中考英語 題型解讀 第4節(jié) 閱讀理解課件.ppt

1、中考題型解讀,第四節(jié) 閱讀理解,題型突破 閱讀理解是每年廣州市中考試題的“重中之重”。此題型的分值為40分,約占整套試題總分的27%。閱讀理解主要考查考生通過閱讀短文而獲取一定信息的能力。近幾年的中考試題考查的文體多為記敘文、說明文、應(yīng)用文等,考查內(nèi)容比較廣泛。不僅如此,閱讀理解的文章在體裁方面也越來越多樣化,廣告、圖表等應(yīng)用文是近年來中考試題的新體裁；在內(nèi)容方面,也更加體現(xiàn)了時代性和可讀性,題材包括科普、社會、文化、政治、經(jīng)濟等方面。,解題技巧 掌握中考英語閱讀理解題的應(yīng)試技巧,正確地理解和分析問題,考生應(yīng)從以下幾個方面入手： 1.抓住文章的首句和末句 文章段落的首句和末句,一般表達文章的主

2、題和段落的中心思想,其他句子只起補充、說明、解釋或引申的作用。因此,首先要搜索目標,找出文章及段落中的主題句。了解了它們的含義,就可以順著提供的主要線索去捕捉文章的相關(guān)信息,從而獲得解決問題的答案。,2.進行合理推斷 對文章有了詳細而全面的理解之后,就要按照文章內(nèi)容,上下文的邏輯關(guān)系,作出推理判斷。閱讀理解涉及詞匯、語法、句型、段落結(jié)構(gòu)、文化背景等各方面知識。答題時,要領(lǐng)會句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,特別是相鄰句子之間的關(guān)系,這樣有利于理解全文。表示邏輯關(guān)系的標志詞是連接詞、副詞、代詞、介詞短語、關(guān)系詞、插入語等,通讀時應(yīng)特別注意。如：if, because, though, as, which, i

3、t, and,but,however,therefore,so,for example, so that,so.that,on one hand.,on the other(hand).等詞語。它們在上下文中具有條件,原因、讓步、指代、遞進、對比、列舉、結(jié)果、目的、承上啟下等作用,正確理解并掌握這些詞匯的作用,對做閱讀理解題是大有好處的。 3.猜測推敲生詞 閱讀短文時,常常會遇到一些生詞。這時,考生要沉著、冷靜,細心思考。首先要把整段、整篇文章看完。通過對全篇短文的理解,就很有可能猜測出生詞的大意。另外,還可以從含有生詞句子的上下文,以及句子和段落之間的關(guān)系來判斷、理解生詞以求獲得其真正含義。

4、 猜測生詞的另一種方法是,根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法推測。遇到生詞后,可從構(gòu)詞法角度分析判斷生詞。例如：,inexpensive一詞,其中詞根expensive的含義是“貴的”。in前綴是“不”的意思,因此可以猜知,此詞詞義為“不貴的,便宜的”。 4.利用常識解題 多了解一些常識性知識有利于閱讀理解。如果對文章的相關(guān)背景有所了解,讀起文章來一定既省時又省力。因此,在學(xué)習(xí)過程中,了解各方面的背景知識是十分重要的。考生應(yīng)了解下列知識 (1)著名作家、藝術(shù)家及其主要作品； (2)了解西方社會風(fēng)土人情、社交活動、新年、圣誕節(jié)活動、宗教信仰、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等；,(3)多看新聞聯(lián)播、世界各地和各類英語講座等節(jié)目； (4)使用各

5、種工具書,查閱各類名詞、術(shù)語、重大事件等； (5)熟記常用的縮略詞語。 5.正確理解題干 縱觀歷年中考試題,閱讀理解試題一般有以下幾種題型：一是直接回答who,whom,which,what, where,when,why,how等疑問詞引起的細節(jié)問題；二是猜測詞義題；三是推理判斷題；四是綜合概括題。 在做閱讀理解題時,一定要仔細看 完、看清楚試題要求再作答,特別要注意not,true,except等詞。有時,要先看題后閱讀文章,帶著問題去讀短文,可縮短閱讀時間,效果也許會更好。 總之,閱讀理解試題是中考試題中非常重要的一項內(nèi)容,占有舉足輕重的地位。如果學(xué)生按上述答題方法去做,再做些適當(dāng)?shù)木毩?xí)

6、,一定會在閱讀理解試題上取得比較理想的成績。,真題分析 一、(2015廣州)閱讀理解(共20小題,每小題2分,滿分40分) 閱讀下列短文，從每小題所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項。 A This is a tale of two friendsone is blind, the other has no arms.On their own,the two are “disabled”.But together,they are a powerful team that has changed part of their village in North Chinas Hebei Prov

7、ince into a rich,green forest. Meet 53 year old Jia Haixia and Jia Wenqi!,Their story began in 2000,when Haixia,who was already blind in his right eye,lost his left one after an illness.Wenqi lost his arms in an accident when he was just three. Neither could find a job,so the two decided to team up.

8、They rented some poor land and began to plant trees.In return,the local officials paid them a small fee.Haixia and Wenqi never imagined that they would end up creating an environmental paradise.Their forest now has over 10,000 trees,hundreds of birds and many other wild animals.In addition,it saves

9、the village,from river flooding during the rainy season. When the friends work together,they focus on their strengths not their disabilities.Their day begins at 7 a.m.when the sightless Haixia carries Wenqi across the river to get to their worksite. Since they cannot afford to buy young trees to pla

10、nt,the two use branches from existing trees.Haixia climbs to the tree top and with Wenqis direction,selects the perfect branch.He then digs a hole and carefully plants it.Finally Wenqi waters the area. Though hard working,the men dont make,much money.But as Wenqi puts it,“We stand on our own feet,so

11、 the fruits of our work taste sweeter.” Neither Haixia nor Wenqi cares about money.Together,they already have everything they needa perfect pair of eyes,two strong hands,and the best friendship in the world!,( )46.Why did Haixia and Wenqi start working together? A.Haixia needed someone to help him.

12、B.They both needed a way to make money. C.They wanted to improve the environment. D.They were required to do so by local officials. ( )47.Haixia and Wenqis forest has helped the village by_. A.stopping floods in the rainy season B.increasing the number of tourists C.making the villagers richer D.pro

13、viding more farmland,B,A,( )48.Why do Haixia and Wenqi plant tree branches? A.They are easy to get. B.They do not cost money. C.They can grow very quickly. D.They are preferred by animals. ( )49.In Paragraph 5,when Wenqi says “We stand on our own feet,so the fruits of our work taste sweeter”,he mean

14、s that “_”. A.they hope to make the forest even better B.the fruits from their trees are very sweet C.they are proud not to depend on others,C,B,D.they are able to do any difficult work ( )50.What can we learn from this story? A.Never give up and you will succeed. B.We should help the disabled to wo

15、rk. C.Try your best when facing difficulties. D.We can achieve more with teamwork.,D,【語篇解讀】本文是一則小故事。兩個朋友均為殘疾人，一個是盲人，另一個沒有雙臂。他們團結(jié)協(xié)作，互相配合，用扦插的樹枝種植出一片森林，既做到了自食其力，又保護了村莊與環(huán)境。 46.B 解析：細節(jié)推理題。題目問的是Haixia和Wenqi開始一起工作的原因，這要原文定位到他們開始工作的段落二、三段。 “The story began”這句話就提醒我們他們是一個powerful team的緣由。首先介紹他們身體的殘缺，關(guān)鍵句：Neit

16、her could find a job,so the two decided to team up.這句話的so是關(guān)鍵字，表示前面不能找到工作是原,因，結(jié)果是后面的他們組成了一個團隊。從而從不能找到工作而組隊這個細節(jié)推理出46題的答案B.they both needed a way to make money，故本題選B。 47.A 解析：細節(jié)理解題。這道題是比較典型的細節(jié)題，主要運用原文定位+排除法。題目問的是他們幫助村莊的方式，題目關(guān)鍵詞：by。根據(jù)每段主題句（第一句）具體幫助村民的方式應(yīng)該主要定位在第三段。第三段有2個關(guān)鍵點（通過in addition判斷）：1.environment

17、al paradise；2.save from flooding。由此逐一排除選項：B,選項文中沒有提及；C選項細節(jié)錯誤，他們幫助村民創(chuàng)建的是一個environmental paradise，專注于環(huán)境的改善，并非經(jīng)濟上的實際收益；D選項信息錯誤，文中第三段僅僅提及他們租用土地，并非提供給其他村民farmland；A選項正確，定位原文第三段最后一句，他們幫助村民阻止雨季中的洪災(zāi)，故選A。 48.B 解析：細節(jié)題。題目問的是為什么他們種植樹枝。關(guān)鍵詞：tree branches。原文定位第四段第四行，關(guān)鍵詞since，原因狀語從句，表明他們使用樹枝的原因是they cannot afford t

18、o buy young,trees to plant，故選B,使用樹枝的原因是不需要花錢。 49.C 解析：推理題。把題目提及句子定位到原文倒數(shù)第二段。他們覺得果實更加甜的原因是we stand on our own feet,根據(jù)語境這里表示的意思是自己能夠獨立，與C選項符合，故選C。 50.D 解析：主旨題。主旨題通常從首尾段看出，尤其最后段的感嘆句強調(diào)了作者的情感，兩個關(guān)鍵點：1.together；2.The best friendship。表明是他們的團隊精神讓他們能夠創(chuàng)造出更多的成果。,B Most of us probably live without vegetables, bu

19、t a world without chocolate? Now that would be hard! According to chocolate makers it could happen if we dont act soon. There are two main causes of the chocolate shortagechocolates growing popularity and less production of cocoa,the plant from which chocolate is made.With more and more people in In

20、dia and China loving chocolate,not much can be done about the first cause. Therefore,the only thing we can do is to,increase cocoa production.However,new plant diseases and little rain in Ivory Coast and Ghana，the worlds largest producers,have reduced cocoa production by 40 percent in the past 10 ye

21、ars.Whats worse,many cocoa farmers in Africa and other cocoa producing countries like Indonesia and Venezuela are changing to easier to grow crops such as corn or rubber.This way,the farmers can make more money. To prevent more farmers from changing, researchers at the newly opened International Coc

22、oa Control Centre,in the UK,are trying to,create new cocoa plants that are stronger and faster growing.But first they must make sure the new plants are safe to grow.This takes a long time. First,each new plant is stored at the Control Centre for six months to make sure it is healthy.It is then plant

23、ed in the Centres fields,studied and tested for another two years.Only after scientists are certain that theyre disease free,will the plants be sent to farmers in West Africa or wherever else they are needed.,To create new stronger types of cocoa, scientists at the Centre are combining the best part

24、s from different cocoa plants.Though the world is facing a serious chocolate shortage, there is now hope! ( )51.The first paragraph tells us that_. A.chocolate is healthier than vegetables B.the world could soon be without chocolate C.people love vegetables more than chocolate D.its not necessary to

25、 eat so much chocolate,B,( )52.In which countries has chocolate become more popular in recent years? A.Venezuela and Indonesia. B.Ivory Coast and Ghana. C.Indonesia and China. D.China and India. ( )53.Cocoa farmers are choosing to grow rubber and corn because these crops_. A.can make them more money

26、 B.need less rain to grow C.can be planted more times each year D.are not damaged by plant diseases,D,A,( )54.How long does it take scientists at the Centre to make sure a cocoa plant is safe to grow? A.6 months. B.12 months. C.24 months. D.30 months. ( )55.What is one of the purposes of the Cocoa C

27、ontrol Centre? A.To introduce cocoa production to more countries. B.To provide more chocolate for British people. C.To produce stronger types of cocoa plants. D.To make sure that cocoa is healthy to eat.,D,C,【語篇解讀】本文主要介紹巧克力的需求變大，而生產(chǎn)量減少，于是專家正在研究力求培育一種新型可可樹。 51.B 解析：推理判斷題。第一段中心句為“According to chocolat

28、e makers it could happen if we dont act soon.”這里it指的是a world without chocolate。故選B。 52.D 解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句話中的“With more and more people in India and China loving chocolate”故選D。,53.A 解析：細節(jié)理解題。第三段最后一句話：“This way,the farmers can make more money.”This指的是“cocoa farmers are changing to easier to grow cro

29、ps such as corn or rubber.”故選A。 54.D 解析：推理判斷題。由第五段中“First,each new plant is stored at the Control Centre for six months”“It is then planted in the Centres fields,studied and tested for another two years.”，得出需要2年6個月即30個月。故選D。,55.C 解析：細節(jié)理解題。由第四段中“To prevent more farmers from changing,researchers at th

30、e newly opened International Cocoa Control Centre,in the UK,are trying to create new cocoa plants that are stronger and faster growing.”可知選C。,C On March 3rd,1887,the lives of two amazing women were changed forever when Anne Sullivan,a poor university graduate,arrived at the home of the wealthy Kelle

31、r family to teach their six year old daughter Helen.It was a difficult job as Helen was unable to see,hear or speak because of illness. Anne had been suggested to the Kellers by her university professor,a close friend of Mr.Keller.Before she arrived,Anne expected her new pupil to be a quiet,weak chi

32、ld.But Helen was,nothing like that.When Anne first walked through the Kellers door,the energetic Helen nearly knocked her over in her hurry to feel Annes face, clothing and bag. Helen was used to visitors bringing her sweets,and angrily tried to force open Annes case to take her candy.But Anne calme

33、d her down by allowing Helen to play with her watch. So began one of the most successful student teacher relationships in history. Anne Sullivan was only twenty years old when she began teaching Helen.She had to not only,teach the child all the usual school subjects,but also control Helens sometimes

34、 wild behaviour. Her well meaning parents allowed Helen to do as she liked at home.Realizing that such an environment was unsuitable for at Radcliffe University,and learning,Anne requested that she and Helen live in a small house nearby. As soon as Helen began learning,it became clear that she was e

35、specially intelligent.She quickly learned to read and write,and by the age of ten she could also speak. In 1900,Helen started studying graduated,first in her class in 1904.She was the very first blind and deaf person to get a university degree. How did she do it? Anne Sullivan read all of Helens boo

36、ks and then signed the information into her hand.Anne remained at Helens side until her death in 1936.Helen became a world famous writer,and fought for disabled peoples rights until her death on June 1st,1968.,( )56.How did Anne come to work at the Kellers home? A.She replied to a job advertisement.

37、 B.She was introduced by her family friend. C.She was recommended by her university professor. D.She met Mr.Keller while studying at university. ( )57.What surprised Anne most about Helen when they first met? A.How intelligent Helen was. B.Helen gave Anne a gift. C.The way Helens parents treated her

38、.,C,D,D.How forceful Helen was. ( )58.According to the passage,Helens parents_. A.allowed her to do as she wished B.gave her too many gifts and sweets C.did not spend much time with her D.cared little about her education ( )59.Which of the following is NOT true about Helens university studies? A.She

39、 was greatly helped by Anne. B.She was the best student in her class. C.She was able to graduate in three years.,A,C,D.She was the first deaf and blind university graduate. ( )60.According to the passage,both Anne and Helen _. A.died in their 60s B.were well educated C.came from rich families D.foug

40、ht for human rights,B,【語篇解讀】Anne Sullivan在她二十歲時由她的大學(xué)教授推薦給Helen當(dāng)家庭教師，雖然Helen眼睛看不見，耳朵聽不見，還不會說話，但在Anne老師的教誨下，她順利大學(xué)畢業(yè)并成為了一位世界聞名的作家。 56.C 解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Anne had been suggested to the Kellers by her university professor,a close friend of Mr.Keller.”故選C。 57.D 解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Before she arrived,Anne expecte

41、d her new pupil to be a,quiet,weak child.But Helen was nothing like that.”及Helen的表現(xiàn)“the energetic Helen nearly knocked her over in her hurry to feel Annes face,clothing and bag.”第三段“angrily tried to force open Annes case to take her candy.” 故選D。force open sth.意為“大力打開某物”，forceful意為“強有力的”。 58.A 解析：細節(jié)理

42、解題。由第四段“Her wellmeaning parents allowed Helen to do as she liked at home.”可知選A。,59.C 解析：細節(jié)理解題。由最后一段“In 1900,Helen started studying at Radcliffe University,and graduated first in her class in 1904.”可知一共學(xué)習(xí)了四年，故選C。 60.B 解析：細節(jié)理解題。此題可用排除法做。A選項，開頭提到1887年時Helen是6歲，末尾提到她去世時是1968年，推斷她去世時是87歲。C選項，由第一段“Anne Su

43、llivan，a poor university graduate”得出C是錯的。D選項文章只在最后一段提到了“Helen fought for disabled peoples rights”而不是“human rights”。師徒兩人均讀完大學(xué)，可以被稱作是“well educated”。故選B。,D,( )61.“Dolphin Intelligence” is probably a story about dolphins _. A.eating habits B.living places C.learning activities D.communication methods (

44、 )62.What is true about New York according to the website? A.People are now afraid to visit. B.Millions of tourists go there. C.It has some new activities. D.It offers many big apples.,D,B,( )63. A person going to the page “The Magic of Night Markets” would expect to find_. A.a long article about ni

45、ght markets B.an interview with night market sellers C.many photographs of newly market foods and food shops D.many pictures of night market foods and food shops ( )64.From which page can a reader get some useful advice on photography? A.Video. B.Visions of Earth.,D,C,C.Your Shot. D.Photo of the Day

46、. ( )65.What has been the most popular story on the website this week? A.Top Danger for Lions:Hunting. B.Controlling the Mekong. C.A Day in New York. D.Amazing Amazon.,A,【語篇解讀】本文是一個網(wǎng)頁，介紹了Main Stories（主要故事），Photography(攝影)，Most Read This Week(本周閱讀排行)等內(nèi)容。 61.D 解析：細節(jié)題。定位到Dolphin Intelligence段落，最后一句話，“w

47、hat she discovered about dolphin communication and what dolphins say.”關(guān)鍵是海豚之間的溝通方式，故選D。 62.B 解析：細節(jié)題。定位到New York部分，采用排除法。A選項錯誤，文中說的是曾經(jīng)人們害怕這個城市（文中once 表“曾經(jīng)”，并且用了過去式）,并非A選項提及的now，信息不符。C選項new activities與原文的interesting不符，偷換概念。D選項與原文不符合，原文的Big Apple大寫首字母應(yīng)該為專有名詞，并非真的apples，故不對。 B選項與原文提及的“Now tourists are v

48、isiting New York each year”符合，選項中的millions of有“成千上萬的，無數(shù)的”的含義，突出人數(shù)多，和原文表達意思一致。故選B。 63.D 解析：細節(jié)題。原文定位The Magic of Night Markets部分。依然采用排除法，A和B選項文章沒有提及。C選項與原文不符合，原文標題,已經(jīng)突出Night，并非newly market，再次偷換原文概念，混淆答案。D選項正確，因為原文的the real attraction是夜市的食物，所以人們預(yù)期能看到關(guān)于夜市食物的照片。 64.C 解析：細節(jié)題。原文定位關(guān)于photography這個出現(xiàn)在三個大標題中的P

49、hotography。根據(jù)文中 “get helpful tips and advice”判斷正確答案為C。 65.A 解析：細節(jié)題。原文第三個大標題：Most Read This Week表明最多人閱讀的文章，第一位就是Top Danger for Lions: Hunting。故選A。,題型分析 從上面的真題可以看出廣州市中考閱讀理解主要考查的題型有細節(jié)理解題、詞義猜測題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題等。下面我們就重點講講這幾種題型的解題技巧： 題型一：細節(jié)理解題 在閱讀理解題目中,有相當(dāng)一部分是考查細節(jié)和事實的題目。這類題目相對容易一些。廣東中考閱讀理解中細節(jié)題的比重一般至少占二分之一。細節(jié)題

50、主要考查考生對文章中闡述主題的細節(jié)與具體事實的把握能力。內(nèi)容涉及詢問事實、原因、結(jié)果、目的等。這些題目有兩個共同特點：,(1)凡屬針對特定細節(jié)的考題,其正確答案大都可以在閱讀材料中找到對應(yīng)的文字作為驗證。這一部分可能是一個單詞或短語,也可能是一個句子或相關(guān)的若干句子,但句式、用詞和表達方式不同。 (2)干擾項往往是主體思想與細節(jié)混雜,正確答案的細節(jié)和非正確答案的細節(jié)混雜,甚至真假混雜。因此,解答這類試題時,考生應(yīng)快速閱讀材料,抓住大意后,迅速瀏覽考題,確定關(guān)鍵詞。然后,根據(jù)這些關(guān)鍵詞,運用查讀法,迅速查找關(guān)鍵信息,進而分析這些信息的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義,理清邏輯關(guān)系,最后確定正確答案。,題型二：詞義猜測

51、題 猜測詞義是指在閱讀過程中根據(jù)對語篇的信息、邏輯、背景知識及語言結(jié)構(gòu)等的綜合理解去猜測或推斷某一生詞、難詞、關(guān)鍵詞的意義。猜測詞義的方法主要有： (1)根據(jù)文章中心或主題猜測詞義。一般來說,要查找的生詞都是與揭示文章主題有一定聯(lián)系的,如果能夠把握好文章的中心,往往有助于猜測出文章中的生詞的含義。 (2)利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義。前綴通常改變原來詞語的詞義,而不改變原來詞語的詞性。后綴通常改變原來詞語的詞性,但對詞義的影響有時不明顯,有時很明顯。派生詞的詞義可依據(jù)“前綴變詞義,后綴變詞性”的原則來猜測詞義。在閱讀中,如果我們熟悉構(gòu)成合成詞的每個獨立單詞的詞義,就可能猜出合成詞的意思。例如： inex

52、pensive一詞,其中詞根expensive的含義是“貴的”。in前綴是“不”的意思,因此可以猜知,此詞詞義為“不貴的,便宜的”。 (3)根據(jù)上下文的同義或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系來理解詞義。同位關(guān)系是指文章中與之相關(guān)的同義詞,同位語、定語(從句)等,如果能夠借助它們的解釋或定義,則很容易猜測出詞義來。根據(jù)同義關(guān)系猜測詞義,關(guān)鍵是要了解顯示同義關(guān)系的線索。換句話說,破折號、逗號等標點符號,以及or,and,in other words,thats to say,namely等詞或短語就是這種線索。定語從句主要起修飾限制或補充說明先行詞內(nèi)容或性質(zhì)的作用。因此,我們可以根據(jù)定語從句的內(nèi)容推測出先行詞的詞義。對比

53、關(guān)系是指上下文中的一些連詞經(jīng)常被用來表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,如果能夠抓住說明事物的這種比較和對照的方法,就會給人“柳暗花明又一村”的感覺。常見的表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞有but,however,instead,yet等。上文中的某些詞或句子往往會為下文的生詞埋下伏筆或作出暗示。上文中的某些詞或句子往往會在下文有回應(yīng)的地方。,(4)根據(jù)上下文的因果關(guān)系或順承關(guān)系猜測詞義。有什么樣的原因就會產(chǎn)生什么樣的結(jié)果,因果關(guān)系是文章中一種普遍的語言表達關(guān)系。在這種關(guān)系中如果知道了原因,結(jié)果也就知道了；反之,如果知道了結(jié)果,原因也就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)。 (5)根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗或常識猜測詞義。已有的生活經(jīng)驗和常識,往往會給閱讀后的理解提供有力

54、的支持。借助于已有的,推測陌生的,這就上升到了能力的提高,使生詞的破解成為了可能。當(dāng)然,有些詞的確切含義還須綜合應(yīng)用幾種方法才能正確猜出。,題型三：主旨大意題 主旨大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題標題或目的設(shè)題。這類題目考查的范圍是：基本論點、文章標題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法,對文章進行高度概括或總結(jié),屬于高層次題。 主旨大意題的測試內(nèi)容主要側(cè)重“概括文章大意”和“確定文章的最佳標題”。常見設(shè)問形式的題干主要有：,A.標題類 1)The best title/headline for this passage might be_. 2)The text (passage) could be entitled_. 3)What is the best title for the passage? 4)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? B.大意類 1)This passage chiefly deals with_. 2)Whats the t