2025年高考教案英語(yǔ)第二部分學(xué)透語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)詞法篇專題一冠詞代詞介詞并列連詞

第二部分學(xué)透語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)詞法篇專題一冠詞、代詞、介詞、并列連詞編者按：考向的考查次數(shù)為該考點(diǎn)近5年全國(guó)卷及近4年新高考全國(guó)卷（共20套卷）累計(jì)考查次數(shù)。卷別冠詞代詞介詞并列連詞2023新Ⅰ63.a（atouchof"少許，微量"）62.their60.by（byhand）58.or（whether...or...）新Ⅱ59.the58.to/with（speakto/with）64.and甲68.for（takeresponsibilityfor）乙61.to（from...to...）65.but/yet2022新Ⅰ57.the（倍數(shù)表達(dá)）64.as（serveas）61.and新Ⅱ57.The61.and甲64.A69.from（...to...）乙62.the70.its61.by67.and浙江59.the（theblind）62.at（atageseven）65.and2021新Ⅰ65.a（amusttodo）64.mine（介詞后賓語(yǔ)）62.and新Ⅱ65.from（...to...）60.and甲68.the（alltheway）62.in（＋朝代）67.but乙65.the63.its64.until66.of（varioustypesof）浙江64.The（the＋姓氏復(fù)數(shù)）61.herself（of賓語(yǔ)）57.for（buysth.for＋金額）62.neither2020新Ⅰ62.themselves（動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)imaginesb.doing）65.for（petefor）57.or新Ⅱ61.a65.our62.andⅠ70.its65.thanⅡ70.the（first）64.than（morethan）67.with（beassociatedwith）Ⅲ70.on（onearth）浙江64.the（withtheriseof）56.in58.than2019Ⅰ69.the63.of/for（methodsof/for）Ⅱ69.a67.but（not...but...）Ⅲ63.of（apackof）浙江57.the（thesame）61.to（theanswertothisquestion）考向1冠詞[全國(guó)卷5年13考]1.[2023新高考Ⅰ，63]Themeatshouldbefreshwithatouchofsweetness，andthesurroundingsouphot，clearanddelicious.2.[2022新高考Ⅰ，57]CoveringanareaaboutthreetimesthesizeofYellowstoneNationalPark，theGPNP[GiantPandaNationalPark]willbeoneofthefirstnationalparksinthecountry.3.[2022新高考Ⅱ，57]TheBrownfamilyliveinanapartmentbuildingoutsideToronto.4.[2022全國(guó)甲，64]Afriendofhis，WuFan，volunteeredtobehispanionduringthetrip.5.[2021全國(guó)甲，68]Ittookusabout3hourstogoallthewayaroundtheXi’anCityWall.若空后的"（形容詞＋）名詞"前沒有形容詞性物主代詞、指示代詞等限定詞，考慮填冠詞。若該名詞是可數(shù)名詞，且在語(yǔ)境中第一次出現(xiàn)，空處可翻譯為"一個(gè)（名、本等）"，一般填a/an；若該名詞在前文出現(xiàn)過，空處可翻譯為"這/那個(gè)，這/那些"，一般填the。另外，還要注意固定搭配中的冠詞及冠詞的特殊用法（抽象名詞具體化等）。1.[2023新高考Ⅱ，59]Notthepandas，eventhoughthelanguageusedforthemedicaltraininginstructionsisactuallyEnglish.2.[2023浙江1月，65]IncontrasttothecourtlifeandupperclassculturerepresentedbytheForbiddenCity，theSummerPalace，andtheTempleofHeaven，thehutongsreflectthecultureofgrassrootsBeijingers.3.[2022全國(guó)乙，62]Tocelebratethefestival，anumberofeventstookplaceattheChineseBusinessmanMuseuminBeijingonThursday.4.[2022浙江1月，63]Cobb，forherpart，startedtoaskconferenceorganizerswhoinvitedhertospeakifshecoulddosoremotely；aboutthreequartersofthetime，theyagreed.5.[2020新高考Ⅱ，61]Eachvolumeinthesetexploresawiderangeofmaterials，explainsthebasicconceptsofmajorapplicationsofdigitalsystems...6.[2020浙江，64]Then，withtheriseofscience，changesbegan.考向2代詞 [全國(guó)卷5年7考]6.[2023新高考Ⅰ，62]Nanxiangaside，thebestxiaolongbaohaveafineskin，allowingthemtobeliftedoutofthesteamerbasketwithouttearingorspillinganyoftheir（they）contents.7.[2021新高考Ⅰ，64]Asthesonggoes，thislongandwindingroad"willneverdisappear"，anditwillalwaysstickinthevisitor’smemory.Itsuredoesinmine（I）.8.[2021全國(guó)乙，63]Ecotourismhasits（it）originwiththeenvironmentalmovementofthe1970s.9.[2020新高考Ⅰ，62]Aswellaslookingatexhibits，visitorscanplaywithputersimulations（模擬）andimaginethemselves（they）livingatadifferenttimeinhistoryorwalkingthrougharainforest.有提示詞時(shí)，空處若作賓語(yǔ)，則用人稱代詞的賓格（him/her/them等）；空處若作定語(yǔ)，則用形容詞性物主代詞（its/our/their等）；空處若作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，且表示所有物，則用名詞性物主代詞（its/mine等）；空處若作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)且又和句子的主語(yǔ)指同一人或物，則用反身代詞（herself/themselves等）。無(wú)提示詞時(shí)，空處若作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)，則用it；還要注意一些固定句式（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型等）。1.[2022北京，17]Sincepeoplecan’talwayseatoutorcookforthemselves（they），theygettakeoutororderdelivery.2.[2020新高考Ⅱ，65]Readersareencouragedtocontinueexploringthedigitalworldwiththeguidanceofour（we）FurtherResourcessectionfeaturedineachvolume.3.[全國(guó)Ⅲ，68]WhenthegorillasandIfrightenedeachother，Iwasjustgladtofindthem（they）alive.4.[浙江高考，58]ManywesternerswhoetoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.考向3介詞 [全國(guó)卷5年18考]10.[2023全國(guó)甲，68]Shewarnsoftheenvironmentaldangersfacingsociety，andsheteachesthatpeoplemusttakeresponsibilityforsavingtheirenvironment.11.[2022全國(guó)乙，61]May21stthisyearmarksthefirstInternationalTeaDay，whichwasnamedofficiallybytheUnitedNationsonNovember27th，2019.12.[2021全國(guó)甲，62]It（theXi’anCityWall）wasbuiltoriginallytoprotectthecityin/duringtheTangdynastyandhasnowbeenpletelyrestored（修復(fù)）.高考主要考查介詞的基本用法和固定搭配中的介詞。解題時(shí)：1.注意分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，如果空處在名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞前，考慮填介詞；2.注意固定搭配中的介詞；3.注意有特殊用法的介詞，如with/without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。1.[2023新高考Ⅰ，60]There，you’llfindthemprepareddifferently—moredumplingandlesssoup—andthewrappersarepressedbyhandratherthanrolled.2.[2023新高考Ⅱ，58]SinceJune2017...IhavebeenhelpingthepandakeepersatthezootofeelmorefortableandconfidentspeakingEnglish.AndwhodotheyspeakEnglishto/with？3.[2023全國(guó)乙，61]FromBuddhisttemplestomuseums，narrowhutongtoroyalpalaces，itishometomorethan3，000yearsofglorioushistoryevendowntoitslayout，withthecitykeepingitscarefullybuiltsystemofringroads.4.[2023北京，17]Ninahasrunmarathonsin32countries.Allofherrunshaveaguidingpurpose：tocallattentiontoglobalwaterissues.5.[2023浙江1月，63]ThankstoBeijing’slonghistoryasthecapitalofChina，almosteveryhutonghasitsstories，andsomeareevenassociatedwithhistoricevents.6.[2022全國(guó)甲，69]Heflew4，700kilometersfromXi’antoKashgaronSept.20，planningtohikebacktoXi’aninfivemonths.7.[2022浙江，62]LucGandarias，who’snowthirteen，wentblindsuddenlyatageseven.8.[2022北京，11]Helenwaswalkingdownthestreetlateintheevening，herarmsfilledwithgrocerybags.9.[2021全國(guó)乙，66]...varioustypesoftripsarenowbeingclassifiedasecotourism.10.[2020新高考Ⅰ，65]Museumsmustpeteforpeople’ssparetimeandmoneywithotheramusements.11.[2020全國(guó)Ⅰ，65]Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticularinteresttoscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters（環(huán)形山），moresothanthefamiliarnearside.12.[2020全國(guó)Ⅱ，64]Orangetreesaremorethandecoration；theyareasymbolofgoodfortuneandwealth.13.[2020北京，6]Overtime，thebagsfallapartto/intocountlesstinypieces，andfishcanaccidentallyeatsomeofthem.14.[全國(guó)Ⅰ，63]Modernmethodsof/fortrackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid1980s，andareexpensivetoperformconsistentlyoveralargearea.15.[全國(guó)Ⅲ，63]Wewerefirstgreetedwiththebarkingbyapackofdogs，seventobeexact.16.[浙江高考，61]Butcanuniformshelpimproveschoolstandards？Theanswertothisquestionisnotclear.注意其后常跟介詞to的名詞還有key，solution，approach等?？枷?并列連詞 [全國(guó)卷5年12考]13.[2023全國(guó)乙，65]Itisadistinctvisualcontrast（反差）thatshouldn’twork，but/yetsomehowthesetwoverydifferentworldsmakeagoodbination.14.[2022新高考Ⅱ，61]Hehungonforafewminutesandscreamedforhisfather，buthisfatherdidn’thearhim.15.[2022全國(guó)乙，67]The"FirstInternationalTeaDayTeaRoadCooperativeInitiative"issued（發(fā)布）attheceremonycallsforpeopleworkingintheteaindustrytoetogethertopromoteinternationalcooperationandculturalexchanges.16.[2021浙江，62]AlthoughMarylovedflowers，neithershenorherhusbandwasknownasagardener.高考主要考查并列連詞的基本用法和固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的并列連詞。解題時(shí)，要根據(jù)句子意思及結(jié)構(gòu)，厘清句子的邏輯關(guān)系。表示并列、遞進(jìn)、順承常用and；表示轉(zhuǎn)折常用but（但不能與although/though連用）或yet；表示選擇常用or；表示結(jié)果常用so。還要注意一些固定句式及結(jié)構(gòu)。如"祈使句＋and/or＋陳述句"，either…or…，neither…nor…，not…but…，both…and…等。1.[2023新高考Ⅰ，58]Toeatone，youhavetodecidewhethertobiteasmallholeinitfirst，releasingthesteamandriskingaspill（溢出），ortoputthewholedumplinginyourmouth，lettingthehotsoupexplodeonyourtongue（舌頭）.2.[2023新高考Ⅱ，64]It’sbeenanhonortowatchthepandaprogrammedevelopandtoseethepandassettleintotheirnewhome.3.[2023浙江1月，56]DuringChina’sdynasticperiod，emperorsplannedthecityofBeijingandarrangedtheresidentialareasaccordingtosocialclasses.4.[2022新高考Ⅰ，61]TheGPNPisdesignedtoreflecttheguidingprincipleof"protectingtheauthenticityandintegrity（完整性）ofnaturalecosystems，preservingbiologicaldiversity，protectingecologicalbufferzones，andleavingbehindpreciousnaturalassets（資產(chǎn)）forfuturegenerations".5.[2022浙江，65]"Thefeelingofbeingabletoseeitandtoformmyopinionislikebreakingdownanotherwallasablindperson."6.[2021新高考Ⅱ，60]Ifoundthecontactinformationofthepanyandemaileditspresident.7.[2020新高考Ⅰ，57]Theykepttheircollectionathomeuntilitgottoobigoruntiltheydied，andthenitwasgiventoamuseum.8.[全國(guó)Ⅱ，67]IworknotbecauseIhaveto，butbecauseIwantto.考點(diǎn)一冠詞一、不定冠詞a/an不定冠詞有a，an兩種形式，用來(lái)表示不特定的人或事物，一般修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。當(dāng)緊跟冠詞的詞以輔音音素開頭時(shí)，用a；當(dāng)緊跟冠詞的詞以元音音素開頭時(shí)，用an。基本用法表示"一"，但不強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量概念，或數(shù)量概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。Romewasnotbuiltinaday.羅馬非一日建成。用于指首次提到的對(duì)方不知道的人或物。Occupiedincarryingoutanexperiment，hecan’tsparetimetolookafterhisson.因?yàn)槊χ鲆粋€(gè)試驗(yàn)，他抽不出時(shí)間來(lái)照看他的兒子。a/an＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，泛指一類人或事物，或指同類人或事物中的"一個(gè)"。InAmerica，ifafriendhasinvitedyoutodropinatanytime，itisbesttocallbeforevisiting.在美國(guó)，如果一個(gè)朋友邀請(qǐng)你隨時(shí)拜訪他，你最好去之前打個(gè)。a/an＋序數(shù)詞，表示"又一，再一"；amost＋形容詞，表示"非常，很……"。Inordertofindabetterjob，hedecidedtostudyasecondforeignlanguage.為了找到一份更好的工作，他決定再學(xué)一門外語(yǔ)。Itmustbeamostunusualexhibition.這一定是一次非常不尋常的展覽。不定冠詞a/an表示"某一個(gè)"，相當(dāng)于some/acertain。AMr.Greencalledjustnow.剛剛有一位格林先生打。用于某些具體化的抽象名詞前，?？嫉挠校簊uccess，failure，danger，surprise，pleasure，beauty，fort，honour等。Idon’tthinktheexperimentisafailure.Atleastwehavegainedexperienceforfuturesuccess.我認(rèn)為這次試驗(yàn)不是失敗的。至少，我們?yōu)橐院蟮某晒Λ@得了經(jīng)驗(yàn)。固定搭配asaresult/consequence結(jié)果 asawhole總體上 asamatteroffact事實(shí)上ataloss不知所措 inahurry匆忙 inaword總之inasense在某種意義上 inaway在某種程度上 inashortwhile不久atanearlyage在幼年時(shí) keepaneyeon照看，留意 payavisitto拜訪putanendto使……結(jié)束 onceinawhile偶爾 haveagiftfor有……天賦allofasudden突然 have/takearest休息 dosb.afavour幫某人一個(gè)忙givesb.alift讓某人搭便車 be/goonadiet節(jié)食Itisapity/shamethat...真可惜/遺憾……Itisanhonourtodo...深感榮幸做……TheWilsonsliveinaEuropeanstylehousenearthecoast.Itisaneighteenthcenturycottage.Iearnmylivingasasupermarketcashieronweekdays.Peopledevelopapreferenceforaparticularstyleoflearningatanearlyage.Mrs.Taylorhasan8yearolddaughterwhohasagiftforpainting—shehaswontwonationalprizes.Totellthetruth，Johnisatalosswhattodocurrently.I’mstillhungry.Couldyoupleasegivemeasecondpieceofcake？Youhavebeenworkingfortenhours.Takearestandeatsomething.[2021新高考Ⅰ，65]Whileyou’reinChina，MountHuangshanisamusttovisit！此處must表示"必須做或看的事物"，為可數(shù)名詞，常用單數(shù)，此處表示泛指。二、定冠詞the基本用法表示雙方都知道的或上文提到過的人或物。SixofthethirtyeightpeoplewereU.S.citizens.那38人中有6個(gè)人是美國(guó)公民。用于表特指的由短語(yǔ)或從句修飾的名詞前。IreallyenjoyedthebookI’vejustfinishedreading.我真的很喜歡我剛剛讀完的這本書。表示一類人或事物（用于形容詞或分詞前）。Heknowsheiswaitingfortheimpossible.他知道自己在期盼不可能的事。用于指世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物。Parisisabeautifulcity，whereyoucanseethefamousEiffelTower.巴黎是一個(gè)美麗的城市，在這里你能看到著名的埃菲爾鐵塔。用于演奏樂器名稱前。AsfarasIknow，helikesplayingthepianobutdoesn’tlikeplayingfootball.據(jù)我所知，他喜歡彈鋼琴卻不喜歡踢足球。the＋表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，表示一家人或夫婦二人。TheJacksonsareingtovisitusonSaturday.杰克遜一家周六要來(lái)看我們。用于序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)以及only，very，same等詞之前。ItwasthefirsttimethatHelenhadunderstoodsuchaplexword.這是海倫第一次理解了如此復(fù)雜的單詞。用于表示世紀(jì)、年代、朝代的名詞以及逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞前（指世紀(jì)中的幾十年代或人的大約歲數(shù)）。TheTangDynastyisconsideredagoldenageofChineseartsandculture.唐朝被認(rèn)為是中國(guó)藝術(shù)和文化的黃金時(shí)期。用于表計(jì)量的名詞前，如bythehour，bytheday，bythedozen，bythemeter等。但如果是在抽象名詞前，則不用冠詞，如：byweight，bytime，bylength，bysize等。Igotpaidbytime.Tobeexact，Igotpaidbythehour.我按時(shí)間拿報(bào)酬。確切地說(shuō)，我是按小時(shí)拿錢。固定搭配inthesouth在南方 ontheright在右邊 makethemost/bestof充分利用intheend最后 bytheway順便說(shuō)一下 inthedistance在遠(yuǎn)處onthewhole總的說(shuō)來(lái) atthesametime同時(shí) ontheotherhand另一方面totell（you）thetruth說(shuō)實(shí)話 forthetimebeing暫時(shí) onthespot在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)notintheleast一點(diǎn)也不 theotherday前幾天 taketheplaceof代替tothepoint中肯，切題 inthechargeof由……負(fù)責(zé)in/overthepast＋時(shí)間段在過去的……時(shí)間里take/catch/hitsb.by/in/onthe＋（身體部位）名詞抓住/打某人的……Withtheassistanceofdoctorsandnurses，thepatientrecoveredquickly.[2022浙江，59]Thetactile（可觸知的）paintingsworkasawaytoshowarttotheblindbecausewedon’tseewithjustoureyes：Weseewithourbrains.[2021浙江，64]TheLincolnsenlargedthehousetoafulltwostoriesin1856tomeettheneedsoftheirgrowingfamily.Thelittlepupiltookhisgrandmabythearmandwalkedheracrossthestreet.Withthecollegeentranceexaminationapproaching，wehavetomakethemostofthetimeleft.Overthepasttwentyyears，Chinahasdevelopedswiftly.[2020全國(guó)Ⅱ，70]Theplumtreesarethefirsttoflowerevenasthesnowismelting（融化）.Theyrepresentthepromiseofspringandarenewaloflife.[浙江高考，57]Everybodywearsthesamestyleofclothes.Uniformscanbeusefulinunexpectedways.三、零冠詞基本用法不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)表示泛指時(shí)。Waterisnecessarytolife.水是生命所必需的。Booksaremybestfriend.書是我最好的朋友。名詞前已有this，my，some，each，no，any等限定時(shí)。Wearedoingthisallwithoutanysupportfromthehospital.我們?cè)跊]有得到醫(yī)院任何支持的情況下做著這一切。學(xué)科、語(yǔ)言、球類、棋類、日期、一日三餐、月份、星期、季節(jié)、節(jié)假日和以人名或地名命名的大學(xué)等名詞前。TheycanchooseothersubjectslikeArt，puterScienceorlanguagessuchasSpanishandGerman.他們可以選擇其他的科目，如藝術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)或西班牙語(yǔ)、德語(yǔ)之類的語(yǔ)言課。與by連用，位于表示交通/通信工具的名詞前。Iwillcontactyoubyletter.我會(huì)寫信跟你聯(lián)系。表示獨(dú)一無(wú)二的職位、頭銜的名詞（如captain，manager，monitor，president等）在句中作表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)。Mr.Smith，presidentofthenewpany，willbeinchargeofresearchandmarketingoperations.新公司的總裁史密斯先生，將負(fù)責(zé)調(diào)研和市場(chǎng)運(yùn)作。固定搭配atpresent目前 takepartin參加 bychance/accident偶然 bymistake錯(cuò)誤地，無(wú)意中onpurpose故意 aheadoftime提前 bylaw根據(jù)法律 makeuseof利用loseheart灰心 outofwork失業(yè) indanger處于危險(xiǎn)中atdaybreak/dawn/noon/dusk/night/midnight在拂曉/黎明/正午/黃昏/夜晚/午夜1.China’swarepicTheBattleatLakeChangjinrocketedtothetopofChina’sboxofficeduringtheopeningdaysofthecountry’slongNationalDayholiday.2.PoyangLake，whichisChina’slargestfreshwaterlake，isawintershelterforplentyofmigratorybirdseveryyear.3.Later，whenpeoplehadtheabilitytousetheirimaginationtoexpressideas，woodcarvingbecameakindofart.4.AreligiousandculturalcrossroadsontheSilkRoad，Dunhuanghasanumberofcavesthathouseavastcollectionofmuralsdescribingreligiousstoriesandlifescenes.5.Lastmonth，researchersfromBostonUniversitypublishedanarticle，whichanalyzedphotoeditingapps’badimpactsonpeople’sselfesteemandthepotentialforcausingappearanceanxiety.6.WearelivingintheInformationAge，atimeofnewdiscoveriesandgreatchanges.考點(diǎn)二代詞一、人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞代詞作用第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞主格作主語(yǔ)Iweyouyouhesheitthey人稱代詞賓格作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)meusyouyouhimheritthem形容詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，置于名詞前作定語(yǔ)myouryouryourhisheritstheir名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于"形容詞性物主代詞＋名詞"，常作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，也可用"of＋名詞性物主代詞"結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語(yǔ)mineoursyoursyourshishersitstheirs反身代詞作賓語(yǔ)，常用在enjoy，teach，hurt，behave等動(dòng)詞后和by，for，to等介詞后myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves作同位語(yǔ)，用于加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，強(qiáng)調(diào)"親自，本人，親身"作表語(yǔ)，常用于be，feel，look等系動(dòng)詞后，表示身體狀況等ItwashethathelpedmewhenItraveledinMadrid，andI’vekeptintouchwithhimeversince.（he）[2022全國(guó)乙，70]TheChineseAncientTeaMuseumwasofficiallyunveiled（揭幕）attheceremony，openingits（it）firstexhibition：TheAvenueofTruth—ASpecialExhibitionofPu’erTea.Atfirstshetookmyhandinhers（her）andlistenedpatientlyasImentionedmyworries.Thenthedriverstoodupandasked，"Didanyoneloseasuitcaseatthelaststop？"Awomanonthebusshouted，"Oh，dear！It’smine/me（I）."空處用名詞性物主代詞mine，表示那個(gè)箱子是"我的"；也可用I的賓格形式me，表示是"我"在上一站丟失了手提箱。NowI’mmuchmoreexperiencedasadriver.AlthoughIstilldon’tconsidermyself（I）aperfectone，I’mmuchmoreconfidentbehindthewheelthanIwaswhenIstarted.He’swritingthisemailtoaskforsickleavebecausehe’snotfeelinghimself（he）today.EveryyearwhenGraininEar（芒種）es，peoplemakedifferenttypesofbreadwithwheatflourandcolorthem（they）withvegetablejuice.二、不定代詞1.both，either，neither，all，any，none代詞含義作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)兩者both"都"，肯定復(fù)數(shù)either"任何一個(gè)"，肯定單數(shù)neither"都不"，否定常用單數(shù)三者或更多all"都"，肯定與all指代的人或事物保持一致any"任何一個(gè)"單復(fù)數(shù)均可（常與of短語(yǔ)連用）none"都不"，否定注意"any/noneof＋不可數(shù)名詞"作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Ifyoucan’tdecidewhichofthetwobookstoborrow，whydon’tyoutakeboth？Iwon’treadthemthisweek.如果你不能決定借這兩本書中的哪一本，為什么不兩本都借呢？我這周不看這兩本書?！狣oyouwantteaorcoffee？你想喝茶還是咖啡？—EitherisOK.Ireallydon’tmind.任何一種都可以。我真的不介意。2.each①each可直接作主語(yǔ)，也可接"of＋代詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式"或"of＋the/these/形容詞性物主代詞＋名詞復(fù)數(shù)"作主語(yǔ)，此時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Each（ofthestudents）hasadictionary.每位學(xué)生都有一本詞典。②each可作同位語(yǔ)，放在主語(yǔ)（復(fù)數(shù)）后，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Theyeachhaveadictionary.他們每人有一本詞典。注意each還可作限定詞，修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，常與every進(jìn)行辨析。eachTherearelotsofflowersoneachsideoftheroad.路兩邊有許多花。Sheknowsnearlyeverystudentintheschool.她幾乎認(rèn)識(shí)學(xué)校里的每個(gè)學(xué)生。3.theother，another，theothers，others代詞用法例句theother特指兩者中的另一個(gè)，常用在"one...theother..."結(jié)構(gòu)中Ihavetwodaughters.Oneisadoctor，andtheotherisateacher.我有兩個(gè)女兒，一個(gè)是醫(yī)生，另一個(gè)是教師。another指三者或三者以上中的"另一，再一"Igotanotherofthosecallsyesterday.昨天我又接了一個(gè)那樣的。theothers相當(dāng)于"theother＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)"，特指其余全部的人或物，常用在"some...theothers..."結(jié)構(gòu)中Twoboyswillgotothezoo，andtheotherswillgotothemuseum.兩個(gè)男孩將去動(dòng)物園，其余的去博物館。others相當(dāng)于"other＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)"，泛指別的人或物，常用在"some...others..."結(jié)構(gòu)中Somestudentsarecleaningtheclassroom；othersareplayingintheplayground.一些學(xué)生在打掃教室，另一些在操場(chǎng)上玩。4.many，much，（a）few，（a）little含義替代可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)替代不可數(shù)名詞"多"manymuch"少"，否定意義fewlittle"一些/點(diǎn)"，肯定意義afewalittle注意notMostsurprisingly，quiteafewsaidtheydidn’tintendtovoteatall.最讓人吃驚的是，相當(dāng)多的人說(shuō)他們根本不打算參加投票。三、用作替代詞的one，theone，that，it代詞用法所替代的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)one替代上文出現(xiàn)的"同類"人或事物中的一個(gè)，表泛指必須是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)表示復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用onestheone替代上文出現(xiàn)的"同類"人或事物，表特指必須是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)表示復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用theonesthat替代上文出現(xiàn)的"同類"事物，表特指，其后常跟介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞表示復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用thoseit替代上文出現(xiàn)的"同一"事物，還可以指代時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、距離、天氣、季節(jié)等可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞[天津高考，3]Astudyshowsthestudentswhoareengagedinafterschoolactivitiesarehappierthanthosewhoarenot.TheChinesehaveknownaboutthebenefitsofgreenteasinceancienttimes，andtheyuseittotreatvariousdiseasessuchasheadachesanddepression.四、it的常考用法1.it作形式主語(yǔ)的常用句型①It＋be＋adj.＋（for/ofsb.）todosth.②It＋be＋n.＋（forsb./sth.）todosth.③Ittakes/tooksb.＋一段時(shí)間＋todosth.做某事花費(fèi)某人多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。④Itisworthwhiletodo/doingsth.值得做某事。⑤Itisuseless/nouse/nogooddoingsth.做某事沒用。⑥Itisapity/shamethat...真可惜/遺憾……⑦Itisnowonderthat...難怪……⑧Itisobvious/clear/evidentthat...顯然……⑨Itissaid/reported/believedthat...據(jù)說(shuō)/據(jù)報(bào)道/人們相信……⑩Itoccursto/hits/strikessb.that...某人突然想起……?Itseems/appearsthat...似乎……Itisverykindofyoutoprovidemewithgeneroushelpandsupport.你真是太好了，給予我慷慨的幫助和支持。It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.覆水難收。/后悔無(wú)益。ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarth.顯然，人類活動(dòng)對(duì)地球上所有其他物種已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響。2.it作形式賓語(yǔ)的常用句型①主語(yǔ)＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/find/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋（for/ofsb.）todo/that...②主語(yǔ)＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/find/make/keep...＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/nouse/nogood/awasteoftime...＋doingsth.Shemadeitclearthatsheobjected.她明確表示反對(duì)。Ifinditquitenecessarytotellherbeforehand.我覺得很有必要事先告訴她。Iconsideritworthwhilewatching/towatchthismovie.我認(rèn)為這部電影值得一看。3.it的相關(guān)短語(yǔ)和常用句型makeit成功，做到believeitornot信不信由你assb.putsit正如某人所說(shuō)takeitforgrantedthat...認(rèn)為……是理所當(dāng)然的Takeiteasy.別緊張。Don’tmentionit.不客氣。Whenitesto...當(dāng)涉及/談及……（to為介詞）Itis/was...that/who...（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）1.Ratherthanaddingextraclasstime，schoolsmayfinditmoreproductivetoconsidercarefullytherangeandqualityofactivitiesprovided.2.AccordingtoWang，theplatformnotonlyhelpswithproductionbutalsopromotessales，asits（it）trackingsystemcancollectfirsthandmarketingfeedbackdata.3.ThefamousrocksingersongwriterisalegendaryfigureinChineserockmusic，themediacallinghim（he）"thegodfatherofChineserockandroll".4.Astheworldleaderscontinuetomitthemselves（they）tomonitoringour"sick"planet，weneedtocontinuetotakesmallstepsto"heal"theworld.5.Inaddition，itisalwayswisetopareyourresultswiththoseofothergroupmembers.6.Itisbadmannersfortheyoungtotakeuptheseatsfortheold.7.WFP（世界糧食計(jì)劃署）workscloselywithgovernments，organizationsandindividualswhoseloveforhelpinghungrypeopleequalsours（our）.考點(diǎn)三介詞一、表示"時(shí)間"的介詞at表示在某一時(shí)刻at2o’clock表示在進(jìn)餐時(shí)間atbreakfast/lunch/supper表示在一天中的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)atmidnightatdawnatsunsetatnightfallon表示在特定的某一天onTuesdayonNewYear’sDay表示在某一天的或某種類型的早晨、中午或晚上onacoldnightonthemorningofJuly15用于"on＋動(dòng)詞ing/動(dòng)作名詞"結(jié)構(gòu)onarriving/onhisarrivalatthehotelfor表示"長(zhǎng)達(dá)……（時(shí)間）"，后接時(shí)間段，常與完成時(shí)連用Shehasbeenillfortwodays.from表示"從……開始"，后接時(shí)間點(diǎn)，多用于"from...to/till/until..."結(jié)構(gòu)YoucaneanytimefromMondaytoFriday.since表示"自……以來(lái)"，后接時(shí)間點(diǎn)，常與完成時(shí)連用Wehaveknowneachothersince2008.before表示"在……之前"，與after相對(duì)Pleaseebeforeteno’clock.by表示"不遲于，在……之前"I’llhaveitdonebytomorrow.until（till）表示"直到……為止"，在肯定句中常與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用Youmustwaituntil/tilltomorrow.在否定句中常與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用Ididn’tgotobeduntil12o’clock.in表示"在……之后"或"在……之內(nèi)"，"in＋時(shí)間段"常與將來(lái)時(shí)連用I’lletoseeyouagaininafewdays.after表示"在……之后"，可用于過去時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)We’llleaveafterlunch.Theyarrivedafter5p.m.within表示"在……之內(nèi)"，強(qiáng)調(diào)事情發(fā)生的全過程不超出某一段時(shí)間Icanfinishitwithinanhour.during表示"在……期間"，指整個(gè)時(shí)間段或一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的某個(gè)時(shí)候，有時(shí)可與in互換Whatdidshesayduring/inmyabsence？through表示"自始至終"，指整個(gè)時(shí)間段Theyworkedthroughthenight.over表示"在吃（或喝）……的時(shí)候"，強(qiáng)調(diào)間隙Wehadapleasantchatoveracupoftea.表示"在……期間"，可與during互換Willyoubehomeover/duringthesummervacation？InNovember2020，Marshallsawapersonlyinginthestreetafterbeinghitbyacar.Thestore，oneveryagreedday，willpackthefoodwellandsendittothecustomer’shome.FrommidMarchtomidAprileveryyearisthebesttimetoenjoythebeautifulcherryblossoms.Morethan50，000ancientartifactshavebeenfoundatSanxingduisincethe1920s，whenalocalfarmeraccidentallycameuponanumberofrelicsatthesite.Itwasnotuntil1920thatregularradiobroadcastbegan.Apanysaysithascreatedanewbatterythatpeoplecanfullychargein/withinjustfiveminutes.Thisisthesameamountoftimeittakestofillatankofpetrol.OnTuesdaymorning，ShenDongwasabouttowalkintothebankwhenhespottedsomethingfallingdownfromabuildingacrossthestreet.[2021北京，14]Whileridinghisbikehomeonacoldnight，hecameacrossasadlookingelderlywomanwanderingthestreetsbyherself.二、表示"地點(diǎn)或方位"的介詞at其后一般接小地方，接地名時(shí)，常將此地視為空間的一點(diǎn)HearrivedatthefamoustowninJiangsuatdusk.on表示兩地接壤GuangdongisontheeastofGuangxi；FujianliestothesouthofJiangsuandallofthemareinChina.to表示兩地的相對(duì)位置，不接壤in其后一般接大地方或表示在某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi)off表示"（時(shí)空上）離，距"Helivesonanislandoffthecoast.on表示"在……上"，強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)物體表面相接觸Thereisaglassonthetable，amapoftheworldonthewall，andaclockabovethemap.above表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，反義詞是belowover表示"在某物的正上方"，反義詞是underThereisalamphangingoverthedesk，andunderitisawastepaperbasket.along表示"沿著"某一路徑在水平方向上行進(jìn)Isawthemrunningalongtheroad.through意為"穿過"，表示從內(nèi)部空間通過Theywalkedacrossthesquareandthenthroughthedarkforest.across表示"橫穿"，強(qiáng)調(diào)從某一物體的表面橫過Heranacrossthezebracrossing（斑馬線），rushingintotheshopacrossthestreet.表示"在……對(duì)面"by/past意為"經(jīng)過"，表示從某人/某物的旁邊經(jīng)過Hewalkedby/pastmewithoutspeaking.between表示"在……之間（指兩者）"，常和and連用；也可指三者或三者以上的每?jī)烧咧g的相互關(guān)系和差別IsatdownbetweenJoandDiana.Theboyhasalreadyknownthedifferencebetweengases，solidsandliquids.among表示"在……之間（指三者或三者以上的同類事物，或籠統(tǒng)的一群人或一些物之間）"Ifoundtheletteramonghispapers.Theerhuissimilartotheviolin，buttherearemanysignificantdifferencesbetweenthem.Whenwefirstarriveinadifferentcountry，everythingaboutthenewcultureisstrangeandexciting.[2020全國(guó)Ⅲ，70]Theartistwasfinallyhumbled（謙卑）bythegreatestartistonearth，MotherNature.[2020浙江，56]Sometimeafter10，000BC，peoplemadethefirstrealattempttocontroltheworldtheylivedin，throughagriculture.三、表示"工具或手段"的介詞by表示"靠……手段，用……方法，憑借……"，后可接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)詞ingWecanrealizeourdreamsbyworkinghard."by＋表示交通工具的名詞"表示交通方式，此時(shí)名詞前不加冠詞bybike/bus/train/plane/ship"by＋表示水、陸、空的名詞"表示交通方式bywater/sea/land/airwith表示"用，使用（某種工具、物品或材料等）"，所接名詞前應(yīng)加冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞等限定詞Weseewithoureyes，hearwithourears，andwalkwithourlegs.in表示"使用（某種語(yǔ)言、材料等）"ThebookwaswritteninChinese.on表示"通過，使用，借助于"ShelearnsEnglishontheradio/onTV.NowadaysmanypeopletravelacrossChinabymeansofhighspeedtrains，andtherailtrafficisquitebusyespeciallyduringfestivals.InIndia，forexample，mostpeopletraditionallyeatwiththeirhands.四、表示"原因或理由"的介詞for常與表示聞名、獎(jiǎng)罰等意義的形容詞或動(dòng)詞連用，如famous，known，praise，punish等Xi’anisfamousforitshighstatusinthelonghistory.at常與表示喜、怒、哀、樂等的形容詞（如angry，delighted等）連用，表示產(chǎn)生這種情感的原因Hewassurprisedatthenews.with常與表示喜、怒、哀、樂等的抽象名詞連用，表示因?yàn)槟撤N感情而使某人有某種表現(xiàn)或行為Heshoutedloudlywithanger.from表示傷、病或事故等原因Shefeltsickfromtiredness.of多用于表示自身的原因；也常用于某些與情感相關(guān)的形容詞后Herfrienddiedofcancer.Hisfatherisproudofhim.TheSmithsarepraisedforthewaytheybringuptheirchildren.Thenumberofroadaccidentsandthedeathsresultingfromthoseaccidentshasincreasedoverthepastyears.五、表示"范圍"的介詞（短語(yǔ)）besides"除……之外（還）"，除去的部分也包括在整體之內(nèi)Therearethreemorevisitorsbesidesme.除我之外，還有三位訪客。except"除……之外"，除去的部分不包括在整體之內(nèi)，一般表示同類之間的關(guān)系Youcantakeanyoftheapplesexceptthisone.除了這個(gè)，你可以拿走這些蘋果中的任何一個(gè)。exceptfor"除……之外"，用于引出細(xì)節(jié)以修正或補(bǔ)充句子的主要意思Theroadswereemptyexceptforafewcars.除了幾輛小汽車，馬路上空蕩蕩的。apartfrom具有多重意義，既可代替besides，也可代替exceptfor或exceptApartfrom（＝Exceptfor）thekitchen，thehouseisverynice.這座房子除了廚房，哪兒都很好。六、常見的介詞短語(yǔ)1.at構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)atfirst起先，首先 atlast最后atonce立刻 atwork在工作；起作用attheageof在……歲時(shí) attheendof在……末尾atthefootof在……腳下 atthesametime同時(shí)ataloss困惑，不知所措2.by構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)bychance碰巧 bydesign故意地byforce用武力 byhand手工bynature天生地 bytheway順便提一下byoneself獨(dú)自地3.beyond構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)beyonddescription無(wú)法形容beyondcontrol無(wú)法控制beyondone’sreach夠不著beyondone’sunderstanding無(wú)法理解4.in構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)inadvance事先，預(yù)先 incase如果，萬(wàn)一incharge主管，掌管 inmon共有，共同infort舒適地 inconclusion最后indespair絕望地 indetail詳細(xì)地indoubt不確定 ineffect實(shí)際上；有效infact事實(shí)上 ingeneral大體上inneed在貧困中 inorder正常，妥當(dāng)inreturn作為回報(bào) innoway決不inpeace平靜地，安寧地 inshort簡(jiǎn)言之；總之inplace在正確位置，準(zhǔn)備妥當(dāng)；準(zhǔn)備就緒insight看得見 inturn依次；轉(zhuǎn)而 invain徒勞5.on構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)ondisplay陳列，展出 onholiday在度假onleave在休假 onsale出售；減價(jià)出售ontime準(zhǔn)時(shí) onaverage平均onbehalfof代表 onthecontrary與此相反6.under構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)underconsideration在考慮中underconstruction在建設(shè)中underpressure承受著壓力7.outof構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)outofbalance失去平衡 outofbreath喘不上氣outofcontrol失去控制 outofdate過時(shí)的outoforder出故障 outofplace不適當(dāng)；位置不當(dāng)outofthequestion不可能 outofreach夠不著outofsight看不見 outofstyle不時(shí)髦的outoftouch失去聯(lián)系 outofwork失業(yè)8."in＋名詞＋其他介詞"結(jié)構(gòu)incaseof以防 incelebrationof慶?！璱nchargeof負(fù)責(zé)，主管incourseof在……的過程中infrontof在……前面 infavourof贊同，支持infearof擔(dān)心，害怕 inmemoryof為紀(jì)念……inneedof需要 inplaceof代