《運籌學導論》第四版-胡運權——第1章-Introduction

1、1,Operations Research_1,Chonghui Guo School of Management Science and Engineering Room 315, Tel. 84708007 password: 2008orms,2,Reference Books,Introduction to Operations Research (8th Edition) Frederick S. Hillier and Gerald J. Lieberman（Passed away in 1999）,3,Nothing special but the followings are

2、expected:,Prerequisite for the course,experience of computer use *,basis of mathematics *,programming skills *,4,Grading,Final Exam (80%) Presence and Problem Sets (20%),5,The Origins of Operations Research The Nature of Operations Research The Impact of Operations Research,1 Introduction,6,One prob

3、lems is a tendency for the many components of an organization to grow into relatively autonomous empires with their own goals and value systems, thereby losing sight of how their activities and objectives mesh with those of the overall organization. A related problem is that as the complexity and sp

4、ecialization increase, it becomes more and more difficult to allocate the available resources to the various activities in a way that is most effective for the organization as a whole.,1.1 The Origins of Operations Research,1 Introduction,7,The root of OR can be traced back many decades, when early

5、attempts were made to use a scientific approach in the management of organizations. The beginning of the activity called operations research has, however, generally been attributed to the military services early in World War . By the early 1950s, a growing number of people had introduced the use of

6、OR to a variety of organizations in business, industry, and government. The rapid spread of OR soon followed.,1.1 The Origins of Operations Research,8,Two factors that played a key role in the rapid growth of OR One was the substantial progress that was made early in improving the techniques to OR.

7、A prime example is the simplex method for solving linear programming problems, developed by George Dantzig in 1947. Many of the standard tools of OR, such as linear programming, dynamic programming, queuing theory, and inventory theory, were relatively well developed before the end of the 1950s. A s

8、econd factor that gave great impetus to the growth of the field was the onslaught of the computer revolution.,1.1 The Origins of Operations Research,9,Top 10 Algorithm of 20th century,1946: John von Neumann, Stan Ulam, and Nick Metropolis, all at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, cook up the Met

9、ropolis algorithm, also known as the Monte Carlo method. Through the use of random processes, this algorithm offers an efficient way to stumble toward answers to problems that are too complicated to solve exactly. 1947: George Dantzig, at the RAND Corporation, creates the simplex method for linear p

10、rogramming. An elegant solution to a common problem in planning and decision-making. For Details See SIAM News, Volume 33, Number 4, Barry A. Cipra, The Best of the 20th Century: Editors Name Top 10 Algorithms,1.1 The Origins of Operations Research,10,China: Ancient country makes OR history,Xiang-su

11、n Zhang and Kan Cheng, China: Ancient country makes OR history, OR/MS Today, October, pp32-35, 1998. China is in the process of transferring from a planned economy to a market-driven one, creating opportunities and challenges for the massive nations active operations research community.,1.1 The Orig

12、ins of Operations Research,11,The first OR group in China,Modern operations research activities in China were initiated in the late 1950s. The first OR group was founded at the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), in 1956, promoted by professors H.S. Tsien and K.C. Hsu. Tsien r

13、eceived his masters degree from MIT and his Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology, and went on to become Cal Techs first Goddard Professor. Hsu earned his Ph.D. at the University of Kansas, and was a research associate in the Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Applied Mathematics at the Un

14、iversity of Maryland. Tsien and Hsu returned to China in 1955.,1.1 The Origins of Operations Research,12,The second OR division in China,In 1959, a second OR division was set up at the Institute of Mathematics, CAS. These two divisions merged into one division in 1960 as a part of the Institute of M

15、athematics. In 1963, the division organized a series of specialized courses in OR at the Chinese University of Science and Technology, marking the first time in China that a university offered a systematic education in OR.,1.1 The Origins of Operations Research,13,Early OR application activities,Ear

16、ly OR application activities (late 1950s) in China focused on transportation problems. One such example was the allocation design of threshing grounds to save time and manpower. The classic Chinese Postman Problem model was presented by Professor M.G. Guan in the same period. Postmen deliver letters

17、 down roads. The Chinese Postman Problem is to find the shortest route in a network that uses every arc (directed edge) and gets back to where they started (closed problem) or doesnt go back (open problem).,1.1 The Origins of Operations Research,14,L.G. Hua and OR,One of the early highlights of OR a

18、pplication activities in China was conducted by the Chinese mathematician L.G. Hua a member of CAS and president of the Chinese Society of Mathematics during the so-called Great Cultural Revolution. Since theoretical research had been stopped at that time, Hua formed his own small group and turned t

19、o teaching basic optimization techniques at countryside factories in an effort to help managers and engineers apply OR in their daily operations. For a decade beginning in 1965, Hua visited more than 20 provinces and innumerable towns and cities with his group and planted the seeds of OR principles

20、and philosophies wherever he went. His work promoted the development of OR in China then and continues to this day, long after his death.,1.1 The Origins of Operations Research,15,The Operations Research Society of China,The Operations Research Society of China (ORSC) was founded after the Great Cul

21、tural Revolution in 1980 when the First National Conference of OR was held in Shandong Province. Hua was elected the first president of ORSC. ORSC became a member of IFORS in 1982. ORSC has two official journals: OR Transactions, a quarterly journal that publishes original articles in OR and related

22、 fields (the language can be in Chinese or English); and OR easy to explain; easy to use. Soft OR, by contrast, is: somewhat intangible; not easy to explain; not easy to use. From Informs /what/index.htm,1.2 The Nature of Operations Research,22,1.3 The impact of Operatio

23、ns Research,OR has had an impressive impact on improving the efficiency of numerous organizations around the world. It has made a significant contribution to increasing the productivity of the economies of various countries. There now are more than 30 member countries in the international federation

24、 of operational research societies (IFORS), with each country having a national operations research society.,1 Introduction,23,It appears that the impact of OR will continue to grow. For example, upon entering the 1990s, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicted that OR will be the third-fastest

25、-growing career area for U.S. college graduates from 1990 to 2005. It also predicted that 100,000 people will be employed as operations research analysts in the United States by the year 2005,1.3 The impact of Operations Research,24,Operations Research & Management Science,The terms operations research and management science are often used synonymously. When a distinction is drawn, M