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07中考語法復習第二篇句法一、主要句式(一)知識概要初中所學的句型一般要分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。陳述句肯定句與否定句之分。其中可以分為以下五種:主語+不及物動詞。如:Iarrivedatsixlastnight.②主語+及物動詞+賓語,如:IboughtagoodEnglish-ChineseDictionaryyesterday.③主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語,如:PleasetellmeastorybeforeIgotobed.這樣可加雙賓語的句子有buy,tell,give,ask,pass,teach.④主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語,如:Ifounditimpossibletodoit.Pleasekeeptheclassroomcleanandtidy.⑤主語+系動詞+表語,如:TomisanAmericanboy.Thegrassturnedgreeninspring.在初中常見的句型中有Therebe…句型,表示存在某種事物,如:Thereisamaponthewall其be動詞的形式要與其后面相近的那個名詞相一致。要注意的是這種句型加入助動詞后,也要保持be動詞,不要換用have,如:Thereisgoingtobeameetingtomorrow.在句子結構中要注意主謂一致的問題,即句子的主語與謂語動詞要相呼應。要注意的有如下幾點:①用and連接兩個主語時一般應視為復數,但如一人身兼兩職時則要用單數謂語動詞形式,如:Asingeranddanceriscomingtoourparty.asingeranddancer既歌唱又可舞的演員。而asingerandadancer則要譯為:一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。②有些以s結尾的名詞謂語動詞要用單數,如:Thenewsisgood(news為不可數名詞)。③有量詞時應按量詞的數量計算;如:ThispairofglassesisgoodMyglassesarebroken.④有些形單卻意為復數的名詞,如:Peoplearecominghere這樣的詞還有Police,如果要講一個警察時,應講apoliceman。兩個警察為twopolicemen。又如apolicewoman,twopolicewomen⑤所有不定代詞each,either,neither,one,theother,nobody,nothing,anyone,anything,someone,something…要作為單數如:Someoneiswaitingforyou在并列句中表示聯(lián)合關系的連詞有:andnotonly…butalso,neither…nor,either…or如:Mysisterandmyparentsaregoingtothecinema。表示轉折關系的并列連詞有:but和yet,如:Sheisagoodstudent,butshedidn'tpassthefinalexam.又如:Ithinkthenewsisstrange,yetitistrue表示選擇關系的連詞有:or,either…or,如:Hurryup,oryouwillbelateforschool表示因果關系的并列連詞有:for,so如:Theystudiedveryhard,sotheyallpassedtheexam在初中范圍復合句中主要有狀語從句和賓語從句(名詞性從句)兩種,而定語從句(形容詞性從句)要在高中講述。我們首先來看賓語從句。①在及物動詞的后面可以接一個名詞來充當賓語,如:Iknewtheman,而這時也可以用一個句子來充當賓語,如:Iknewthathewasagoodman這時賓語從句的連接詞有that,(that只在從句中起聯(lián)接作用,不在句中充當語法成分,既不是主語也不是賓語,所以在口語中常常被省略。如:Iamsure(that)shehaspassedtheexamif,whether它們在賓語從句中只起連接作用,不起語法作用,當作是否講。從句中有ornot結構時,要用whether,如:Iaskhimif(whether)hehashadhislunchIaskshimwhetherhehashadhislunchornot③what它在賓語從句中除了作連接詞外,還要作主語或賓語成份,如:Idon'tunderstandwhatyousaid(what作said的賓語)。又如:Iaskedhimwhatmadehimsick(what在賓語從句中作主語)。④who,它也和what一樣,在句中除作連接詞外,可以充當句中的成份,如:Iknowwhosheislookingfor?⑤whose如:Iwanttoknowwhosebookthisis?⑥which如:Doyouknowwhichbookismine?在連接詞中還有4個常用的連接副詞,①how它的應用最廣,如:howmuch,howmany,howlong,howsoon,howold…。如:Howmuchdoesitcost?②when它只是連接時間狀語,如:Pleasetellmewhenthemeetingwillbegin?③where它連接地點狀語,如:Whereareyoufrom?④why它要連接的是原因狀語從句,如:TheteacheraskedwhyTomdidn'tcometoschool.在考試中常見到的考點是:賓語從句的時態(tài)與主句時態(tài)的呼應問題。①主句謂語動詞如果是現在時或將來時,賓語從句的時態(tài)可以是任何所需要的時態(tài),如:Iknowhedidn'tcome.我知道他沒來。Iknowhewillcometomorrow我知道他明天來。IknowhehasgonetoLondon我知道他已去倫敦了。②主句中的謂語動詞若是過去時,賓語從句也要用過去時態(tài)中的某一種。比如:一般過去時,過去進行時,過去將來時,過去完成時。除了在表達宇宙中的客觀真理時,不能用現在時態(tài)。如:IwantedtoknowwhenhewouldcomeTheteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesun狀語從句時間狀語從句,其連接詞有:after,before,when,as,assoonas,until(till),while,since,by其中較難掌握的有以下幾點:①until(till)直到,在用until表達時間狀語的句子中,主句中的動詞是要十分小心去選擇。如動詞是持續(xù)性動詞,它要用肯定句,如:Istudiedharduntil12o'clocklastnight.如果動詞是瞬間截止性動詞,則要用否定句,如:Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhismothercameback由since,for,by,before來引導的時間狀語從句。since引導的時間狀語是動作的開始時間,如:IhavestudiedEnglishsince1990而由by引導的時間狀語通常是動作的結束時間,如:Ihadlearned25Englishsongsbytheendoflastterm而before則多用于完成時,ago則多用于一般過去時,如:HehadfinishedhisworkbeforetwelveyesterdayIleftmyhometowntwoyearsago③在狀語從句中用一般現在時或一般過去時表示將來。它們可能是主句用一般將來時,從句用一般現在時,如:Ifitrains,theywon'tgototheparkonSunday也可以主句是一般過去時,從句用一般過去進行時,如:Hesaidifitrainedthenextdayhewouldnotgotothepark考試中常見的考點有:要學生區(qū)別是條件、時間狀語從句還是賓語從句,因在賓語從句中該用什么時態(tài)用什么時態(tài),如:Iwanttoknowifhewillcomeheretomorrow在賓語從句中的條件狀語從句與主句的關系,如:Iwanttoknowifitrainshewillcomeheretomorrow在原因狀語從句中主要是①because,應譯為"因為"。它表達的因果關系最強,如:Hedidn'tpasstheexambecausehedidn'tstudyhard②since應譯為"既然",如:SinceyouwereillyesterdayIleftsomenotesonyourdesk③as應譯為"由于",如:Asitistoohotwe'dbettergoswimmingsince與as所表達的因果關系遠比because弱得多。而for表達的因果關系最弱。它不能用于句首,如:Hestudieshard,forhewantstogotocollege在比較狀語從句中有同級比較as…as,如:Thisbookisasgoodasthatone要注意的有兩點:①as…as中間要用原級而不是比較級。②用形容詞還是副詞,如:MarywritesascarefullyasTom而其否定句為notas(so)…as,如:Theydidn'tworksohardaswedid,而不同級比較用比較級加than,如:HeisyoungerthanIam要注意的是表示"越來越"這一概念時有兩個句型:①比較級+and+比較級,如:ThedaysaregettinglongerandlongerThelittlegirlisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful②定冠詞the+比較級+the+比較級,如:Theharderyoustudy,themoreyoucanlearn方式狀語中要注意的是as(連詞)與like(介詞)的區(qū)別。as作為連詞其后接從句,如:PleasedoitasIdidit但后面的句子常作省略,如:PleasedoitasI而like是介詞,其后要接的是賓語,如:Pleasedoitlikeme結果和目的狀語從句主要有so…that,sothat,inorderthat等幾種用法。①so…that用在單數可數名詞前,so+形容詞+a+名詞+that,如:Sheissobeautifulagirlthateveryonelikesher或用such+a+形容詞+名詞+that,如:Sheissuchabeautifulgirlthateveryonelikesher②在不可數名詞或可數名詞復數前只能用such,如:Itissuchgoodweatherwewanttogoforapicnic又如:Theyaresuchgoodplayersthattheyshouldwinthegame.③在much,many,few,little之前只能用so,如:IhavesolittlemoneythatIcan'tbuyit④so…that之間只有形容詞時,則不能用such,如:ItissogoodthatIwanttobuy⑤sothat其后接從句,如:IgotupearliersothatIcouldcatchthefirstbus(二)正誤辨析[誤]Thestoriesinthatbookwaswrittenmanyyearsago[正]Thestoriesinthatbookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.[析]作主語的名詞、代詞或不定式、動名詞,它們往往要帶有修飾詞,這些詞可能是形容詞,也可能是短語,但謂語動詞還是要取決于這個主語的數,要記住的是一個名詞不可能在同一句中作兩個不同的語法成份,如:book作了of的介詞賓語則不可能再作主語了。[誤]Toreadmanybooksaregoodforyou[正]Toreadmanybooksisgoodforyou[析]不定式作主語應該看作單數主語。[誤]Whathesaidareright[正]Whathesaidisright[析]從句作主語一定要按單數主語看待。[正]Therichisnotalwayshappy[誤]Thericharenotalwayshappy[析]形容詞+定冠詞表示一類人,謂語動詞應用復數,如:Theyoungareveryinterestedinstudyandsports[誤]Theschoolmasterandwriterarecoming[正]Theschoolmasterandwriteriscoming[析]本句應譯為:校長兼作家就要來了。而Theschoolmasterandthewriterarecoming則要譯為:校長和一個作家要來了。在英語表達法中確實有Thegirlandboyareplayingonthegrass這應譯為:一個女孩,一個男孩在操場上玩。因為不可能這樣兩個概念作用在一個人身上。又如:thehusbandandwife夫妻二人。[誤]Youorshegotogetsomewaterforus[正]Youorshegoestogetsomewaterforus[析]由or連接的兩個主語應以離謂語動詞近的那一個計算其數。這樣的用法還有either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso也有人稱作"就近原則"。[誤]Theteacherwithalotofstudentscomeintotheclassroom[正]Theteacherwithalotofstudentscomesintotheclassroom[析]真正的主語是theteacher,而with短語是伴隨狀態(tài),不影響主語的數。[誤]Myglassesisbroken[正]Myglassesarebroken[誤]Thispairofglassesaregood[正]Thispairofglassesisgood[誤]Thesekindsofbutterisgood.[正]Thesekindsofbutteraregood[析]英語中有些名詞只有復數形式,如:glasses眼鏡,shorts短褲等。如沒有量詞在前時,要用復數謂語動詞,但有了量詞之后則要按量詞的單復數計算。[誤]Oneoftheboysaregoingtotakepartinthematch[正]Oneoftheboysisgoingtotakepartinthematch[析]Oneof結構應以one來計算主語的數。[誤]Halfoftheworkaredone[正]Halfoftheworkisdone[誤]Halfofthebooksisread[正]Halfofthebooksareread[析]在小于1的數量詞作主語時,如:23,80%,0.35…+of+名詞,這時主語的數應按of后面的名詞計算。如果名詞是不可數名詞或可數名詞單數,則謂語動詞要用單數,如名詞是復數則要用復數謂語動詞。[誤]Eachsidesarefulloftrees[正]Eachsideisfulloftrees[誤]Bothsideisfulloftrees[正]Bothsidesarefulloftrees[析]each,either其后都要加單數名詞,而both后要加復數名詞。如:each,either,another,little,alittle,much等作主語時,謂語動詞全部要用單數形式。[誤]Theboyseachhasanapple[正]Theboyseachhaveanapple[析]each作同位語時,不影響句子的主語。[誤]Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert[正]Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert[析]everyone,someone,everybody…在作主語時都不能加of結構。[誤]Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikesplayingfootball[正]Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikeplayingfootball[析]few雖然含意上是"幾乎沒有",但作主語時仍要當作復數。[誤]Thenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryaretwohundred[正]Thenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryistwohundred[析]thenumberof意為:某某的數字是……如:thenumberofstudents學生人數,thenumberofplayers運動員人數。不論數字如何都應看作單數。而anumberof與many意思相同,其后加可數名詞復數,謂語動詞用復數形式。如:Anumberofstudentsareplayingonthegrass[誤]Therestofthestudentsishere[正]Therestofthestudentsarehere[誤]Therestoftheworkaredone[正]Therestoftheworkisdone[析]therestof的用法與2/3,一半,80%+of的結構一致,of后面為可數名詞復數時用復數謂語動詞,為不可數名詞或可數名詞單數時用單數謂語動詞。這樣用法還有l(wèi)otsof,alotof,plentyof。[誤]Thenewsintoday'snewspaperarenotbad[正]Thenewsintoday'snewspaperisnotbad[析]有些以s結尾的名詞要用作不可數名詞,它們是:news,physics,mathematics,thanks,…[誤]TheChineseiskindandfriendly[正]TheChinesearekindandfriendly[析]Chinese作為中文來講是單數名詞,但作為中國人講是單復同形的名詞。如:oneChinese,twoChinese…而TheChinese=ThepeopleofChina要用復數謂語動詞。[誤]ThisdictionaryistooexpensiveformeTendollarsareabigsumforme[正]ThisdictionaryistooexpensiveformeTendollarsisabigsumforme[析]表示一段時間,一筆金錢,一段距離,都應看作單數名詞。[誤]Whoaregoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch?[正]Whoisgoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch?[析]用who提問時,習慣上用單數謂語動詞,但which則要視其情況而定,如:whicharebettertheseshoesesorthoseshoes?又如:whichisbetterthisoneorthatone?[誤]Whatahotweatheritis![誤]Howhottheweatheritis![正]Whathotweatheritis![正]Howhottheweatheris![析]感嘆句是用來表達說話人的喜怒哀樂的感情。它由what與how作句子的開始,判定是用what還是用how的最好辦法是將它們換為陳述句,比如:Whatthehotweatheritis!應轉換為:Itisthehotweather那么句子的起點是單詞it。再來看感嘆句中it前有不可數名詞weather,則只能用what。再看第二句Howhottheweatheris!轉為陳述句時為:Theweatherishot這時句子的開始單詞為theweather,再來看感嘆句在theweather前只有形容詞,所以應用how。至于是用whata還是what要看名詞的具體情況而定,單數可數名詞加whata其余的加用what。[誤]Wehavetosingthis,havewe?[誤]Wehavetosingthis,haven'twe?[正]Wehavetosingthis,don'twe?[析]在反意疑問句中除了標準的一些常規(guī)外,有一些例外:Let'sgohome,shallwe?Letusgohome,willyou?Shehadtoleave,didn'tshe?Doyourhomeworkatonce,willyou?Thereisnotmuchgoodnewsintoday'snewspaper,isthere?Neitherofthemareright,arethey?Ithinkhewillcometothepartywon'the?think后的賓語從句,與其他賓語從句不一樣,在初中只有這樣一個較特殊的詞。這樣的句子的反意疑問句的主語要用賓語從句中的主語,其助動詞要用賓語從句的助動詞,而肯定還是否定要看主句謂語動詞而定,如:Idon'tthinkheiscomingtoourparty,ishe?[誤]Iwanttoknowwheredoeshelive[正]Iwanttoknowwherehelives[析]賓語從句中一律要用陳述語序,而不用疑問語序。[誤]-Ihaven'tgotaticketforthefootballmatch-NorIhave[正]-Ihaven'tgotaticketforthefootballmatch-Nor(Neither)haveI[析]nor,neither用在簡答否定句中時要采用倒裝語序。在肯定句的簡答句中則要用so,如:Idomyhomeworkveryquickly,SodoesMary[誤]Look!Herethebuscomes![正]Look!Herecomesthebus![誤]Look!Herecomeshe![正]Look!Herehecomes[析]在there,here打頭的句子中,如果主語是名詞,則要采用倒裝語序;如果是人稱代詞則用一般語序。[誤]DoyouwantMarytogotothecinemawithus?No,Idon'thopeso[正]DoyouwantMarytogotothecinemawithus?No,Ihopenot[析]我不這樣想,可用Idon'tthinkso但hope的否定簡答句只能用Ihopenot這是習慣用法。但這兩個詞的肯定簡答句形是一樣的,如:Ithinkso.Ihopeso[誤]ThatisdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell[正]ItisdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell[析]It這里的語法作用是形式主語,而真正的主語是后面的不定式。形式主語和形式賓語都要用it而不能用that,如:IthinkitdifficulttolearnEnglishwellit在這句中是think的形式賓語。(三)例題解析1There___apencilboxonthedesk.A.isB.areC.hasD.have[答案]A.[析]Therebe句形中的be動詞要看其后面離它最近的名詞而定,如:Therearetwobooksandapencilonthedesk但卻可以講Thereisapencilandtwobooksonthedesk2Couldyoutellme___?AMrsKingwherelivesBwheredoesMrsKingliveCwhereMrsKinglivesDMrsKingliveswhere[答案]C.[析]賓語從句中的疑問句要用陳述語序。3Yourbrothercametoseeyou,___?AdoesheBdoesn'theCdidheDdidn'the[答案]D.[析]前句是肯定句,后面反意疑問句要用否定句,同時came為過去時態(tài),所以應用didn'the4It'sgettingcloudy,___?Adoes'itBdoesn'titCisitDisn'tit[答案]D.[析]要區(qū)分's是has還是is,這里由getting得出's是is。5___keepmewaitingsolong.ANotBWon'tCDon'tDNotto[答案]C.[析]Don't+動詞原形為祈始句的否定句。6MrGreenhasn'tbeentoBeijing,___?AhasheBhasn'theCdidheDdidn'the[答案]A.[析]此句has是助動詞與過去分詞構成現在完成時態(tài)。7Youhaveyourlunchatschool,___?AhaveyouBhaven'tyouCdoyouDdon'tyou[答案]D.[析]這里的have是實意動詞"吃",而不是助動詞。8___sunnyday!Let'sgooutforawalk.AHowaBHowCWhataDWhat[答案]C.[析]這個感嘆句是個省略句,其真實的句子應為Whatasunnydayitis!9-Canyoutellme___?-SureShe'sanurseAwhereisyoursisterBwhereyoursisterisCwhatisyoursisterDwhatyoursisteris[答案]D.[析]who問的是姓名,如:Whoishe?HeisSmith或HeismyfatherWhat問的是職業(yè),如:Whatishe?Heisateacher10Johnlikeslisteningtotheradio,___?AdoesheBdoesn'theCdoesn'tJohnDdoesJohe[答案]B.[析]當名詞作主語時,反意疑問句應用代詞。11NeitheryounorI___ontheteam.AareBwereCamDis[答案]C.[析]由neither…nor…作連接詞作主語時,其謂語動詞要與相臨近的那個主語相呼應。12___deliciousfood!I'dlikesomemore.AwhataBHowaCWhatDHow[答案]C.[析]因food為不可數名詞。13___thereacatunderthechair?AAreBIsCHasDHave[答案]B.[析]這是therebe句型的疑問句。14Couldyoutellme___?AwhenthetrainwillarriveBwhenthetrainarrivedCwhendidthetrainarriveDwhendoesthetrainarrives[答案]A.[析]could用于現在時疑問句表達了口氣的委婉,并不是過去時態(tài)。且賓語從句要用陳述語句。15-___badweather!-Yes,Butit'sgoingtobefinesoon,IthinkAHowBWhataCWhatanDWhat[答案]D.[析]weather為不可數名詞。16-Couldyoutellme___?-Yes,They___tothelibraryAwherearethetwins,havebeenBwherewerethetwins,havebeenCwherethetwinsare,havegoneDwherethetwinswere,havegone[答案]C.[析]havebeento是去過什么地方,而現在回來了。havegoneto是到某地去了,人現在不在這里。17Goand___theTVquicklyThevolleyballmatchwillbeginrightaway.AturnoffBturndownCturnupDturnon[答案]D.[析]這是個祈使句,它由and連接兩個動詞。注意詞組搭配的不同含義。18Let'sgoforsometea,___?AshallweBwillweCdoweDdon'twe[答案]A.[析]Let'sgo…,shallwe?Letusgo…,willyou?這是兩個特殊的反意疑問句。19Joan'sshort,___?Awasn'tsheBhasn'tsheCisn'tsheDdoesn'tshe[答案]C.[析]在此句中應視's為is,而不是has或was。20Idon'tknow___toreadtheword.AwhichBwhatCwhoseDhow[答案]D.[析]因不定式toread中的read是及物動詞,已有自己的賓語theword,所以應用疑問副詞how。21Hedidn'tgotoschool,___hewasill.AforBbutCandDso[答案]A.[析]這里是表示因果的關系,從句表示原因,所以用for,放于句尾,且常常前面有一個逗號。so引起的是結果狀語從句,如:Hewasonlytwelve,sohecouldn'tjointhearmy22Theyoungwomancanhardlyrideabike,___she?Adoesn'tBdoesCcan'tDcan[答案]D.[析]hardly為否定詞,所以應視此句為否定句。其后的反意疑問句應用肯定句。23TomnevergoestothecinemaonSundays,___?AdoesheBdoesn'theCisn'theDishe[答案]A.[析]never也是否定詞,所以應將句子看作否定句。24Mothersaidtohim,"Don't___onfootball."AspendtoomuchtimeBtospendtoomuchtimeCspendtoomanytimeDtospendtoomanytime[答案]A.[析]time作為"時間"講為不可數名詞,應用much來修飾。當作"次數"講是可數名詞,如threetimes三次,而Don't…這一句是祈使句的否定句。25MrWhite,togetherwithsomeJapanesefriends,___visitourschoolthisafternoon.AaregoingtoBisgoingtoChaveDhas[答案]B.[析]句子的主語是MrWhite,而togetherwith…是伴隨狀況,不影響句子的主語。26Thereislittlewaterintheglass,___?AisitBisthereCisn'titDisn'tthere[答案]B.[析]這是therebe句型的反意疑問句。27Amperewasthinkingaboutamathsproblem,___?Adidn'theBwasn'theCdidheDishe[答案]B.[析]這是進行時態(tài)的反意疑問句。28Shehadagoodtimeyesterday,___she?Awasn'tBdidn'tChasn'tDisn't[答案]B.[析]had這里是實意動詞而不是助動詞。29We'llmake___foryouinthefrontofthecar.AaroomBroomCroomsDsomerooms[答案]B.[析]room此處為不可數名詞,意為"地方,空間"。30NeithershenorI___totheGreatwallbefore.AhasgoneBhavegoneChavebeenDhasbeen[答案]C.[析]由neither…nor連接兩個主語時,其謂語動詞應與相臨近的那個主語相呼應。31Helpmecollectthesebooks,___?AareyouBwillyouCdoyouDshallyou[答案]B.[析]祈使句的反意疑問句應用willyou,而Let'sgo例外,其反意疑問句為shallwe?32Thenumberofdeer,mountainlionsandwildroses___changemuchifpeopleleavethingsastheyare.Adon'tBdoesn'tCisn'tDdidn't[答案]B.[析]thenumberof為"……的數量、數目",所以謂語動詞用單數形式。而anumberof要加復數名詞,其謂語動詞也用復數。33She'shadbreakfast,___?AissheBisn'tsheChasn'tsheDhasshe[答案]C.[析]這里的's應視為has34Iwonder___.AwhosebicycleisitBitiswhosebicycleCisitwhosebicycleDwhosebicycleitis[答案]D.[析]wonder后的賓語從句應用陳述語序。35Itisgoodforus___morningexercises.AdoBtodoCdidDdone[答案]B.[析]這里的it是形式主語,而真正的主語是不定式todo…36Peterhassportsveryoften,___?Adoes,PeterBdoesn'theCdoesn'tPeterDdoeshe[答案]B.[析]has這里是實意動詞,而主語為名詞時其反意疑問句中的主語要用代詞。37MrBlacksaid,"Jenny,don'tbelatetomorrow"MrBlacktoldJenny___.Adon'tbelatetomorrowBdidn'tbelatetomorrowCnotbelatenextmorningDnottobelatethenextday[答案]D.[析]tell一般要加雙賓語,其間接賓語是Jenny,直接賓語是不定式。而這里用的是不定式的否定形式。38LiMeireadthenewspapertothegranny,___?AdoessheBdidn'tsheCdidsheDwasn'tshe[答案]B.[析]read這里是過去時態(tài),因其主語是第三人稱單數,而read并未加s所以是過去時態(tài)。(read的過去時與過去分詞都是read,只不過讀音不同)二、定語從句(一)知識概要定語從句并不屬于中考范圍,但由于作者在多年的教學中體會到,這一語法現象影響了許多學生自學英語。這些學生一般是成績較好的學生,想進行大量閱讀來提高自己的英語水平,但總是碰到一些問題,百思不得其解。苦于自己的水平只限于初中水平,無法提高,但各種補習班又都是為一些水平較差的學生開設的,所以又投師無門。為了解決這部分學生的學習困難,也為那些有志青年鋪平學習上的道路,特用這一節(jié)講述定語從句,不是從語法上講述,而是從閱讀理解方面去講述??晒┩瑢W們在學習時參考。這會對你的英語學習起到事半功倍的作用。對于形容詞我們已十分熟悉了,如:agoodbook,形容詞good用來修飾書book。我們也可以用一個句子來修飾名詞,這種句子叫做形容詞性從句,它起修飾名詞的作用,又被叫做定語從句(Theattributiveclause)。但有一點不同的是這個從句不是像形容詞那樣放于名詞前,而是放在名詞之后。它所修飾的名詞又被叫作先行詞,如:Doyouknowthescientistwhogaveusthetalkthisafternoon?這句中的主句是Doyouknowthescientist?(你知道那位科學家嗎?)而whogaveusthetalkthisafternoon(他今天下午給我們作的報告。)是定語從句。所以這兩句話合為一體即是:你認識今天下午給我們作報告的那位科學家嗎?這里scientist叫作先行詞,而who叫作定語從句的引導詞。who在定語從句中起主語的作用,who的數與它的先行詞相同。又如:YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo這里先行詞是everything,而thatIdo是定語從句,此句應譯為:你必須作我所作的一切。that叫作定語從句的引導詞,在句中作do的賓語。引導定語從句的引導詞有關系代詞:that,which,who,whom,whose和關系副詞when,where,why,how。不論關系代詞還是關系副詞,都應放于先行詞和定語從句之間,起聯(lián)系作用,但它們都要在定語從句中起語法作用,充當一個成份。如關系代詞在定語從句中不是作主語便是作賓語,而關系副詞則是作狀語。我們先來看關系代詞的用法。①that的先行詞可以是人也可以是物。如:Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly這里先行詞是machine而that是關系代詞,在定語從句中作主語。這句譯為:飛機是一種會飛的機器。又如:Ilikethebook(that)youlentmeyesterday這里先行詞是book,關系代詞用that,它在定語從句中作lend(借)的賓語。要注意的是關系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時可以省略,即:Ilikethebookyoulentmeyesterday②which關系代詞的先行詞只能是物。它在定語從句中作主語或賓語,如:Thebookshopisashopwhichsellsbooks這里shop是先行詞,which在從句中作主語。又如:Thebook(which)Ireadlastnightwaswonderful這里主句是Thebookwaswonderful而定語從句是修飾主句的主語book,即我昨晚讀的那本書,which在定語從句中作read的賓語,可以省略。③who,whom,whosewho在定語從句中作主語,whom是who的賓格,在定語從句中作賓語,而whose則是形容詞性物主代詞,在從句中作定語,如:ThemanwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisanAmericanfriend昨天參觀我們學校的人是一位美國朋友。Who在定語從句中作主語。又如:Who'sthatwoman(whom)youjusttalkedto?你剛才與之談話的那個女人是誰?而whom作定語從句中介詞to的賓語,可以省略,而在現代英語中,句首的whom也常??捎脀ho代替。Thisisourclassmate,Mary,whosehomeisnotfarfromourschool這是我們的同學瑪麗,她的家離我們學校不遠。為了便于理解,我們來看看是如何將兩句話并為一句話的。1.Isawtheman.HeclosedthedoorIsawthemanwho(that)closedthedoor2.ThegirlishappyShewontheraceThegirlwhowontheraceishappy3.ThestudentsarefromChinaTheysitinthefrontrowThestudentswhositinthefrontrowarefromChina(要注意的是先行詞是students則who的數也應看作復數。)4.WearestudyingsentencesTheycontainadjectivedauseWearestudyingsentencesthat(which)containadjectivedause5.ThetaxidriverwasfriendlyHetookmetotheairportThetaxidriverwhotookmetotheairportwasfriendly6.ThebookwasgoodIreaditThebookthatIreadwasgoodThebookIreadwasgood7.ThepeoplewereveryniceWevisitedthemyesterdayThepeoplewevisitedyesterdaywereverynice8.ThemancalledthepoliceHiswalletwasstolenThemanwhosewalletwasstolencalledthepolice9.IcomefromacountryItshistorygoesbackthousandsofyearsIcomefromacountrywhosehistorygoesbackthousandsofyears10.IhavetocallthemanIpickeduphisumbrellaafterthemeetingIhavetocallthemanwhoseumbrellaIpickedupafterthemeeting關系代詞whom,which在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間,有時為了關系緊湊也可以將whom與which與先行詞緊挨著書寫,而將介詞置于定語從句的后面,如:Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears或可以寫作:ThatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyearsHewasthemanwhom(who)youwerelookingfor要注意的是此句的關系代詞whom可以用主格取代,而lookfor是短語動詞也不可將for放于定語從句之前。that作關系代詞作介詞賓語時,不能緊跟介詞,而只能將介詞置于定語從句的后面。如:Themanthatweweretalkingabouthascometoourschool這時不可用aboutthat…請看下面例句:1.ThemeetingwasinterestingIwenttoitThemeetingthatIwenttowasinteresting2.ThemanwasverykindItalkedtohimyesterdayThemanwhoItalkedtoyesterdaywasverykind3.ImustthankthepeopleIgotapresentfromhimImustthankthepeoplewhoIgotapresentfrom4.ThepicturewasbeautifulShewaslookingatitThepicturethat(which)shewaslookingatwasbeautiful5.ThemanisstandingoverthereItoldyouabouthimThemanwhoItoldyouaboutisstandingoverthere除關系代詞外,還有關系副詞,when,where,why,其中when用來指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。如:IneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametotheGreatWall而where則指地點,如:Thisisthehousewheretheoldmanlives請看下面例句:1.ThecitywasbeautifulWespentourvacationthereThecitywherewespentourvacationwasbeautiful2.ThatistherestaurantIwillmeetyouthereThatistherestaurantwhereIwillmeetyou3.ThetownissmallIgrewupthereThetownwhereIgrewupissmall4.ThatisthedrawerIkeepmynewpapersthereThatisthedrawerwhereIkeepmynewspapers5.MondayisthedayWewillcomethenMondayisthedayWhenwewillcame6.7∶05isthetimeMyplanearrivesthen7∶05isthetimewhenmyplanearrives7.1960istheyearTherevolutiontookplacethen1960istheyearwhentherevolutiontookplace8.JulyisthemonthTheweatherisusuallythehottestthenJulyisthemonthwhentheweatherisusuallythehottest在定語從句中又可分為兩大類定語從句,即限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。①限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語,如果去掉的話,主句的意思就不完整,意義就表述不明。這種句型一般定語從句緊接先行詞,如:Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited②非限制性定語從句。它與主句的關系不十分密切,只是對其附加說明,也就是講即便去掉定語從句,句意也不受影響,仍然清晰明了。這樣的定語從句要在它和主句之間加一逗號分開。且關系代詞不引導這種非限制性定語從句,如:AbrahamLincoln,wholedtheUnitedStatesthroughtheseyears,wasshotonApril14,1865atatheatreinwashingtonD.C.又如:GalileolivedinthecityofPisa,wherethereisaleaningtowerabout180feethigh(二)正誤辨析[誤]Iwon'ttellyouthenameofthepersonwhoteachmeEnglish[正]Iwon'ttellyouthenameofthepersonwhoteachesmeEnglish[析]在定語從句中,關系代詞作主語時,從它本身看不出其數的形式,這時要由它的先行詞決定。這里who應由theperson單數決定,應該用單數謂語動詞。又如:Iwhoamastudentwanttofindasparetimejob這里的who應與I是一致的,所以其謂語動詞應該用am。

[誤]WetalkedaboutthethingsandthepeoplewhowemetduringtheSecondWorldWar[正]WetalkedaboutthethingsandthepeoplethatwemetduringtheSecondWorldWar[析]這里的關系代詞不要用who,因為其先行詞有兩個一個是things(物),而另一個是people(人),這時既不可用who,又不可用which,因前者只能用于先行詞是人的情況下,而后者則用于先行詞是物的情況下,所以只能用that,因為它的先行詞既可以是人又可以是物。[誤]Thebook,thatIboughtyesterday,wasverygood[正]Thebook,whichIboughtyesterday,wasverygood[析]先行詞與定語從句被逗號分割開來時,即作為非限制性定語從句。在非限制性定語從句中which,when,who,whom,where,when,whose等都可以和限制性定語從句中的作用一樣,而獨有that不易用于非限制性定語從句。[誤]ThedictionarywhichIlentityesterdayisaveryusefultool[正]ThedictionarywhichIlentyesterdayisaveryusefultool[析]關系代詞在定語從句中是要起語法作用的,它不是作主語就是作賓語。雖然在作賓語時它的位置由原來的賓語位置移到了句首,但它的作用依然存在,而且在原賓語位置上不能再出現賓語。[誤]TheteacherIwanttolearnEnglishfromistheonewhichcomesfromAmerica[正]TheteacherIwanttolearnEnglishfromistheonewhocomesfromAmerica[析]theone,anyone,those作代詞并且是指某人、物時,其關系代詞不能用which應用who。[誤]Thisistheroominthattheoldmanlives[正]Thisistheroominwhichtheoldmanlives[正]Thisistheroomwhichtheoldmanlivesin[正]Thisistheroomthattheoldmanlivesin[析]that不能緊跟在介詞后作介詞賓語,但如果介詞不前置仍放于句尾,則可用that作引導詞,而且可以省略。如:Thisistheroomtheoldmanlivesin[誤]Icandoeverythingwhichisgoodforyou[正]Icandoeverythingthatisgoodforyou[析]在先行詞是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等不定代詞時,雖然它們指的是物體,但不要用which而用that作定語從句的引導詞。[誤]Theonlythingwhichthestudentscandoisstudyinghard[正]Theonlythingthatthestudentscandoisstudyinghard[析]在先行詞前有only,any,few,little,no,all,oneof等詞修飾時,雖然先行詞指的是物,也不要用which作關系代詞,而要用that。[誤]ThisisthefirstAmericanfilmwhichI'veeverseen[正]ThisisthefirstAmericanfilmthatI'veeverseen[析]在先行詞是序數詞,或由序數詞修飾時,其關系代詞不可用which這樣的用法還有在形容詞最高級修飾的先行詞之后,如:ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverseen[誤]HeisfromAfrica,thatwecanseefromthecolouroftheskin[正]HeisfromAfrica,aswecanseefromthecolouroftheskin[析]當as或which引導非限制性定語從句時,它可能沒有明確的先行詞,它們所指代的是前面整個句子。如例題應譯為他是從非洲來這個事情是可以從其膚色上看出的。三、常見習慣用語(一)知識概要由于英語國家的語言習慣與中國的語言習慣有許多不同之處,所以造成了許多同學在做選擇或書寫,或與人交談中造成誤用中國方式來對英語的問句作解答。例如一個小女孩十分好看,可愛,外國人見到時會講:Youaresobeautiful這時的答語應該是Thankyou如果外國人發(fā)現你的英語不錯,他們會講:YourEnglishisverygood這時中國人常常會說:不,我說的不好。這純是一種禮貌的答語,但是不符合英語習慣。它正確的答語應是Thankyou雖然交際英語有一些規(guī)律可講,但更重要的是學習外國的生活習慣,了解他們的文化背景,歷史淵源,這樣才能真正的學好一門外語。(二)正誤辨析[誤]-WhatcanIdoforyou?-Yes,pleasehelpme[正]-WhatcanIdoforyou?-I'dliketobuyasweater[析]WhatcanIdoforyou?這一問語實際上用于的情景很多,要根據具體情況而定。如在商店中售貨員講這句話應譯為:您想要點什么?在其他場合也可以被譯為:我能為您做些什么?它的答語應是直接講出想讓對方提供的幫助。[誤]-Whichcolourdoyoulike?-Sorry,Idon'tlike[正]-Whichcolourdoyoulike?-Ipreferblue[析]由which來提問的問句是要回答具體的選擇,而不能泛指,泛泛的回答。如Yes,Ilikeit[誤]Doyouliketocomewithustonight?[正]Wouldyouliketocomewithustonight?[析]Doyoulike…問的是對方的習慣,如:Doyoulikeswimming?Doyoulikecollectingstamps?而wouldyoulike…則是一次性的邀請、提議。邀請的英語表達法還有如下幾種:Shallwego?我們走吧!Let'sgo?讓我們走吧!Howabouthavingacupoftea?喝杯茶如何?Whataboutacupofcoffee喝杯咖啡如何?Whynotbuyit?為什么不買呢?其肯定答語一般為Certainly,Yes,O.K.Allright,Withpleasure[誤]Sorry,I'vekeptyouwaitingNotatall[正]Sorry,I'vekeptyouwaitingNevermind[析]"介意不介意"這一問法與答語在中英文中有所不同。如:-Doyoumindmysmokinghere?-_________A.Yes,doitpleaseB.No,ofcoursenotC.Yes,takeitpleaseD.No,youcan'ttakeit這時正確的選擇應是B。其意為:不介意,當然不。而A選項則自相矛盾了,它應譯為:是的我介意,請抽吧。而D選項是:不介意,你不能抽。當向對方爭求意見時,可以有以下問法:DoyoumindifIopenthedoor?Wouldyoumindmailingtheletterforme其答語如果是同意應為:Certainlynot,notatall而不同意時應為Yes,或I'msorry[誤]What'sthatman?HeisMike[正]What'sthatman?Heisateacher[正]Who'sthatman?HeisMike(HeisMike'sfather)[析]由what提問是問的職業(yè),由who提問問的是姓名或身份。[誤]-Howmucharethey?-Halfakilo,please[正]-Howmanybananasdoyouwant?-HalfakiloPlease[析]Howmucharethey?問的是價格而不是實際物品的多少。[誤]I'msorry,butisthisthewaytothepark?[正]Excuseme,butisthisthewaytothepark?[析]I'msorry是對已經做錯了的事向對方道歉時的開始語。而Excuseme是在打擾對方之前表達歉意的話。[誤]-Haveagoodtimetonight!-Youarethesame[正]-Haveagoodtimetonight!-Thesametoyou[析]Thesametoyou是表達我也祝您有個愉快的夜晚,它是美語中的習慣用法。[誤]-What'stheproblem?-I'vegotaheadache[正]What'swrongwithyou?I'vegotaheadache[析]W

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