閱讀理解-主旨大意

ReadingComprehensionHowtogetthemainideaofaparagraphorapassage?

閱讀理解-主旨大意

Amothermousewasoutforawalkwithherbabieswhenshefoundacatbehindabush.Shewatchedthecat,andthecatwatchedthemice.Mothermousebarkedfiercely,"Woof,woof,woof!"Thecatwassofrightenedthatitranforitslife.Mothermouseturnedtoherbabiesandsaid,"Now,doyouunderstandthevalueofasecondlanguage?”Part1Lead-inWhatisthestorymainlyabout?Woof！Itisimportanttolearnaforeignlanguage.Part2

考綱解讀：根據(jù)最新高考全國新課標卷英語考試說明高考閱讀理解旨在考查考生語言的綜合運用能力,要求考生能讀懂書、報、雜志等中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等,并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息,具體要求做到:(1)理解文章主旨要義;(2)理解文中具體信息;(3)根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞詞義;(4)做出簡單判斷和推理,理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu);(5)理解作者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度。

主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解中常考的題型之一,主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括中心大意、概括段落大意、選擇標題以及判斷作者寫作意圖等形式出現(xiàn)。主旨大意題是閱讀理解題中的高難度題,能夠拉開考生的分數(shù)差距,所以將此類題設(shè)為高考試題具有很好的選拔作用。研究近幾年課標地區(qū)的高考閱讀理解題可以發(fā)現(xiàn),主旨大意題幾乎年年都有,而且在大部分地區(qū)的閱讀理解題中會有1~3道考查此類題。Part3

近三年全國卷主旨大意題的考查縱觀近幾年的高考，閱讀理解中每年都有考查主旨要義的題目，雖然所占比重不太大，但是難度較大，是考生較容易失分的體型，應(yīng)給予足夠的重視，預(yù)計未來高考閱讀理解考查主旨大意的題目比例將保持穩(wěn)定，考查方式從原來簡單的主旨概括向綜合性歸納轉(zhuǎn)變?？键c202320222021歸納段落大意2道2道2道理解全文宗旨0道1道1道選定最佳標題1道3道4道1)歸納段落大意◆Whatisthefirst/second/…paragraphmainlyabout?◆

WhatdoesParagraph1/2…mainlytalkabout?◆

WhatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinParagraph1/2…?

Part4命題形式2)理解全文主旨◆Whatisthetextmainlyabout?◆What’sthemainideaofthetext?

◆Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthetext?

3)選定最佳標題◆Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?

◆Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?◆Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?◆Whichofthefollowingcanserveasthebesttitleforthepassage?一、段落大意類題型段落的中心思想常用主題句表達。所謂主題句就是概括說明某一段落中心思想的句子。閱讀的主要目的就是讀懂文章段落的中心大意,辨別文章段落的中心思想自然就成了一個很重要的閱讀技巧,這一技巧同樣在提高閱讀能力和閱讀速度中起著關(guān)鍵性的作用。解題方法如下:①概括段落大意。要準確概括某段的大意,就要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。如該段是按總分順序組織,即首句做總的說明,其他句子對其進行具體論述,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首;如果按分總順序組織,主題句就在段尾;如果按分總分的順序組織,則主題句就在這段話的中間;如果對比各事物,那么它們的共同點或不同點就是該段大意。②揣摩段落大意。有時候作者不會直接寫出主題句,而是通過各種方法暗示給讀者,這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力,揣摩段落大意。如：散文

Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.

范例132.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.真題再現(xiàn)1234DPopularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.(Para2)

33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout？A.Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.A牛刀小試真題練習2二、理解全文主旨文章的中心大意往往由文章體裁所決定。議論文主要是論述作者的某個觀點,往往采用“總—分—總”的模式,即第一段提出論點,然后是論據(jù)部分,最后一段得出結(jié)論(論點的重申),所以主題句常在第一段或最后一段;說明文則是說明一個事物的用途或制作過程,主題句一般在首段;而新聞報道卻是報道一個人物事跡或重大事件等,主題句常出現(xiàn)在首段首句;記敘文一般沒有明顯的主題句,需要根據(jù)文中敘述的內(nèi)容和線索來概括文章大意,但是如果文章末段出現(xiàn)說理性的句子,則這個句子很可能為主題句。用瀏覽法,即快速閱讀文首、文尾或每段的首句和尾句,搜索主題線索和主題信息的方法可以快速找到主題句。以下是找主題句的四個小竅門:①含有表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however,but,infact,actually,等)的句子很可能是主題句。②首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時,對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。③作者有意識地重復(fù)的觀點,通常是主旨;反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語,一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。④表示總結(jié)的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion,等。

Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.范例真題再現(xiàn)“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod. B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist D.Ateachingprogram.BWiththeyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤獨),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.Thedoorwaytopeaceandquiet,forNickBrightatleast,leadsstraighttohismother-in-law:shelivesonthegroundfloor,whilehelivesupstairswithhiswifeandtheirtwodaughters.FouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathreestoreyVictorianhouseinBristol-oneofagrowingnumberofmultigenerationalfamiliesintheUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafrontdoorandawashingmachine,butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen,bathroom,bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.

牛刀小試真題練習Wefloatedtheideatomymumofsharingahouse.saysKathrynWhitehead.Ritacutsin:"WespokemorewithNickbecauseIthinkit'sabigthingforNicktolivewithhismother-in-law.”AndwhatdoesNickthink?“Frommystandpoint,itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIrecommendit?Yes,IthinkIwould.”It'shardtotellexactlyhowmanypopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325,000in2001to419,000in2013.Othervarietiesofmultigenerationalfamilyaremorecommon.Somepeoplelivewiththeirelderlyparentsmanymoreadultchildrenarereturningtothefamilyhome,iftheyeverleft.Itissaidthatabout20%of25-34-year-oldslivewiththeirparents,comparedwith16%in1991.ThetotalnumberofallmultigenerationalhouseholdsinBritainisthoughttobeabout1.8million.

Storieslikethataremorecommoninpartsoftheworldwheremultigenerationallivingismorefirmlyrooted.InIndia,particularlyoutsidecities,youngwomenareexpectedtomoveinwiththeirhusband'sfamilywhentheygetmarried.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Lifestylesindifferentcountries.B.Conflictsbetweengenerations.C.AhousingprobleminBritain.D.ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.解析：主旨大意題。本文以Rita三代人同住一起為例，介紹了在英國多代人同住一起這一社會現(xiàn)象,根據(jù)已發(fā)布的研究報告和數(shù)據(jù)可知這種現(xiàn)象呈上升的趨勢。故選D項。D主旨大意題干擾選項特征(1)過于籠統(tǒng),不知所云。所給選項內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大,超出文章所述內(nèi)容。(2)以偏概全,主次不分。所給選項只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容,或以文章中的細節(jié)信息或個別詞作為選項的設(shè)置內(nèi)容,或以次要的事實或細節(jié)充當全文的主要觀點。(3)移花接木,偷換概念。所給選項被命題者有意識地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上,若不留神,極易選錯答案。(4)無中生有,生搬硬套。所給選項的關(guān)鍵詞雖然在文章中談到了,但經(jīng)過仔細閱讀分析之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)選項的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。三、選定最佳標題標題具有醒目性、概括性和針對性的特點。醒目是為了吸引讀者的注意力,喚起讀者閱讀文章的興趣;概括性,就是指標題要覆蓋文章的主要內(nèi)容,體現(xiàn)文章的主題;針對性是標題要直接指向文章的主要特點。標題歸納題與中心大意題具有共同之處,當文章主旨是一個短語或一句簡潔的話時,我們可把它看作標題;但是文章主旨往往是作者寫作目的或?qū)懽鲀?nèi)容的歸納,一般不作為文章標題。解答標題歸納題掌握以下三種方法:①正面肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上,揣摩哪個選項能準確概括主旨;②反面否定法:撇開原文,拿各個備選項去設(shè)想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容,然后和原文對照,一一排除不符選項;③研讀備選項本身:研讀備選項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。范例1SomeoftheworldsmostfamousmusiciansrecentlygatheredinParisandNewOrleanstocelebratethefirstannualInternationalJazzDay.UNESCO(UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization)recentlysetApril30asadaytoraiseawarenessofjazzmusic,itssignificance,anditspotentialasaunifying(聯(lián)合)voiceacrosscultures.Despitethecelebrations,though,intheUSthejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.真題再現(xiàn)It’sJasonMoran’sjobtohelpchangethat.

AstheKennedyCenter’sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.“Jazzseemslikeit’snotreallyapartoftheAmericanappetite,”MorantellsNationalPublicRadio’sreporterNealConan.“WhatI’mhopingtoaccomplishisthatmygenerationandyoungerstarttoreconsiderandunderstandthatjazzisnotblackandwhiteanymore.It’sactuallycolor,andit’sactuallydigital.”Moransaysoneoftheproblemswithjazztodayisthattheentertainmentaspectofthemusichasbeenlost.“Themusiccan’tbepresentedtodaythewayitwasin1908or1958.Ithastocontinuetomove,becausethewaytheworldworksisnotthesame,”saysMoran.Lastyear,MoranworkedonaprojectthatarrangedFatsWaller’smusicforadanceparty,“justtokindofputitbackinthemindthatWallerisdancemusicasmuchasitisconcertmusic,”saysMoran.“Forme,it’stherecontextualization.

Inmusic,wheredoestheemotion(情感)lie?Arewe,ashumans,gaininganyinsight(感悟)onhowtotalkaboutourselvesandhowsomethingasabstractasaCharlieParkerrecordgetsusintoadialogueaboutouremotionsandourthoughts?Sometimeswelosesightthatthemusichasawidercontext,”saysMoran,“soIwanttocontinuethosedialogues.ThosearethethingsIwanttofoster.”Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ExploringtheFutureofJazz

B.TheRiseandFallofJazzC.TheStoryofaJazzMusician

D.CelebratingtheJazzDayA

Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable;thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap(間隙)withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingaperson'sneeds.

牛刀小試真題練習1

ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied(暗示)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.

Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetween