2022年云南大學(xué)英語考試模擬卷14測

2022年云南大學(xué)英語考試模擬卷

（本卷共分為1大題50小題.作答時間為180分鐘，總分100分，60分及格。）

單位：姓名:考號:

題號單選題多項選擇判斷題綜合題總分

分值

得分

一、單項選擇題（共50題，每題2分。每題的備選項中，只有一個最符合題意）

1.BirdFlu:CommunicatingtheRiskTherecommendationsIistedbelow

aregroundedintwoconvictions（信念）:thatmotivatingpeopIetostart

takingbirdfluseriouslyshouldbeatoppriorityforgovernmenthealth

departments,andthatriskcommunicationprinciplesprovidethebest

guidanceonhowtodoso.Startwhereyouraudiencestarts.Telling

peopIewhobeIieveXthattheyoughttobeIieveYnaturallyprovokes

resistance.Youcan''tignoreXandjustsayYY-Y-Y-Y.Youcan*ftsimply

telIpeopIethey''rewrong.You''vegottostartwheretheyare,with

X,andempathica11yexplainwhyXseemslogical,whyit,fswidelybelieved,

whyyouusedtobelieveittoo...andwhy,surprisingly,Yturnsoutto

becIosertothetruth.Thebiggestbarriertosoundingthealarmabout

birdfluisthatit''sfluusuallyseenasaho-hum（漠不關(guān)心的）disease.

11wouIdhelpifpeopIestoppedcallingeveryminorrespiratoryinfection

"atouchoftheflu"butthat19snotgoingtohappen.Empathyisthe

onIyanswer.InsteadofignoringthefactthatpeopIethinkfluisminor,

orberatingpeopIeforthinkingthatfluisminor,acknowledgethateven

somepubIichealthauthoritiesusetheterm"flu"inwaysthatminimize

itsseriousness.AftermakingcommoncausewiththepubIic—"wehavealI

ignoredinfluenzafortoolong"-talkabouthowhorrificthenextflu

pandemic（流行?。﹎aybecomparedwiththeannualflu.Don''tbeafraid

tofrightenpeopIe.FormostoftheworIdrightnow,though,apathy（漠

不關(guān)心）istheproblem~~notdenial.Wecan,tscarepeopleenoughabout

H5N1.WHOhasbeentryingforoverayear,withevermore-dramaticappeaIs

tothemedia,thepubIic,andMemberStates.UntiIapandemicbegins,

there1,sIittIechancewe''IIscarepeopletoomuch.Research

evidencewon11tprotectyoufromcriticism,ofcourse.Fearappealsoften

provokeangrypushbackfrompeopIequestioningyourmotivesoryour

competence,accusingyouof"cryingwolf"orprovoking"warningfatigue"

orpanickingthepubIic.ThathappenedafterWHOWesternPacificRegionaI

DirectorShigeruOmisaidthat,inaworstcase,abirdflupandemiccouId

kiIIupto100millionpeople（aweII-justifiedestimate）.Ofcourse,

thereisagenuinedownsidetoissuingwarningsthatturnouttobe

unnecessary.AIthoughpanicisuniikelyandwarningfatigueistemporary,

thereissomecredibiIityloss,especiallyifthewarningswere

exaggeratedoroverconfident.Butconsiderthealternative.Whichis

worse,beingcriticizedfor"unduly"frighteningpeopIeorbeing

criticizedforfaiIingtowarnpeopIeAcknowIedgeuncertainty.When

thefirstThaibirdfluoutbreakssubsided（平息）in2004,aseniorpubIic

officiaIsaid:"Thefirstwaveofbirdfluoutbreakhaspassed...but

wedon''tknowwhenthesecondwavewiIIcome,andwedon''ttrustthe

situation...SothePubIicHealthMinistryisbeingascarefulas

possible."Thisexemplifiestworiskcommunicationprinciples:

acknowIedgeuncertaintyanddon''toverreassure.DuringMalaysia,9s

firstoutbreak,testswerependingregardingwhatstrainoffluwas

killingthechickens.SeniorveterinaryofficiaIHawaiiHusseinsaid,

"WeknowitisH5,butwe''rehopingitwon''tbeH5N1."Thisvery

briefcommentnotonIyacknowIedgesuncertainty;itaIsoexpresseswishes,

anothergoodcrisiscommunicationpractice.EveryonesharedHussein''

shope,butfearedtheworst.Overconfidentoverreassurance("the

situationisundercontrol,everythingisgoingtobefine")isterrible

riskcommunication.Paradoxically,peopleusuallyfinditalarming.They

senseitsinsincerityandbecomemistrustfuIevenbeforetheyknowthe

outcome.ButoverconfidentwarningsareaIsounwise.Thereissomuch

wedon1'tknowaboutH5N1.HowmanypeopIewiIIitinfectHowquickly

wiIIitspreadHowlongwi11itlastHowlongwi11ittakeforan

effectivevaccinetobeavaiIableWhichcountriesandwhichpeoplein

thosecountrieswiIIgetthevaccinefirstHowweIIwi11healthcare

systemscopeHowwe11wi11nationaIandinternationaleconomiescope

Andhowwe11wi11civilsocietycopeBirdfluexpertsandrisk

communicatorscannotanswerthesequestions.Butwecanandshouldraise

them,acknowledgingouruncertaintyateveryturn.Sharedilemmas.

SharingdiIemmasisalotIikeacknowledginguncertainty.Notonlyare

weunsureaboutwhatwi11happen;we''realsounsureaboutwhattodo.

Everyonefindsthishardtoadmit.Butdilemma-sharinghashuge

advantages:-IthumanizestheorganizationbyIettingthepainof

difficultdecisionsshow.-Itgivespeopleachancetomakesuggestions

andbepartoftheprocess.-ItmoderatestheconfIictbetweenopposing

recommendations.-Itreducestheoutrageifyouturnouttobewrong.

DiIemma-sharingdoesraisesomeanxietyatfirst,butitalIieswiththe

public''sresourceful,matureside.Thisleadstobetterbuy-inand

bettercopingdowntheroad.ThemostimportantbirdfludiIemmaatthe

momentis

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

2.BirdFlu:CommunicatingtheRiskTherecommendationsIistedbelow

aregroundedintwoconvictions（信念）：thatmotivatingpeopIetostart

takingbirdfluseriouslyshouldbeatoppriorityforgovernmenthealth

departments,andthatriskcommunicationprinciplesprovidethebest

guidanceonhowtodoso.Startwhereyouraudiencestarts.Telling

peopIewhobeIieveXthattheyoughttobeIieveYnaturallyprovokes

resistance.Youcan,'tignoreXandjustsayYY-Y-Y-Y.Youcan,,tsimply

telIpeopIethey''rewrong.You''vegottostartwheretheyare,with

X,andempathicaIIyexplainwhyXseemslogical,whyit''swidelybeIieved,

whyyouusedtobeIieveittoo...andwhy,surprisingly,Yturnsoutto

becIosertothetruth.Thebiggestbarriertosoundingthealarmabout

birdfluisthatit''sfluusuallyseenasaho-hum（漠不關(guān)心的）disease.

11wouIdhelpifpeopIestoppedcallingeveryminorrespiratoryinfection

"atouchoftheflu"butthat''snotgoingtohappen.Empathyisthe

onIyanswer.InsteadofignoringthefactthatpeopIethinkfluisminor,

orberatingpeopIeforthinkingthatfluisminor,acknowledgethateven

somepubIichealthauthoritiesusetheterm"flu"inwaysthatminimize

itsseriousness.AftermakingcommoncausewiththepubIic—"wehaveaII

ignoredinfluenzafortoolong"-talkabouthowhorrificthenextflu

pandemic（流行?。﹎aybecomparedwiththeannuaIflu.Don*'tbeafraid

tofrightenpeopIe.FormostoftheworIdrightnow,though,apathy（漠

不關(guān)心）istheproblem~~notdeniaI.Wecan*,tscarepeopleenoughabout

H5N1.WHOhasbeentryingforoverayear,withevermore-dramaticappeaIs

tothemedia,thepubIic,andMemberStates.UntiIapandemicbegins,

there1,sIittIechancewe,,11scarepeopletoomuch.Research

evidencewon,,tprotectyoufromcriticism,ofcourse.FearappeaIsoften

provokeangrypushbackfrompeopIequestioningyourmotivesoryour

competence,accusingyouof"cryingwolf"orprovoking"warningfatigue"

orpanickingthepubIic.ThathappenedafterWHOWesternPacificRegionaI

DirectorShigeruOmisaidthat,inaworstcase,abirdflupandemiccouId

kiIIupto100millionpeopIe(aweIl-justifiedestimate).Ofcourse,

thereisagenuinedownsidetoissuingwarningsthatturnouttobe

unnecessary.AIthoughpanicisuniikelyandwarningfatigueistemporary,

thereissomecredibiIityloss,especiallyifthewarningswere

exaggeratedoroverconfident.ButconsidertheaIternative.Whichis

worse,beingcriticizedfor"unduly"frighteningpeopIeorbeing

criticizedforfaiIingtowarnpeopIeAcknowIedgeuncertainty.When

thefirstThaibirdfluoutbreakssubsided(平息)in2004,aseniorpubIic

officiaIsaid:"Thefirstwaveofbirdfluoutbreakhaspassed...but

wedon''tknowwhenthesecondwavewi11come,andwedon,'ttrustthe

situation...SothePubIicHealthMinistryisbeingascarefulas

possible."Thisexemplifiestworiskcommunicationprinciples:

acknowledgeuncertaintyanddon''toverreassure.DuringMalaysia''s

firstoutbreak,testswerependingregardingwhatstrainoffluwas

killingthechickens.SeniorveterinaryofficiaIHawaiiHusseinsaid,

"WeknowitisH5,butwe''rehopingitwon''tbeH5N1."Thisvery

briefcommentnotonlyacknowledgesuncertainty;italsoexpresseswishes,

anothergoodcrisiscommunicationpractice.EveryonesharedHussein''

shope,butfearedtheworst.Overconfidentoverreassurance("the

situationisundercontrol,everythingisgoingtobefine")isterrible

riskcommunication.Paradoxically,peopleusuallyfinditalarming.They

senseitsinsincerityandbecomemistrustfuIevenbeforetheyknowthe

outcome.ButoverconfidentwarningsareaIsounwise.Thereissomuch

wedon''tknowaboutH5N1.HowmanypeopIewi11itinfectHowquickly

wiIIitspreadHowlongwi11itlastHowlongwi11ittakeforan

effectivevaccinetobeavaiIableWhichcountriesandwhichpeoplein

thosecountrieswiIIgetthevaccinefirstHowweIIwiIIhealthcare

systemscopeHowweIIwi11nationaIandinternationaleconomiescope

Andhowwe11wi11civilsocietycopeBirdfluexpertsandrisk

communicatorscannotanswerthesequestions.Butwecanandshouldraise

them,acknowIedgingouruncertaintyateveryturn.SharediIemmas.

SharingdilemmasisalotIikeacknowledginguncertainty.Notonlyare

weunsureaboutwhatwi11happen;we''realsounsureaboutwhattodo.

Everyonefindsthishardtoadmit.ButdiIemma-sharinghashuge

advantages：-IthumanizestheorganizationbyIettingthepainof

difficultdecisionsshow.-Itgivespeopleachancetomakesuggestions

andbepartoftheprocess.-ItmoderatestheconfIictbetweenopposing

recommendations.-Itreducestheoutrageifyouturnouttobewrong.

DiIemma-sharingdoesraisesomeanxietyatfirst,butitalIieswiththe

public''sresourceful,matureside.Thisleadstobetterbuy-inand

bettercopingdowntheroad.Themostimportantbirdfludilemmaatthe

momentis

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

3.WhenfamiIiesgatherforChristmasdinnerfsomewi11sticktoformal

traditionsdatingbacktoGrandma''sgeneration.Theirtableswi11be

setwiththegooddishesandsiIver,andthedresscodewi11beSunday-best.

Butinmanyotherhomes,thischina-and-siIverelegancehasgivenway

toastoneware（粗陶）-and-stainIessinformality,withdressesassuming

anequaIlycasual-Fridaylook.Forhostsandguests,thechangemeans

greatersimpIicityandcomfort.FormakersoffinechinainBritain,it

speIIseconomichardtimes.LastweekRoyaIDouIton,theIargest

employerinStoke-on-Trent,announcedthatitiseliminating1,000jobs

-one-fifthofitstotalworkforce.Thatbringstomorethan4,000the

numberofpositionslostin18monthsinthepottery（陶瓷）region.

WedgwoodandotherpotteryfactoriesmadecutsearIier.Althougha

strongpoundandweakmarketsinAsiaplayaroleinthedownsizing,the

IayoffsinStokehavetheirrootsinearthshakingsociaIshifts.A

spokesmanforRoyalDouItonadmittedthatthecompany"hasbeensomewhat

slowincatchingupwiththetrend"towardcasuaIdining.FamiIieseat

togetherlessoften,heexplained,andmorepeopleeatalone,either

becausetheyaresingleortheyeatinfrontofteIevision.Evendinner

parties,fftheyhappenatall,havegonecasual.Inatimeoflongwork

hoursanddemandingfamilyschedules,busyhostsinsist,rightly,that

it''sbettertoshareatakeoutpizzaonpaperpIatesinthefamilyroom

thantowaitfortheperfectmomentora"real"dinnerparty.Toooften,

theperfectmomentnevercomes.Ironafine-patternedtabIecIothForget

it.PolishthesiIverWhohastimeYetthelossofformaIityhas

itsdownside.Thefinepointsofetiquette(禮節(jié))thatchiIdrenmight

oncehavelearnedatthetablebyobservationorinstructionfromparents

andgrandparents("Chewwithyourmouthclosed.”"KeepyoureIbowsoff

thetable.")mustbepiekedupelsewhere.Somecompaniesnowoffer

etiquetteseminarsforempIoyeeswhomaybecompetentprofessionallybut

cluelesssocia11y.

Thetrendtowardcasualdininghasresultedin.

A.bankruptcyoffinechinamanufacturers

B.shrinkingofthepotteryindustry

C.restructuringoflargeenterprises

D.economicrecessioninGreatBritain

4.Morethan200organizationsarepreparingtobringtheirteamsofrobots

toRoboCup2003nextmonthinPadua,Italy,aneventwhereresearchers

testoutthelatestartificialinteIIigencetechniquesingamesof

footba11orrescuesimulations.Eventorganizerssaidlastweekthat

183teamsfromaroundtheworld,mostlyfromuniversities,have

registeredforrescuesimulationcompetitionsandvariousIeaguesoffoot

ball,whileanother80groupsaretoshowoffrobotsaimedatchiIdren.

Theeventisexpectingmorethan50,000visitors.WhileRoboCuphasits

Iighterside,itisoneofthemostprominenteventsintheworldfor

bothartificial-intelIigenceresearchersandforcompaniessuchasHonda

andSonywishingtoshowofftheirIatestroboticstechnology.In

recentyears,advancesinroboticsandcomputertechnoIogyhaveledto

renewedinterestinrobots.SeveraIcompanieshaveproducedhumanoid

robotscapableofwalkingontwolegs,evenupstairsoracrossuneven

surfaces,whileSonyhasvirtuaIlysingIe-handedIycreateda

consumer-robotmarketwithitsAibodog,releasedin1999.Robot

technologiessuchasvisionandmobiIitysystemshavealsomadetheir

wayintothebroaderworIdofIT.Hewlett-Packardiseventestingrobots

thatcouldattendmeetingsinplaceofahuman,inordertocutdownon

businesstravel.AheadofRoboCup,anotherEuropeanuniversityhas

signeduptointegrateitsAiborobotsintotheirresearchcurriculum.

RoboCup1,s"four_1eggedleague"usesAiborobots,whilethe"humanoid

league"pitstwo_1eggedrobotssuchasHonda1'sAMmoagainstoneanother.

Theeventsaysitsu11imategoalistodevelopateamoffuIIyautonomous

robotsbytheyear2050thatcanwinagainst.thehumanworldsoccer

championteam.

Accordingtothetext,thepurposeofRohoCupis.

A.createaworldruledbyrobots

B.eliminatetheneedforhumanathletes

C.testoutartificialintelligencetechnology

D.forscientiststogettogetherandhaveagoodtime

5.BirdFlu:CommunicatingtheRiskTherecommendationsIistedbelow

aregroundedintwoconvictions（信念）:thatmotivatingpeopIetostart

takingbirdfluseriouslyshouldbeatoppriorityforgovernmenthealth

departments,andthatriskcommunicationprinciplesprovidethebest

guidanceonhowtodoso.Startwhereyouraudiencestarts.Telling

peopIewhobeIieveXthattheyoughttobeIieveYnaturallyprovokes

resistance.Youcan''tignoreXandjustsayYY-Y-Y-Y.Youcan,,tsimply

telIpeopIethey''rewrong.You''vegottostartwheretheyare,with

X,andempathicallyexplainwhyXseemslogical,whyit''swidelybeIieved,

whyyouusedtobeIieveittoo...andwhy,surprisingly,Yturnsoutto

becIosertothetruth.Thebiggestbarriertosoundingthealarmabout

birdfluisthatit''sfluusuaIlyseenasaho-hum（漠不關(guān)心的）disease.

11wouIdhelpifpeopIestoppedcallingeveryminorrespiratoryinfection

"atouchoftheflu"butthat''snotgoingtohappen.Empathyisthe

onIyanswer.InsteadofignoringthefactthatpeopIethinkfluisminor,

orberatingpeopIeforthinkingthatfluisminor,acknowledgethateven

somepubIichealthauthoritiesusetheterm"flu"inwaysthatminimize

itsseriousness.AftermakingcommoncausewiththepubIic—"wehavealI

ignoredinfluenzafortoolong"-talkabouthowhorrificthenextflu

pandemic（流行?。﹎aybecomparedwiththeannualflu.Don''tbeafraid

tofrightenpeople.FormostoftheworIdrightnow,though,apathy（漠

不關(guān)心）istheproblem-notdenial.Wecan''tscarepeopleenoughabout

H5N1.WHOhasbeentryingforoverayear,withevermore-dramaticappeaIs

tothemedia,thepubIic,andMemberStates.UntiIapandemicbegins,

there''sIittIechancewe''11scarepeopletoomuch.Research

evidencewon,,tprotectyoufromcriticism,ofcourse.Fearappealsoften

provokeangrypushbackfrompeopIequestioningyourmotivesoryour

competence,accusingyouof"cryingwolf"orprovoking"warningfatigue"

orpanickingthepubIic.ThathappenedafterWHOWesternPacificRegionaI

DirectorShigeruOmisaidthat,inaworstcase,abirdflupandemiccouId

ki11upto100millionpeopIe（aweIl-justifiedestimate）.Ofcourse,

thereisagenuinedownsidetoissuingwarningsthatturnouttobe

unnecessary.AlthoughpanicisuniikeIyandwarningfatigueistemporary,

thereissomecredibiIityloss,especiallyifthewarningswere

exaggeratedoroverconfident.Butconsiderthealternative.Whichis

worse,beingcriticizedfor"unduly"frighteningpeopIeorbeing

criticizedforfailingtowarnpeopIeAcknowIedgeuncertainty.When

thefirstThaibirdfluoutbreakssubsided(平息)in2004,aseniorpubIic

officiaIsaid:"Thefirstwaveofbirdfluoutbreakhaspassed...but

wedon''tknowwhenthesecondwavewiIIcome,andwedon,'ttrustthe

situation...SothePubIicHealthMinistryisbeingascarefulas

possible."Thisexemplifiestworiskcommunicationprinciples:

acknowIedgeuncertaintyanddon''toverreassure.DuringMalaysia''s

firstoutbreak,testswerependingregardingwhatstrainoffluwas

killingthechickens.SeniorveterinaryofficiaIHawaiiHusseinsaid,

"WeknowitisH5,butwe''rehopingitwon''tbeH5N1."Thisvery

briefcommentnotonIyacknowIedgesuncertainty;italsoexpresseswishes,

anothergoodcrisiscommunicationpractice.EveryonesharedHussein''

shope,butfearedtheworst.Overconfidentoverreassurance("the

situationisundercontrol,everythingisgoingtobefine")isterrible

riskcommunication.Paradoxically,peopleusuallyfinditalarming.They

senseitsinsincerityandbecomemistrustfulevenbeforetheyknowthe

outcome.ButoverconfidentwarningsareaIsounwise.Thereissomuch

wedon,'tknowaboutH5N1.HowmanypeopIewi11itinfectHowquickly

wiIIitspreadHowlongwi11itlastHowlongwi11ittakeforan

effectivevaccinetobeavaiIableWhichcountriesandwhichpeoplein

thosecountrieswiIIgetthevaccinefirstHowweIIwiIIhealthcare

systemscopeHowweIIwi11nationaIandInternationaIeconomiescope

Andhowwe11wi11civilsocietycopeBirdfluexpertsandrisk

communicatorscannotanswerthesequestions.Butwecanandshouldraise

them,acknowledgingouruncertaintyateveryturn.Sharedilemmas.

SharingdilemmasisalotIikeacknowledginguncertainty.Notonlyare

weunsureaboutwhatwi11happen;we''realsounsureaboutwhattodo.

Everyonefindsthishardtoadmit.Butdilemma-sharinghashuge

advantages：-IthumanizestheorganizationbyIettingthepainof

difficultdecisionsshow.-Itgivespeopleachancetomakesuggestions

andbepartoftheprocess.-ItmoderatestheconfIictbetweenopposing

recommendations.-Itreducestheoutrageifyouturnouttobewrong.

DiIemma-sharingdoesraisesomeanxietyatfirst,butitallieswiththe

public''sresourceful,matureside.Thisleadstobetterbuy-inand

bettercopingdowntheroad.ThemostimportantbirdfludiIemmaatthe

momentis

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

6.WhenfamiIiesgatherforChristmasdinner,somewi11sticktoformaI

traditionsdatingbacktoGrandma,,sgeneration.Theirtableswi11be

setwiththegooddishesandsiIver,andthedresscodewiIIbeSunday-best.

Butinmanyotherhomes,thischina-and-siIverelegancehasgivenway

toastoneware（粗陶）-and-stainlessinformaIity,withdressesassuming

anequallycasual-Fridaylook.Forhostsandguests,thechangemeans

greatersimpIicityandcomfort.FormakersoffinechinainBritain,it

spelIseconomichardtimes.LastweekRoyaIDoulton,thelargest

employerinStoke-on-Trent,announcedthatitiseliminating1,000jobs

-one-fifthofitstotalworkforce.Thatbringstomorethan4,000the

numberofpositionslostin18monthsinthepottery（陶瓷）region.

WedgwoodandotherpotteryfactoriesmadecutsearIier.Althougha

strongpoundandweakmarketsinAsiaplayaroleinthedownsizing,the

IayoffsinStokehavetheirrootsinearthshakingsociaIshifts.A

spokesmanforRoyalDouItonadmittedthatthecompany"hasbeensomewhat

slowincatchingupwiththetrend"towardcasuaIdining.FamiIieseat

togetherlessoften,heexplained,andmorepeopIeeatalone,either

becausetheyaresingleortheyeatinfrontofteIevision.Evendinner

parties,fftheyhappenatall,havegonecasual.Inatimeoflongwork

hoursanddemandingfamilyschedules,busyhostsinsist,rightly,that

it''sbettertoshareatakeoutpizzaonpaperpIatesinthefamilyroom

thantowaitfortheperfectmomentora"real"dinnerparty.Toooften,

theperfectmomentnevercomes.Ironafine-patternedtabIecIothForget

it.PolishthesiIverWhohastimeYetthelossofformaIityhas

itsdownside.Thefinepointsofetiquette(禮節(jié))thatchiIdrenmight

oncehavelearnedatthetablebyobservationorinstructionfromparents

andgrandparents("Chewwithyourmouthclosed.“"KeepyoureIbowsoff

thetable.")mustbepiekedupelsewhere.Somecompaniesnowoffer

etiquetteseminarsforempIoyeeswhomaybecompetentprofessionallybut

cluelesssocia11y.

Whichofthefollowingmaybethebestreasonforcasualdining

A.Familymembersneedmoretimetorelax.

B.Busyschedulesleavepeoplenotimeforformality.

C.Peoplewanttopracticeeconomyintimesofscarcity.

D.Youngpeoplewon''tfollowtheetiquetteoftheoldergeneration

7.Morethan200organizationsarepreparingtobringtheirteamsofrobots

toRoboCup2003nextmonthinPadua,Italy,aneventwhereresearchers

testoutthelatestartificialinteIIigencetechniquesingamesof

footba11orrescuesimulations.Eventorganizerssaidlastweekthat

183teamsfromaroundtheworld,mostlyfromuniversities,have

registeredforrescuesimulationcompetitionsandvariousIeaguesoffoot

ball,whileanother80groupsaretoshowoffro