearlybus.Thismeanswastingalotofmoney.③trytodo設法盡力做某事doing試著做某事Youshouldtrytoovercomeyourshortcomings.Tryworkingoutthephysicsprobleminanotherway.④stoptodo停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的狀語）doing停止做某事Onthewaytotheairport,Istoppedtobuyapaper.You'dbetterstoparguinganddoasyouaretold.⑤can'thelpdoing禁不住……todo不能幫助干……Theycouldn'thelpjumpingupatthenews.SorryIhavelotsofworktodo.SoIcan'thelptomakeuptheroomforyou.⑥goontodo做不同的事或不同內容的事doing繼續(xù)不停地做某事，指同一動作的繼續(xù)Hewentontotalkaboutworldsituation.他接著又談了世界形勢。We'llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppressionintheworld.⑦leaveofftodo離開某地去干什么（目的狀語）doing停下某事It'stimetoleaveofftalkingandtostartacting.Theyleftofftogofishing.三、做表語不定式作表語表示具體動作或將來動作；動名詞作表語表示抽象的一般行為。①Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.②Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.③WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.當主語和表語都是不定式時，其含義一是條件，一是結果（例①）。當主語是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組（例②）時，或以what引導的名詞性分句（例③），不定式說明主語的內容。④Ourworkisservingthepeople.⑤Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper.⑥ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting.④⑤句動名詞作表語，與主語部分可以轉換，如Servingthepeopleisoutwork,而⑥句中是現在分詞作表語，說明主語的性質、狀態(tài)，現在分詞具有形容詞的各種特征，另外，動名詞作表語還應與進行時態(tài)區(qū)別開來。四、作定語⒈不定式作定語不定式在句中作定語，置于被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如：①ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.②Haveyouanythingtobetakentoyoursister?③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion?④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon?⑤MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.不定式短語作定語和被修飾詞之間表示以下關系：(1)表示將來的動作（例①）。(2)與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系，如是不及物動詞，則需加介詞（例④）。(3)與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系，同時與句中其它詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關系時，盡管有被動含義，卻仍用主動語態(tài)（例③）；如只有動賓關系，而無邏輯上的主謂關系，則需用被動語態(tài)（例②）。(4)不定式作定語時，一般可轉換為定語從句，例①toarrive=thatwillarrive。⒉動名詞作定語①Thispassagecanbeusedaslisteningmaterials.②Thereadingroomofourschoollibrarycanhold800people.③Allmovingbodieshaveenergy.①②句動名詞作定語說明一種性能，即：用來……的；第③句為現在分詞作定語，單個分詞作定語常置于被修飾詞之前，與被修飾詞之間，可構成邏輯上的主謂關系，分詞短語作定語常置于被修飾詞之后。如：ThemanstandingattheschoolgateisProfessorHua.五、不定式作補足語⒈作賓語補足語一些及物動詞除要求按賓語外，有時還需要有賓語補足語，說明賓語的行為、狀態(tài)、特征，這時意思才相對完整。常要求不定式作賓補的動詞有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（強迫），encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如：①WouldyoulikemetogiveyourregardstoMary?②Iwantyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly.(2)部分動詞后常接tobe＋形容詞、名詞短語等形式，有時tobe可省略，如：believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understand等。①WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.②Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestbiologyteachersofNo.1MiddleSchool.但當不定式是完成式時，to不能省略，如：Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.(3)感覺動詞和使役動詞后用作賓補的不定式須省略to。①Ididn'thearanyonesayanythingaboutit.②Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.這種句式在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，to不能省略，如第②句：Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.(4)help,know后面的"to"可有可無。如：Wouldyoupleasehelpme(to)fillinthetaxform?I'veneverknownher(to)belatebefore.但：HewasknowntohavebeentoFrancebefore.(5)部分短語動詞后，常接不定式作賓補，如：Youmaydependonthemtobethereearly.ThePartycallsonustoincreaseproductionandpractiseeconomy.常這樣用的短語動詞有：askfor,carefor,callon,counton,dependon,waitfor,longfor（渴望），preparefor,wishfor等。⒉作主語補足語不定式作主語補足語，和主語構成一種邏輯上的主謂關系。如：①Hewasnotallowedtoentertheclassroomforbeinglate.②Theyounguniversitystudentisconsideredtohavegreatpromise.六、不定式作狀語⒈作目的狀語(1)①Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.②Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor.(2)有時為了強調，不定式前可加inorder或soas。如：Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit.有時為強調目的狀語可把inorderto或不定式置于句首，但soasto不能這樣用。在這種句式中不定式部分可轉換為sothat,inorderthat,成為目的狀語從句，如：Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldseewhatwouldhappen.(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容詞、過去分詞或動詞之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。①Wearegladtohearthenews.②Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.在部分形容詞后接不定式，用主動形式表示被動意義，這種句型中的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語。如：Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein.常這樣用的形容詞有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。⒉作結果狀語Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.不定式作結果狀語還常用在下列句式中。如：①so…asto;such…astoI'mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.我不至于愚蠢到會把它寫下來。I'mnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting.②enough…toThespeedishighenoughforustocatchupwiththefirstliner.③onlytoJanehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.④too…toI'mtootiredtostayuplonger.但在下列結構中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如：①I'monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考試及格我太高興了。（too修飾gladtohave…，相當于very）②Wehavetoomuchtolearn.我們要學的太多了（不定式作定語）。⒊不定式短語還可作獨立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome.常見的短語有tobeexact（確切地說），tobeginwith（首先），todohimjustice（說句對他公道的話），tobesure（真的）等等。七、動詞不定式、動名詞的其它用法⒈疑問詞＋不定式結構疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構成不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。如：①WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.②Mr.Smithdidn'tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.③IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.④Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.以上例句中疑問詞＋不定式部分，均可轉換為相應的從句形式。如：①Whenweshallleave…③…h(huán)owIcouldlearn…經常在這種結構中使用的動詞有：consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。⒉動詞不定式的時態(tài)、語態(tài)(1)時態(tài)①一般式：動詞不定式一般式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后，有時表示同時發(fā)生。如：Ihopetobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.（tobecome發(fā)生在hope之后）WeoftenhearDickplaythepianointhenextroom.（play和hear同時發(fā)生）②完成式：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。如：I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Wearetooyoungtohaveseentheoldsociety.③進行式：表示的動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生。如：TheteacherhappenedtobecorrectingourpaperswhenIcamein.Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.(2)語態(tài)如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者，不定式一般要用被動語態(tài)形式。如：It'sagreathonourtobeinvitedtoMary'sbirthdayparty.（不定式作主語）Itwasimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup.（不定式作主語）Iwishtobesenttoworkinthecountry.（不定式作賓語）Canyoutellmewhichisthecartoberepaired?（不定式作定語）Hewenttothehospitaltobeexamined.（不定式作狀語）在Therebe結構中，修飾主語的不定式可用被動，也可用主動。如：Therearestillmanythingstotakecareof(tobetakencareof).但有時兩種形式表達的意思不同，如：Theseisnothingtodonow.(Wehavenothingtodonow.)Thereisnothingtobedonenow.(Wecandonothingnow.)⒊動名詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)(1)時態(tài)①一般式：動名詞的一般式所表示的動作可以是泛指，也可與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，或發(fā)生在謂語動作之前、之后。如：Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.Wearenotafraidofdying.②完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。如：Iimaginehavingtraveledonthemoon.Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.(2)被動語態(tài)①如果動名詞的邏輯主語為動名詞所表示的動作的承受者，動名詞要用被動語態(tài)，動名詞的被動語態(tài)有一般式與完成式之分。如：Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninclass.②有些動詞后的動名詞用主動形式，但表示被動意義。如：Thebikeneedsrepairing.Ifathingisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell.⒋在口語中，為避免重復，常用"to"代替不定式結構，有時甚至可以把to省略。如：①—DidyougotovisittheGreatWall?—No,Iwantedto,buttherewasn'tenoughtime.②—Wouldyouliketocometoaparty?—I'dloveto.③—Don'tmakeanymistakesinyourhomework,willyou?—I'lltrynotto.④—Trytobebackby12,won'tyou?—OK,I'lltry.另外，begoingto,oughtto,usedto等也常用于這一結構中。⒌在why引起的問句中，省略"to"。如：Whyspendsuchalotofmoney?Whynotwaitforacoupleofdays?⒍當兩個或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用時，只在第一個不定式前加"to"。如：It'squitenecessaryforustoreadmoreandhavemorepractice.⒎"to"在下列短語中是“介詞”，后接動名詞或名詞形式。如：devote…to,faceupto（勇敢地面對），lookforwardto（盼望），objectto（反對），taketo（養(yǎng)成習慣，對……感興趣；開始從事某種活動），beusedto（習慣于）等。C．獨立不定式1776雖說不定式的作用和分詞差不多，但我們必須說tospeakthetruth，而不能說speakingthetruth，只能說tobefrank，而不能說beingfrank；必須說consideringhisage，而不能說toconsiderhisage，只能說regardingsuchmatters，而不能說toregardsuchmatters，這個現象是十分有趣的。下面例子說明在什么情況下需用不定式（參閱1142）：Tospeakthe（precise）truth（大致相當于IfIamtospeakthetruth），Icandoverylittleforyou．Tospeakplainly（orfrankly），itisnobusinessofours．Tobefrank（orplain，sincere）withyou，Ihavenomoneytospare．Nottomincematters，Igetmarriednextweek．Toputitbluntly，thatisnothingbutalie．Nottoputtoofineapointonit，heisratherhardup．Todohimjustice，Johnhaslivedanddiedforhiscountry．Todoherdue，shelooksattractive．Toreturn（orTogetback）tooursubject，thefarmerhadadaughter…Toresume（orTogoonwithmystory），JohndecidedtomarryLilian…Tochangethesubject，inthecountrysidetherelivedaprettygirl…Toproceedtotheotherreasons…Toleaveasidealltheseproblems…Tosumup（orToconclude），scienceisveryimportantto-day，butmorallawismoreso．Tomake（orcut）alongstory（ortale）short，theygotmarriedafterfiveyearsofadversity．Toillustrate（orTotakeasimpleexample，Togiveanin-stance），Johnhascuredhisillnessbymerelydrinkingwater．Davidlosthisjob，hissonwasexpelledfromtheschooland，tocrownall，hiswifediedofcancer．Thejourneywaslonganddrearyand，tomakemattersworse，itrainedfrommorningtillnight．Tobeginwith（orTostartwith），weshouldbehealthy．Secondly，weshouldbeoptimistic．Tousehisownwords，Idon'tcaresolongasmypocketsarefull．Thisman，toputitmildly（orstrictly），knowssomethingabouthisjob．Society，toputitanotherway，isaschool．Thisfellowactslike，sotosay（orsotospeak，sotoputit），aVIP．Heisbroad-minded，tosaytheleastofit．HeknowsFrench，German，andItalian，nottosay（ornottomention，nottospeakof，tosaynothingof，letalone）English，averycommonlanguage．HedoesnotknowEnglish，averycommonlanguage，nottosayFrenchandGerman．Heisafoolish—nottocallithonest—countryman．Hevisitedheralmosteveryday，letalonelastSunday．Heisshyathome，letaloneinpublic．Hewritespoem