英語(yǔ)寫作常見十大語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤.ppt

1、英語(yǔ)寫作常見十大語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,一、句子不完整 a.一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句有兩個(gè)基本成分：主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，兩者缺一不可。 1. In China has more than 100 million subscribers to cable television. China has more than 100 million subscribers to cable television. 2. One of the many benefits of traveling overseas learning how to cope with the unexpected. One of the many bene

2、fits of traveling overseas is learning how to cope with the unexpected.,b.如果一個(gè)句子有從句，也必須保證從句的完整性。 Those who overweight or indulge in unhealthy diets are candidates for heart attacks. Those who are overweight or indulge in unhealthy diets are candidates for heart attacks.,c.介詞后面一定要加名詞、代詞或者從句作賓語(yǔ)。 A mar

3、ked character of cooperative learning is that personal success only springs from. A marked character of cooperative learning is that personal success only springs from group success. d.在大多數(shù)情況下，比較級(jí)后面一般要加than, 并且清晰指明所比較的對(duì)象。 Divorce is more common. Divorce is more common than it was one generation ago.

4、,二、句子成分多余 a.一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句通常只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，如果主語(yǔ)超過(guò)一個(gè)，要使用連詞構(gòu)成并列主語(yǔ)。 Smoking, drinking are banned in many places of work. Smoking and drinking are banned in many places of work.,b.如果一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)多個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要使用連詞連接構(gòu)成并列動(dòng)詞，或者在一些句子中使用關(guān)系代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合句。有一些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 1. The media distorts reality, categories things as all good or all

5、 bad. The media distorts reality and categories things as all good or all bad. 2. It is unclear recycling can help control pollution. It is unclear whether recycling can help control pollution. 3. It is advertising makes us buy something on a whim. It is advertising that makes us buy something on a

6、whim.,c.如果一個(gè)句子出現(xiàn)多個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，一般要使用連詞連接構(gòu)成并列賓語(yǔ)。但是也有一些動(dòng)詞，如give，offer等可以跟雙賓語(yǔ)。 More people would prefer cycling, walking if conditions were right. More people would prefer cycling or walking if conditions were right.,d.如果出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)句子，中間除了用加連詞這種方法之外，還可以用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)分割，比如用句號(hào)或者分號(hào)。句號(hào)和分號(hào)在語(yǔ)法上有連詞的功能，其前后要有完整的句子；而逗號(hào)、括號(hào)則不能夠連接完整的句子。 Edu

7、cation has been made available to more people nowadays, however, many adults have some problems with literacy and numeracy. Education has been made available to more people nowadays; however, many adults have some problems with literacy and numeracy.,e.部分名詞短語(yǔ)可獨(dú)立作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，前面不能加介詞。 People can travel to an

8、d from duty in every day on foot or by bike. People can travel to and from duty every day on foot or by bike.,f.一般來(lái)說(shuō)，because和so, although和but等連詞不能夠同時(shí)用在一個(gè)句子當(dāng)中。 Although the crime rate is falling in many parts of the world, but violent crimes are constantly rampant. Although the crime rate is falling

9、in many parts of the world, violent crimes are constantly rampant.,g.用詞避免累贅，同義詞或近義詞最好不要同時(shí)出現(xiàn)。 Teamwork is indispensable, essential and crucial if you are not an experienced learner or worker. Teamwork is indispensable if you are not an experienced learner or worker.,三、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)使用錯(cuò)誤 a.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加動(dòng)詞原形 This tre

10、nd can persisted for years. This trend can persist for years. Clothes for travel should was lightweight and practical. Clothes for travel should be lightweight and practical.,b.助動(dòng)詞，主要有：do (does, did), be (am, is, are, was, were), have (has, had), shall (should), will (would) 助動(dòng)詞be后的動(dòng)詞不能是原形，一定要是動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在

11、分詞或者過(guò)去分詞形式。 The budget of a country should be balance each year. The budget of a country should be balanced each year.,c.有些句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由助動(dòng)詞（或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，以構(gòu)成一定的語(yǔ)態(tài)或時(shí)態(tài)。 Obesity has a problem to most Americans for decades. Obesity has been a problem to most Americans for decades.,d. 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)要分清主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)。 1. Trade

12、is consisted of the exchange of goods and that of services. Trade consists of the exchange of goods and that of services. 2. Consumer confidence will improve, which is crucial to an economic recovery. Consumer confidence will be improved, which is crucial to an economic recovery.,e. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是由動(dòng)介

13、或動(dòng)副短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成且位于句尾，那么后面的介詞或者副詞不能夠省略。 At the nursing home, elders can be well cared. At the nursing home, elders can be well cared for.,四、前后不一致 a.動(dòng)名詞和不定式做主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 1. Raising standards of literacy are the governments priority. Raising standards of literacy is the governments priority. 2. To rear a chil

14、d alone are challenging to any parent. To rear a child alone is challenging to any parent.,b.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后跟著with, together with, coupled with, combined with, as well as, like等詞引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)跟前面主語(yǔ)的數(shù)保持一致。 Overworking, coupled with poor diet, lead to physical degeneration. Overworking, coupled with poor diet, le

15、ads to physical degeneration.,c.不定代詞anybody, anything, everybody, everything, nobody, nothing, somebody, something, each, none等作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 Even if somebody fall sick, everything go on as usual. Even if somebody falls sick, everything goes on as usual.,d.neithernor或者eitheror引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)視鄰近動(dòng)詞的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)而

16、定。 e.定語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)該與先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。 Parenting, which are a stressful job, has been increasingly valued by society. Parenting, which is a stressful job, has been increasingly valued by society.,f.由what, whether, how, that, where等詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 How we can cope with massive technological change in the 21s

17、t century are an interesting issue. How we can cope with massive technological change in the 21st century is an interesting issue.,g.the number of+名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，后面謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；a number of +名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，后面謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；a huge amount of +不可數(shù)名詞，后面謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 A significant number of young people has been leaving the countryside for

18、 urban areas. A significant number of young people have been leaving the countryside for urban areas.,五、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用錯(cuò)誤 a.及物動(dòng)詞后一定要加名詞或者名詞性質(zhì)的成分作賓語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)的基本句型；否則就是錯(cuò)誤的。 I will discuss in some detail. I will discuss this topic in some detail.,b.不及物動(dòng)詞后不能直接加任何名詞或者名詞性的詞語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)，如果要加賓語(yǔ)，則要加介詞；不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 1. The

19、 accident was similar to one that was happened last year. The accident was similar to one that happened last year. 2. I disagree many points made by the supporters of globalization. I disagree with many points made by the supporters of globalization.,c.有些動(dòng)詞詞組不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。常見的有depend on, rely on, survive on

20、, arise form, stem from, belong to, consist of，等等。 1. Many museum and libraries are depended entirely on donations from the public. Many museum and libraries depend entirely on donations from the public. 2. A successful organization should not be consisted entirely of older people. A successful orga

21、nization should not consist entirely of older people.,d.有一些及物動(dòng)詞后面常跟雙賓語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+雙賓語(yǔ)的基本句型（如bring, deny, grant, rend, show等等） We should not deny children that they have the opportunity to study what they like. We should not deny children the opportunity to study what they like.,e. 有一些及物動(dòng)詞后面跟賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，

22、構(gòu)成主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的基本句型。注意：make, have, let這三個(gè)使役動(dòng)詞后面跟的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)常用不加to的動(dòng)詞不定式。 1.This photograph makes me to look about 60. This photograph makes me look about 60. 2. Whether we like it or not, our families shape our lives and make us to be what we are. Whether we like it or not, our families shape our liv

23、es and make us what we are.,f. 系動(dòng)詞后面接表語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)的基本句型。比如be, seem, look, get, stay, remain等。 1. 副詞不能作表語(yǔ)，形容詞則可以。 Cycling is beneficially to our health. Cycling is beneficial to our health. 2. 系動(dòng)詞一般不用被動(dòng)。 Most children are seemed to be better at remembering bad habits, instead of good ones. Most chil

24、dren seem to be better at remembering bad habits, instead of good ones.,六、詞性理解錯(cuò)誤 a.可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞 1.單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前一定要加限定詞；對(duì)不可數(shù)名詞則無(wú)此約束。 Computer is a machine for collecting, processing and presenting information. A computer is a machine for collecting, processing and presenting information.,2. 有一些詞或者短語(yǔ)后面要加復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名

25、詞（例如a few, few, a variety of, various, other, numerous, a number of, different, one of, many等） Smoking cessation is one of the likely factor that contribute to the development of obesity. Smoking cessation is one of the likely factors that contribute to the development of obesity.,3.有一些詞或者短語(yǔ)后面要加單數(shù)可數(shù)

26、名詞（例如any other, another, each, neither, either） Many teenagers begin smoking habits due to peer pressure but not for any other reasons. Many teenagers begin smoking habits due to peer pressure but not for any other reason.,4. 有一些詞或者短語(yǔ)后面要加不可數(shù)名詞（例如a little, little, much等）。 Little progresses have been

27、made towards tackling poverty. Little progress has been made towards tackling poverty.,5.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)被some/any, a proportion of, a majority of等修飾的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要與主語(yǔ)的數(shù)保持一致。 In most developed countries a high proportion of the population now enters higher education at some time in their lives. In most developed count

28、ries a high proportion of the population now enter higher education at some time in their lives.,b.冠詞 1. 有一些形容詞前面常加定冠詞（比如only, very “恰好”, same等） People with same experience should be paid same. People with the same experience should be paid the same.,2.序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)前要加定冠詞。 1.Tourism has become the top

29、earner of foreign currency for many countries since late twentieth century. Tourism has become the top earner of foreign currency for many countries since the late twentieth century. 2. The cigarette is most common method of smoking tobacco. The cigarette is the most common method of smoking tobacco

30、. 3.unique, university, union, European等詞的第一音節(jié)為輔音，不定冠詞應(yīng)該用a； 而hour和honour等單詞的第一個(gè)音節(jié)為元音，因此不定冠詞要用an。,c.介詞 1. 介詞后不能跟句子，注意其與連詞的區(qū)別。比較容易被誤用為連詞的介詞或者介詞短語(yǔ)有despite, in spite of, during, because of等。 Many smokers are unwilling to cease smoking despite they have knowledge of ill health effects. Many smokers are u

31、nwilling to cease smoking despite their knowledge of ill health effects.,2.to在句子中可能是介詞（需要加名詞或者具備名詞性質(zhì)的內(nèi)容），也可能是動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)。要根據(jù)具體情況注意區(qū)分。如，在contribute to, lead to, pay attention to, give rise to等詞組中，to都是介詞。 Public disorder can lead to damage a countrys economy. Public disorder can lead to a countrys economi

32、c crisis.,3.有一些詞既可以作介詞也可以作連詞（跟句子），如for, since, after, before等。 Traditional buildings are desired sometimes, for the simple reason is that they are of commercial and cultural values. Traditional buildings are desired sometimes, for the simple reason that they are of commercial and cultural values. 4.

33、有些介詞的用法是固定的，對(duì)于這種情況，必須牢記。 Most children do not feel it necessary to conform with rules. Most children do not feel it necessary to conform to rules.,c.動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 1. 不定式短語(yǔ)可以作后置定語(yǔ)修飾一個(gè)名詞或者代詞，常和這個(gè)名詞或者代詞在邏輯上形成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，此時(shí)如果不定式短語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，需加上相應(yīng)的介詞。 2.有些動(dòng)詞加不定式作賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如want, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, c

34、ause, urge, force等。,e.代詞 Asking for advice from your family is better than overcoming a problem ourselves. Asking for advice from your family is better than overcoming a problem yourself.,f.分詞（分詞具有形容詞的性質(zhì)） 1. 分詞有時(shí)候放在名詞后作定語(yǔ)，可以看作是定語(yǔ)從句的作用。 2. 分詞常可以放在句首或者句末充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。這個(gè)時(shí)候，要注意分詞表示的必須是主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)。 The learning i

35、ndustry is booming, driving by competition, the demand for skilled workers, the growth of media and information technologies and the rapid pace of developments in all career fields. The learning industry is booming, driven by competition, the demand for skilled workers, the growth of media and infor

36、mation technologies and the rapid pace of developments in all career fields.,g動(dòng)名詞和不定式 動(dòng)名詞和不定式的一個(gè)常見區(qū)別是：動(dòng)名詞常表示狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)，描述抽象的、經(jīng)常性的、 已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情；而不定式常表示的是目的、原因，描述具體的、一次性的、將要發(fā)生的事 情。但具體的區(qū)別需要根據(jù)具體情況而定。 例： The main role of a teacher is teaching the students the knowledge accumulated over centuries of human experien

37、ce The main role of a teacher is to teach the students the knowledge accumulated over centuries of human experience,h形容詞和副詞 1副詞可以修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其他副詞和全句；形容詞只可以用來(lái)描寫或修飾名詞和代詞。 例： There are not easy answers to the problems facing this country There are no easy answers to the problems facing this country,2雙音節(jié)的形

38、容詞或者副詞比較級(jí)應(yīng)該加er，最高級(jí)應(yīng)該加est。對(duì)于這類詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)要加以特別注意，很多考生經(jīng)常將strong，young，healthy這些詞誤以為是三音節(jié)詞。 例： In extreme circumstances，women appear to be more strong than expected In extreme circumstances，women appear to be stronger than expected 3副詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，形容詞作表語(yǔ)。 例： Young drivers ale more possibly to have accidents th

39、an old drivers Young drivers are more likely to have accidents than old drivers,i連詞 1句子中的并列成分要用并列連詞連接。 例： An immigrant to a new country is normally unemployed，homeless，friendless An immigrant to a new country is normally unemployed，homeless or friendless 2從屬連詞(because，although，that等等)一定要連接兩個(gè)句子。 例： B

40、ecause it is not serious Because it is not serious，many countries do not take any real countermeasures,3.疑問(wèn)詞who，what，which，where，how和when后直接加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語(yǔ)，它在句子中可以用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。 例： We do not know what do next, as we have never seen anything like it. We do not know what to do next，as we have never se

41、en anything like it.,4however，therefore，otherwise，thus，hence等副詞常被誤認(rèn)為是連詞，這些詞是不可以連接句子的。 例： Today，many young people prefer to eat fast food such as fried chickenor pizza in fast food restaurant，therefore，young people have a greater risk of overweight Today，many young people prefer to eat fast food such

42、 as fried chicken，or pizza in fast food restaurants；therefore，young people have a greater risk of overweight,七、單詞使用錯(cuò)誤 因?yàn)楦鞣N原因，很多同學(xué)對(duì)單詞的理解有誤，因此在寫作過(guò)程中錯(cuò)用單詞。常見的例子 是instead of，很多同學(xué)以為這是“代替”的意思，而instead of不是動(dòng)詞，是介詞。這樣的例子還有很多，在這里不贅述。 例1：Tourism has instead of agriculture as the main industry in many places Tou

43、rism has replaced agriculture as the main industry in many places 例2：It is always difficult for a child to adopt to a new school It is always difficult for a child to adapt to a new school.,例3：The purpose of this reform is to increase living standards The purpose of this reform is to improve living

44、standards 例4：Many problems are certain to rise if children are given unlimited Internet access. Many problems are certain to arise if children are given unlimited Internet access.,八、詞序和語(yǔ)序 a副詞的位置 1動(dòng)詞帶有一至三個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，頻度副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后；動(dòng)詞前有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，頻度副詞放在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后。 例： The importance of a balance of trade to a healt

45、hy economy has been never clearer than it is now The importance of a balance of trade to a healthy economy has never been clearer than it is now,2在疑問(wèn)句中，副詞一般只能放在句中或句末。在有一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的疑問(wèn)句中，副詞常放在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前；在有兩個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的疑問(wèn)句中，副詞的位置與其在陳述句中的位置相同。 例： Can you say honestly that you have never lied? Can you honestly

46、say that you have never lied?,3有的副詞位置非常靈活，如sometimes，often，soon，perhaps等，可放在句首、句中或句末。 b形容詞的位置 形容詞大部分時(shí)候放在所修飾的詞的前面，但是也有例外：復(fù)合不定代詞的定語(yǔ)后置。 例： Nearly every immigrant comes to realise immediately that there is incomprehensible and peculiar something about the local culture Nearly every immigrant comes to re

47、alise immediately that there is something incomprehensible and peculiar about the local culture,九、倒裝和平行結(jié)構(gòu) a倒裝 1Sothat和suchthat句型中，如果so或者such放在句首，則需要倒裝。 例： So popular Internet is that its impacts on our daily lives are worthy of concern So popular is Internet that its impacts on our daily lives are w

48、orthy of concern 2“only+狀語(yǔ)”放在句首的時(shí)候，需要倒裝。 例： Only when the external conditions are favourable we can tackle this problem Only when the external conditions are favourable can we tackle this problem,3否定詞語(yǔ)放在句首要倒裝，如never，hardly，rarely，seldom，barely，nowhere等。 例： We have made it clear that under no circums

49、tances we would use it for personal affairs We have made it clear that under no circumstances would we use it for personal affairs 4具備否定意義的連詞放在句首也要倒裝，如not onlybut also, nor, not until等。 例： A quick dish does not necessarily mean a compromise of flavorNor fast food has to be junk food A quick dish doe

50、s not necessarily mean a compromise of flavorNor does fast food have to be junk food,1and和or的平行結(jié)構(gòu) 例1：It is widely accepted that the process of education begins at birth and continuing throughout 1ife It is widely accepted that the process of education begins at birth and continues throughout life 例2

51、：While tertiary education has been present throughout much of history, it is not until recently that its economic，society and politics importance has become prominent While tertiary education has been present throughout much of history, it is not until recently that its economic, social and politica

52、l importance has become prominent,2neithernor，as well as，bothand，not onlybut also，notbut，the sameas的平行結(jié)構(gòu)。 例： It is argued that animals should have the same rights as human being It is argued that animals should have the same rights as human beings,十、從句使用錯(cuò)誤 a. 定語(yǔ)從句(充當(dāng)主句的定語(yǔ)，類似于定語(yǔ)形容詞的功能) 1如果先行詞指人，關(guān)系代詞都

53、用who或that，不用which。 例： The elderly, which are normally incapable of looking after themselves, need time and compassion from their family The elderly, who are normally incapable of looking after themselves, need time and compassion from their family,2如果關(guān)系代詞在從句當(dāng)中作定語(yǔ)，那么要用whose，而不是which或者who。 例： Of those

54、 fast-growing countries, China, which economy has been growing at 9 percent per year, is particularly successful Of those fast-growing countries, China, whose economy has been growing at 9 percent per year，is particularly successful,3關(guān)系代同如果是在介詞后面，只能用which或者whom，不能用that。 例： There are plenty of natural resources in China，most of that are unused There are plenty of natural resources in China，most of which are unused 4where，when，wh