托福議論文寫作.ppt

1、托福議論文寫作,關(guān)于審題,跑題，偏題，漏題 There is an increasing number of juvenile delinquents. Analyze the possible causes of this phenomenon, and offer some recommendations. Nowadays, international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. Unfortunately, it creates tension rather than understanding between peopl

2、e from different cultures. Do you agree or disagree?,審題練習(xí),To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship.,托福議論文結(jié)構(gòu),托福寫作一般采用三段論（Three parts），即： Introduction Main Body Conclusion 之所以采取這種結(jié)構(gòu)，是因為目前三段論仍然

3、是最安全，最合理的作文結(jié)構(gòu)，內(nèi)部緊密相連，構(gòu)成統(tǒng)一和諧的整體！各段邏輯關(guān)系如下：,Introduction：To say what you are going to say; Main Body: To say what you want to say; Conclusion: To say what you have said.,這種寫作結(jié)構(gòu)和中國詩文的章法（起承轉(zhuǎn)合）有異曲同工之妙！“起”是開端；“承”是承接上文加以申述；“轉(zhuǎn)”是轉(zhuǎn)折，從正面或反面立論；“合”是結(jié)束全文。,“起”即Introduction； “承”，“轉(zhuǎn)”即Main Body，“承”即從正面進(jìn)行描述，“轉(zhuǎn)”，即轉(zhuǎn)說開去，大

4、致分兩種情況：一種從另一面或反面說，講不同的意見，第二種是采用推進(jìn)一層的寫法； “合”即Conclusion。,議論文Body部分的基本結(jié)構(gòu),單邊支持（一邊倒）： 1. 完全型單邊支持：1+1+1 2. 修正型單邊支持：1+1-1 雙邊中立（對等型）：1-1, 1-1+1-1 分析解決：C+E+S,完全型單邊支持,TOPIC,Idea 1,Idea 2,Idea 3,Detail 1,Detail 1,Detail 1,Detail 2,Detail 2,Detail 2,Detail 3,Detail 3,Detail 3,修正型單邊支持,TOPIC,Concession,Idea 2,Id

5、ea 3,Detail 1,Detail 1,Detail 1,Detail 2,Detail 2,Detail 2,Detail 3,Detail 3,Detail 3,具體各部分寫作詳解,How to write the introduction,Introduction的核心任務(wù)是 To say what you are going to say, 可以分成3個步驟來完成： Introducing the topic ( 導(dǎo)入句 ) My opinion of the topic ( 中心句 ) Layout of the main body ( 展開句 ),導(dǎo)入句的2種寫法,導(dǎo)入句的作

6、用：指出文章所要討論的問題，達(dá)到spontaneous overflow的效果 1. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化寫法: situation 或/和 opinion 2. 個性化寫法,舉例,Some people think fittest and strongest individuals and teams could win the game in sports. Others believe better mental attitude is the key. What is your opinion?,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化寫法：對立opinions陳述,No one can deny that the stronges

7、t or the most powerful athletes often win the sports games. However, some people tend to believe that mental attitude plays a vital role. The sports world is often characterized by keen competition of the fittest and strongest athletes or teams. Others, however, claim that mental attitude plays a vi

8、tal role.,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化導(dǎo)入句常用句型,1. Nowadays, there is a great concern about among people. 2. The importance/influence of is a matter for debate. 3. In recent years, much more attention than ever before has been paid to 4. There is much controversy over whether to do sth. or not. 5. Sth is a magnet for controve

9、rsy.,Cliche,With the progress of centuries speeding up by leaps and bounds, With the development of society and technology, Every coin has two sides. There is no garden without weeds .,個性化導(dǎo)入句,個性化寫法：追根溯源，親身經(jīng)歷，下定義，舉例子（新聞故事），提問式，做引用等,舉例子導(dǎo)入句,When Jamaican sprinter, Usain Bolt blazed into the Olympic his

10、tory books becoming the first man to break world records while winning both 100m and 200m races at a single game, the whole world was shocked by his lightening speed and explosive force. Is it always true that physical strength helps win the game in sports?,師者，所以傳道授業(yè)解惑也,It is teachers who shoulder t

11、he responsibility to spread philosophy, impart knowledge and clear up confusions for students.,提問式導(dǎo)入句,Write about the following topics: Happiness is considered very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness? Give reasons for your answer and i

12、nclude any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.,提問式的3種思路,1. 設(shè)問+中心句（自問自答式） 2. 設(shè)問+評論+中心句（評論鋪墊式） 3. 設(shè)問+普遍觀點+中心句（曲折入題式）,What is essential for happiness? Our world is complex and full of many diverse people. So different people may have different opinions. In my opinion, happiness lie

13、s in the service that you give other people.,常用句型,What is ? Have you ever ? Have you ever taken a part-time job? What are the advantages of college students doing part-time jobs? As to these questions, different people may hold totally different ideas.,引用式導(dǎo)入句,諺語或名言 + 對此諺語格言的評價 + 中心句 There is an old

14、English saying which goes “No pains, no gains.” It illustrates the importance of hard work in the process of success. In other words, diligence is a key factor to success.,Thesis Statement寫作的3大原則,中心句：Thesis statement,Being straight forward may be a terrible thing when you try to get a young woman in

15、terested in you, but it works in writing essays!,一鼓作氣，再而衰，三而竭,1. 明確，簡單，一句話表達(dá)中心。 The argument may be true. The argument contains some truth.,2. 具體。 Think of the thesis statement as an umbrella shielding your whole paper. If a portion of your paper falls outside the umbrella, either cut it out or exte

16、nd the breadth of your umbrella.,Company Logo,3. 揭示作者觀點和態(tài)度的強烈程度。 I absolutely agree to/with it. I can not agree more to/with the opinion.,常用經(jīng)典表達(dá),引入話題：當(dāng)談到,When it comes to As far asis/are concerned, In such a case, In the case of As we consider that If we were to consider that,正面提出自己觀點：我認(rèn)為,I would po

17、int out that It is quite clear to me that In/to my opinion/judgement/knowledge Others as well as me, hold the opinion that Personally, personally speaking,speaking for myself,as for me As far as I am able to judge, As far as I am concerned, as far as I know From my angle/perspective/point of view,評價

18、觀點：我同意,I absolutely agree to/with it. I can not agree more to/with the opinion. I would go along with this point of view. I am for that solution. I vote for this suggestion.,評價觀點：我不同意,I disagree to/with it. I am against that solution. I doubt whether the argument can bear closer analysis. I doubt wh

19、ether the argument can hold water.,評價觀點：我同意某一方,I absolutely agree to/with the former opinion. I can not agree more to/with the latter opinion. I would go along with the former one. I am for the latter solution. I vote for the former/latter.,評價觀點：我基本認(rèn)為,Globally, I believe, although several individual

20、 cases should be considered. Universally, I hardly believe, although several merits can be observed in some cases. It is in part beneficial to some people or group, but I still insist/assert,表示提出解決措施,One possible solution to be taken/adopted is that In order to tackle this pressing problem, we have

21、no choice but to adopt some effective measures. Three feasible solutions can be outlined as following. People from different backgrounds assume different attitudes to dealing with this problem. From my point of view, the three following ones do work.,寫作練習(xí),Popular events like the Football World Cup a

22、nd other international sporting occasions are essential in easing patriotic emotions in a safe way. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?,審題練習(xí),Popular events like the Football World Cup and other international sporting occasions are essential in easing patriotic emotions in a safe way. Do you

23、agree or disagree with this opinion?,Introduction 練習(xí),When sports events are getting popular worldwide, whether it is significant to ease the patriotic emotions in a safe way is comprehensively debated. In my opinion, it is quite effective on this case, while bringing some negative influence. The que

24、stion can be made clear from the following 3 aspects.,Nowadays, sports events are increasingly popularizing among the people throughout the world. Many believe that it is vital in easing patriotic affections in a safe way. However, I totally disagree with this opinion, because sporting events have s

25、o many negative impacts on society, family and individuals.,個性化寫法：個人經(jīng)歷式,The most unforgetable moment is when I cheered and cried for the Chinese sports team in the Birds Nest in 2008, Beijing. When we are immersed in the sea of patriotism, nobody can deny that international sports events indeed can

26、help us to express the love for our motherland. While I have to say that getting involved in sports competition is not necessarily a safe way to release such emotion. The following are the explanations and examples.,How to write the main body,這一部分主要是思路拓展，使內(nèi)容逐漸從無到有，從有到多，從多到精。 備考過程中要善于尋找話題的共性，并進(jìn)行有針對性的

27、練習(xí)。 六大層次分析法 + 八面玲瓏拓展法,傳統(tǒng)的方法: Brainstorming,關(guān)于論據(jù) (evidence),Wild animals have no place in the 21st century and trying to protect these animals is a waste of resources. Do you agree or disagree? We can hardly imagine what our life will be like without wild animals. For example, if there is no cat, the

28、re will be more mice. The increase in the number of mice will result in the reduction of food resources and the spread of diseases. Thus, it is very important to protect animals.,關(guān)于論證 (argument),常用的論證手法： explanation（解釋說明） emphasis（強調(diào)論證） exemplification（舉例說明） cause and effect（因果論證） facts and statisti

29、cs（事實和統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)） comparison and contrast（比較與對比） concession and refutation（讓步與反駁） classification（分類） definition（下定義） analogy（比喻）,段落寫作初級版,Topic sentece + supporting sentences There are many ways through which we can improve our English. Above all, we should read as many English books, newspapers and magazi

30、nes as possible. Next, we may listen to English programs on the radio or watch English programs on TV every day. Besides, it is necessary for us to seize every opportunity to speak English both in and after class. Finally, it is equally important to form the habit of taking notes and keeping a diary

31、 in English.,段落寫作升級版,Topic sentence + 2/3 Supporting sentences + Minor example + Flow-back,段落寫作練習(xí),相對而言，單獨學(xué)習(xí)可以節(jié)省時間，然而在團(tuán)隊中學(xué)習(xí)，可以節(jié)省金錢。通常情況下，學(xué)生單獨學(xué)習(xí)，可以更好地集中注意力，因為沒有人打擾他，但是他的花費也更高。 比如說，一個學(xué)生參加VIP課程，花費肯定大大高于集體授課。這就像打的和坐公交車的區(qū)別一樣。,Comparatively, studying alone can save time, while studying in a group can save

32、money. Usually, if a student studies alone, he can concentrate better, because nobody can disturb him, but he must pay more money. For example, when some students take a one-to-one VIP course, the expense is much higher than that of big class. It is just like the difference between taking a taxi and

33、 catching a bus.,Thesis statement vs Topic sentece,Thesis statement: 寬泛，范圍大， unifying force of the essay Topic sentence: 具體，范圍小， unifying force of the paragraph Topic sentences often act like tiny thesis statements.,Topic sentence的2個作用,It relates the paragraph to the essays thesis, and thereby acts

34、as a signpost for the argument of the paper as a whole. It also defines the scope of the paragraph itself.,結(jié)尾段的寫法,常言道：“編筐編簍，全在收口”。一篇優(yōu)秀的文章其結(jié)構(gòu)和氣勢應(yīng)為：“虎頭，牛身，豹尾?！?Just as every essay has a clear beginning, it should have a clear ending. The last paragraph, also known as the conclusion, should make your e

35、ssay sound finished. 考生所寫文章往往由于時間緊張而導(dǎo)致“虎頭，蛇尾”。,Summary statement,論點 論據(jù) 論證,結(jié)尾段的作用,1. 突出主要論點，強化主題。 Overall, my life on campus is really colorful and meaningful. 2. 總結(jié)概括全文，得出結(jié)論。 All in all, traveling on ones own has both advantages and disadvantages. 3. 表達(dá)自己觀點，闡述立場。 From what have been discussed above,

36、 I take the position that a test of spoken English is extremely necessary and it should be included in TOEFL.,Conclusion 的構(gòu)成,The concluding paragraph typically has two parts: 1. The summary statement is one or two sentences which restate the thesis in a fresh way to reinforce the essays main idea.2.

37、 The clincher is a final thought which should create a lasting impression on the reader.,結(jié)尾段的常用寫作方法,總結(jié)結(jié)論 summary statement + 舉例子 clincher 反問結(jié)尾 clincher 引言結(jié)論 clincher 提倡號召 clincher,Summary statement,Thesis Statement: Many Americans are buying the Toyota Corolla because of its competitive price, fuel

38、economy, and high resale value.Summary Statement: Reasonable pricing, more miles per gallon, and an attractive resale value have all contributed to the popularity of the Toyota Corolla in todays market. Thesis Statement: San Francisco is a stimulating place to visit because of its magnificent locati

39、on, its theaters and art galleries, and its many fine restaurants.Summary Statement: If you love beautiful surroundings, world class theater and art, and an exquisite meal, then San Francisco is the place for you to go.,總結(jié)結(jié)論句,常用句型 All things considered, personally, I think/believe, I hold/take the a

40、ttitude/position that, 舉例 To sum up, the advantages of far outnumber/outweigh the disadvantages. All things considered, the benefits of are more than the problems. Having taken all the factors into consideration, we can see that doing something does more good than harm to the society.,舉例子法,只要我們每個人都意

41、識到毒品的危害性，學(xué)校和家長給予正確的引導(dǎo)和教育，媒體進(jìn)行正面的宣傳，我相信青少年吸毒問題一定可以得到解決，我們也就可以挽救更多的像馬拉多納那樣的足球天才。,As long as everyone is aware of the great harm of drugs, school and family give teenagers correct guidance and media conducts positive advertising, I do believe the problem of youngsters drug addiction will be solved soon

42、. Consequently, more talents like Maradona can be saved.,反問結(jié)尾法,常用句型： Dont you think it is necessary for us to ? Dont you think it is high/about time that we did sth.? Dont you agree with my idea/opinion that ? 舉例： Dont you think it is high time that we took effective actions to fight against fake co

43、mmodities in the market? Dont you agree with my idea that a test of oral English should be included in TOEFL?,引言結(jié)論法,舉例： True friendship cannot be bought with money. The proverb “A friend in need is a friend indeed” is really true. Nothing can compare to a dogs dedication, intelligence and friendship

44、. Because a dog offers all these wonderful qualities, I realize once again why people say that “A dog is mans best friend.”,提倡號召法,常用句型 Lets join in the efforts to do Lets spare no efforts to do Lets take effective measures to do Lets take immediate actions to do Lets take practical steps to do 舉例： L

45、ets join in our efforts to fight against the fake commodities and protect the interests of people. Lets spare no efforts to protect our environment from being further damaged and save our planet.,高分作文語言要求,1. 準(zhǔn)確,用詞和句式多樣，使用能夠吸引考官目光的閃光詞。用形象，具體的下義詞替換寬泛的上義詞。 舉例： It is, therefore, high time that some appl

46、icable approaches were implemented by the service industry. By doing so, its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively. Applicable 替換 proper, Approaches 替換 ways, Implement 替換 carryout, sharpenonescompetitiveedge 替換 enhanceonescompetitiveness,2. 連貫，流暢，通順,思路（內(nèi)容）： Organizing ideas before starting

47、to write 語言（形式）： 1. 文連：linking words 2. 意連：伏筆，照應(yīng) 3. 修辭：對仗，排比，押韻 (No pains, no gains. Smell smelly and taste tasty.),3. 新穎，生動，地道,倒裝，虛擬語氣，長句（主從句）短句（簡單句）交叉應(yīng)用，是否經(jīng)典句式等！ 使用插入語，把副詞、連接詞，比如: however/therefore/forexample/I believe等，作插入語放在中間，一般放在主語、動詞或者助動詞后，兩邊分別加上逗號。 舉例：Otherindividuals,however,taketheattitude

48、that,如何閃光,Smoking is harmful to peoples health. There are 3,295,000 people who die of smoking every year in the world. The number of people who died of smoking increased from 3,295,000 to 8,750,000 between 1990 and 2005. The number of people who died of smoking increased sharply from 3,295,000 to 8,

49、750,000 between 1990 and 2005. According to a survey conducted by WHO the World Health Organization, the number of people who died of smoking increased sharply from 3,295,000 to 8,750,000 between 1990 and 2005, which equals to the total population of Iraq.,4. 精煉,簡化并列句，復(fù)合句 非謂語動詞，with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)用！,1. 簡化并列句：并列句簡化成含有復(fù)合主語，復(fù)合謂語，復(fù)合賓語或插入語的簡單句,Jim is a salesman, and he is also an amateur photographer. Jim is a salesman and an amateur photographer. He complains much, but he works little. He complains much but works little. My neighbor has been working as a salesman for three years; h