8 Introduction 英語專業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作教程.ppt

1、Introduction,Lecture 8,59- 1,Contents 8.1 Tasks for Critical Thinking and Discussion 8.2 Order of Citations 8.3 Verb Tense in Citation 8.4 Verb Tense in Other Parts of Introduction 8.5 Language Practice 8.6 Writing up Your Research 8.7 Language Support,59- 2,Information elements (IE) of an introduct

2、ion,1.Research background 2.Literature review (What have been done? What havent been done?) 3.Investigation needed 4.Research purpose (What am I going to do?) 5.Research value / findings / paper structure,59- 3,Universe (a general area of study),Galaxy,Star,a sub-area,a specific topic,59- 4,59- 5,8.

3、1 Tasks for Critical Thinking and Discussion,1.Complete the following table by indicating the IEs each text (read the handout) contains.,59- 6,S(s) 5, 8,S(s) 2-4,S(s) /,S(s) 1,S(s) 6-7,S(s) /,S(s) 9-12,S(s) 9,S(s) 8,S(s) 4-7,S(s) 1-3,S(s) 8,S(s) 7,S(s) 6,S(s) 1-5,59- 7,2. Which information element i

4、s the longest? Is there any reason for this?,The part of literature review is often the longest since it includes specific information about different studies.,59- 8,3. Read the following example of IE1 and indicate whether a sentence makes a statement about the general area, the sub-area, or the au

5、thors topic.,e.g. 1One of the important research fields for mobile robots is their smooth movement to destination. 2A mobile robot must possess a map and must be able to move by evading obstacles not described in the map such as a person, another mobile robot or merely an object. 3To evade an obstac

6、le, a mobile robot has to be able to identify its position, detect the obstacle using a visual system, and operate a collision avoidance algorithm.,IE 1: Establishing a context,General area: _ Sub-area: _ Authors topic: _,sentence 1,sentence 3,sentence 2,59- 9,4. Identify the part of IE 1 in Text 1,

7、 and indicate the sentences which correspond to the general area, a sub-area and the authors topic.,General area: sentences 1-2; Sub-area: sentences 3-4; Authors topic: sentence 5,59- 10,5. In the literature review part of Text 2, the author cites the writers in two different ways. What are they? Wh

8、at determines a writers decision on these two forms?,a. Authors names at beginning of sentence in subject position, followed by reference and date in brackets. b. Authors names and reference at the end of the citation sentence in brackets. (2) Importance given to the cited authors. If they are more

9、important and relevant to the writers work, the cited authors are fronted.,IE 2: Reviewing previous research,59- 11,6. Following is part of a literature review taken from the introduction to a paper in the field of English learning. The sentences are given here in scramble order. Arrange the sentenc

10、es in the order you feel they should appear in the original text. The review begins with sentence B.,59- 12,Stylistic Variations in Science Lectures _A. Pang and Wright (2005) broadened the linguistic focus to include some pedagogical and sociolinguistic aspects of lecturing, such as setting, level

11、of formality, participant roles, and lecture topics. _B. Most research on the lecture method has been conducted in a native-speaker context. _C. The role of vocabulary in mediating instruction has recently attracted the attention of applied linguists. _D. A number of studies have so far examined the

12、 ways information is presented in lectures; and recommendations for improving the study skills of native speakers have been proposed (e.g., North et al., 2000; Murphy, 2002; Hall, 2005). _ E. Lee (2006) has examined function of definitions in science lectures. _ F. Only a few researchers have consid

13、ered the special problems foreign students may have with lectures given in English (Ding, 1999; Young Richards and recommendations for improving the study skills of native speakers have been proposed (e.g., North et al., 2000; Murphy, 2002; Hall, 2005). F. Only a few researchers have considered the

14、special problems foreign students may have with lectures given in English (Ding, 1999; Young Richards Thompson, 2005a; 2005b), resisting their instructors requests (Houser Zamel, 1983, 1985; see Krapels, 1990, for a survey of L2 process studies) and into the discourse structures of L2 texts (Connor

15、Future,1. This paper presents the results of a survey conducted in Zhejiang province, China, to determine the perceived impact of Chinas accession to the WTO on business professionals. 2. In this paper, we propose an alternative distributed approach, where the local admission decisions are made inde

16、pendently at the edge routers of each domain. 3. This paper will discuss some demographic factors which might be important for queen rearing in African honeybee colonies.,59 - 30,8.5 Language Practice,1.Read the paper entitled “Internet-Business or Just Business? Impact of Internet-Specific Strategi

17、es on Venture Performance”, an introduction part of a research paper in the field of management studies, on the handout. The paragraphs of the paper are in scrambled order. Rearrange the paragraphs in an order as the author originally wrote them.,C-B-E-A-D,59 - 31,2. The following sentences are take

18、n from the introduction to a research paper on business email communication. The introduction has three paragraphs. The sentences in each paragraph are not presented in their proper order. Number the sentences in the order you think they appeared in the original introduction.,B C A D F E H G,59 - 32

19、,3. Read the following paragraphs which contain literature review parts. Indicate if the order of citation used in the review is (1) General to specific, (2) Chronological or (3) Different approaches.,(A) General to specific (B) Different approaches (C) Chronological,59 - 33,4. Each of the following

20、 IE IV statements (research purpose / objectives of the writers study) is taken from a different research paper. Determine whether it is an example of research or report orientation. Then rewrite each statement, changing the orientation from research to report, or vice versa. Make changes if necessa

21、ry.,e.g. (1) The purpose of this research was to further investigate and characterize the Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory reactorsystem. (2) The purpose of this paper (report) is to further examine (describe) and characterize the Sanitary,report orientation,research orientation,59 - 34,(1)

22、In the current study we attempted to address the perceived shortcomings in the literature highlighted above. _,The present paper attempts to address the perceived shortcomings in the literature highlighted above.,research orientation,59 - 35,(2) In this paper, we propose an alternative distributed a

23、pproach, where the local admission decisions are made independently at the edge routers of each domain. _,This study proposed an alternative distributed approach, where the local admission decisions are made independently at the edge routers of each domain. (Or) The purpose of this study was to prop

24、ose .,report orientation,59 - 36,(3) The present study, in taking a new approach to the study of academic writing tasks, attempts to provide some preliminary answers to these questions in the hope that other researchers will build on this preliminary work. _,The study, in taking a new approach to th

25、e study of academic writing tasks, was an attempt to provide some preliminary answers to these questions in the hope that other researchers will build on this beginning.,report orientation,59 - 37,(4) This paper presents the active resource management (ARM) approach that actively manages the resourc

26、es in a DS domain by dynamically reallocating resources at the BB based on the current requirements of applications and the state of the network. _,The purpose of this study was to present the active resource management (ARM) approach that actively manages the resources in a DS domain by dynamically

27、 reallocating resources at the BB based on the current requirements of applications and the state of the network.,report orientation,59 - 38,(5) The experiment to be described below was an attempt to provide some further data on the role and position of a summary in a research report, using natural

28、materials. _,This report is an attempt to provide some further data on the role and position of a summary in a research report, using natural materials.,research orientation,59 - 39,(6) Based on the assumption that learners attitudes toward a language might affect their learning of that language, th

29、is paper reports on a study which examined Chinese students attitudes toward Singaporean English. _,Based on the assumption that learners attitudes toward a language might affect their learning of that language, this study examined Chinese students attitudes toward Singaporean English.,report orient

30、ation,59 - 40,(7) In this paper, we will discuss the extent to which the video has achieved the aim of stimulating reflection within one particular English communication skills course, and the depth of reflection that has taken place. _,The study examined / investigated the extent to which the video

31、 has achieved the aim of stimulating reflection within one particular English communication skills course, and the depth of reflection that has taken place. (Or) The purpose of this study was to examine / investigate ,report orientation,59 - 41,(8) The goal of the present research was to assess whet

32、her there is evidence for in-group favoritism in the attribution of smiles. _,The main purpose of this paper is to assess whether there is evidence for in-group favoritism in the attribution of smiles.,research orientation,59 - 42,8.6 Writing up Your Research,1. The same introduction to the paper ab

33、out teacher evaluation used in Lecture 7 is presented here again. IEs I, III, IV, V are given, but IE II (Literature review) is represented in outline form. Using the information in the outline, write a literature review for this introduction. You may refer to the list of references at the end of th

34、e text for your citation information, but dont refer to the original text.,Teachers and Students Perceptions of “Student Evaluation of Faculty” as a method for Assessing Teachers PerformanceUniversity of Bristol Pauline, K L Lee,Introduction In the past 30 years, there has been a steady increase in

35、the use of student evaluation of instruction. With accountability and a consumer-oriented culture in vogue, quality assurance practices are also greatly advocated in the education sector in Hong Kong. Rating gained from student evaluation of faculty (referred to as SEF hereafter) have been used to appraise teachers performance, and they also provide the source of information for department heads to make decisions on allocation of duties, contract renewal, promotions and staff development.,59 - 43,IE II Literature Review,A. A number of studies investigate evaluation prac