曼昆經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理課件13.ppt

1、,生產(chǎn)成本,Chapter 13,生產(chǎn)成本,供給定理: 當(dāng)一種物品價(jià)格上升時(shí)，企業(yè)愿意生產(chǎn)并銷售更多的這種物品。 這種反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致了向右上方傾斜的供給曲線。,企業(yè)的目標(biāo),Maximum Profits,企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)就是要使其獲得的利潤(rùn)最大化。,企業(yè)的總收益與總成本,總收益 企業(yè)出售其產(chǎn)品所得到的貨幣量。 總成本 企業(yè)用于生產(chǎn)的投入品的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。,企業(yè)的利潤(rùn),利潤(rùn)即企業(yè)的總收益減去總成本 Profit = Total revenue - Total cost,作為機(jī)會(huì)成本的成本,企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本包括所有用來生產(chǎn)商品與服務(wù)的投入品的機(jī)會(huì)成本。,顯性成本與隱性成本,企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本包括顯性成本與隱性成本。

2、 顯性成本（Explicit costs）指企業(yè)為購(gòu)買生產(chǎn)用投入要素而直接支出的貨幣成本。 隱性成本（Implicit costs）指不包括在直接貨幣支出中的投入成本。,經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn) versus 會(huì)計(jì)利潤(rùn),經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家衡量企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)用企業(yè)的總收益減去生產(chǎn)所銷售物品與勞務(wù)的總機(jī)會(huì)成本（顯性的與隱性的）。 會(huì)計(jì)師衡量企業(yè)的利潤(rùn)用企業(yè)的總收益減去顯性成本，也就是說，他們忽略隱性成本。,Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit,當(dāng)總收益超過顯性成本與隱性成本，企業(yè)將獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)。 經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)小于會(huì)計(jì)利潤(rùn)。,Economic Profit versus Account

3、ing Profit,生產(chǎn)函數(shù)與總成本,The Production Function,生產(chǎn)函數(shù)（The production function）展示了用于生產(chǎn)一種物品的投入量與該物品的產(chǎn)量之間的關(guān)系。,邊際產(chǎn)量,生產(chǎn)過程中任何一種投入的邊際產(chǎn)量（marginal product）是增加一單位投入所引起的產(chǎn)量增加。,Marginal Product,邊際產(chǎn)量遞減,邊際產(chǎn)量遞減（Diminishing marginal product）指一種投入的邊際產(chǎn)量隨著投入量增加而減少的特征。 例如: 當(dāng)越來越多的工人被雇用到企業(yè)，每個(gè)增加的工人對(duì)產(chǎn)量的貢獻(xiàn)卻越來越少，因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)的設(shè)備數(shù)量是有限的。,A P

4、roduction Function.,Quantity of,Output,(cookies,per hour),150,140,130,120,110,100,90,80,70,60,50,40,30,20,10,Number of Workers Hired,0,1,2,3,4,5,Production function,Diminishing Marginal Product,生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的斜率測(cè)量了投入品的邊際產(chǎn)量，如勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量。 隨著投入品數(shù)量的增加，邊際產(chǎn)量不斷減少，生產(chǎn)函數(shù)變得越來越平坦。,從生產(chǎn)函數(shù)到總成本曲線,企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量與成本的關(guān)系決定了價(jià)格決策。 總成本曲線展示了產(chǎn)量

5、與成本的幾何關(guān)系。,A Production Function and Total Cost,Hungry Helens Cookie Factory,Total-Cost Curve.,Total,Cost,$80,70,60,50,40,30,20,10,Quantity of Output,(cookies per hour),0,20,40,140,120,100,80,60,Total-cost,curve,成本的各種衡量指標(biāo),生產(chǎn)成本可以被分為固定成本與可變成本。,固定成本與可變成本,固定成本指不隨著產(chǎn)量變動(dòng)而變動(dòng)的成本。 可變成本指隨著產(chǎn)量變動(dòng)而變動(dòng)的成本。,Family of

6、Total Costs,Total Fixed Costs (TFC) Total Variable Costs (TVC) Total Costs (TC) TC = TFC + TVC,Family of Total Costs,Quantity,Total Cost,Fixed Cost,Variable Cost,0,$ 3.00,$3.00,$ 0.00,1,3.30,3.00,0.30,2,3.80,3.00,0.80,3,4.50,3.00,1.50,4,5.40,3.00,2.40,5,6.50,3.00,3.50,6,7.80,3.00,4.80,7,9.30,3.00,6.

7、30,8,11.00,3.00,8.00,9,12.90,3.00,9.90,10,15.00,3.00,12.00,平均成本,平均總成本（Average costs）以總成本除以產(chǎn)量。 平均總成本是每單位產(chǎn)量的成本。,Family of Average Costs,Average Fixed Costs (AFC) Average Variable Costs (AVC) Average Total Costs (ATC) ATC = AFC + AVC,Family of Average Costs,$3.00,Family of Average Costs,Quantity,AFC,AV

8、C,ATC,0,1,$0.30,$3.30,2,1.50,0.40,1.90,3,1.00,0.50,1.50,4,0.75,0.60,1.35,5,0.60,0.70,1.30,6,0.50,0.80,1.30,7,0.43,0.90,1.33,8,0.38,1.00,1.38,9,0.33,1.10,1.43,10,0.30,1.20,1.50,邊際成本,邊際成本（Marginal cost (MC) ）指額外一單位產(chǎn)量所引起的總成本的增加。 邊際成本有助于理解如下問題： 生產(chǎn)額外一單位產(chǎn)量的成本是多少？,Marginal Cost,Marginal Cost,Total-Cost Cur

9、ve.,$0.00,$2.00,$4.00,$6.00,$8.00,$10.00,$12.00,$14.00,$16.00,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,Quantity of Output,(glasses of lemonade per hour),Total Cost,Total-cost curve,Average-Cost and Marginal-Cost Curves.,$0.00,$0.50,$1.00,$1.50,$2.00,$2.50,$3.00,$3.50,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,Quantity of Output,(glasses of lemonade p

10、er hour),Costs,成本曲線及其形狀,邊際成本隨著產(chǎn)量增加而上升，具有遞增的特點(diǎn)。 這反映了邊際產(chǎn)量遞減的性質(zhì)。,Cost Curves and Their Shapes,$0.00,$0.50,$1.00,$1.50,$2.00,$2.50,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,Quantity of Output,(glasses of lemonade per hour),Costs,Cost Curves and Their Shapes,平均總成本曲線呈 U-形. 當(dāng)產(chǎn)量水平很低時(shí)，平均總成本很高，因?yàn)楣潭ǔ杀痉謹(jǐn)偟搅撕苌俚漠a(chǎn)量上。 當(dāng)產(chǎn)量增加時(shí)，平均總成本遞減。 當(dāng)平均可變成本

11、上升到能抵銷平均固定成本的遞減時(shí)，平均總成本開始上升。,Cost Curves and Their Shapes,U-形曲線的底端對(duì)應(yīng)著使平均總成本最小的產(chǎn)量，這種產(chǎn)量有時(shí)被稱為企業(yè)的有效規(guī)模。,Cost Curves and Their Shapes,$0.00,$0.50,$1.00,$1.50,$2.00,$2.50,$3.00,$3.50,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,Quantity of Output,(glasses of lemonade per hour),Total Costs,邊際成本與平均總成本的關(guān)系,當(dāng)邊際成本低于平均成本時(shí)，平均成本下降。 當(dāng)邊際成本大于平均成本時(shí)

12、，平均成本上升。,Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost,邊際成本曲線穿過平均總成本曲線于其有效規(guī)模的點(diǎn)上。 有效規(guī)模即平均總成本最小的產(chǎn)量。,Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost,$0.00,$0.50,$1.00,$1.50,$2.00,$2.50,$3.00,$3.50,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,Quantity of Output,(glasses of lemonade per hour),Costs,各種成本的計(jì)算,現(xiàn)在考察

13、各種成本的計(jì)量及其內(nèi)在的關(guān)聯(lián)。,The Various Measures of Cost Big Bobs Bagel Bin,Big Bobs Cost Curves.,$0.00,$2.00,$4.00,$6.00,$8.00,$10.00,$12.00,$14.00,$16.00,$18.00,$20.00,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,Quantity of Output,(bagels per hour),Total Cost,Total Cost Curve,Big Bobs Cost Curves.,0,0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,0,2,4,6,8

14、,10,12,14,16,Quantity of Output,Costs,成本曲線的三個(gè)重要特性,當(dāng)產(chǎn)量增加時(shí)，邊際成本最終會(huì)上升。 平均總成本曲線是 U-形. 邊際成本曲線經(jīng)過平均總成本曲線的最低點(diǎn)，即U-形的底端。,長(zhǎng)期成本,對(duì)許多企業(yè)而言，總成本分為固定成本與可變成本取決于所考察的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短。 在短期，一些成本是固定的。 在長(zhǎng)期，固定成本將變?yōu)榭勺兊摹?Costs in the Long Run,由于許多成本在短期是固定的，但在長(zhǎng)期卻是可變的，因此企業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期成本曲線與短期成本曲線是不同的。,Average Total Cost in the Short and Long Runs.,Qu

15、antity of,Cars per Day,0,Average,Total,Cost,規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì),規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)（Economies of scale）指當(dāng)長(zhǎng)期平均總成本隨著產(chǎn)量增加而減少的特性。 規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)（Diseconomies of scale）指當(dāng)長(zhǎng)期平均總成本隨著產(chǎn)量增加而增加的特性。 規(guī)模收益不變（Constant returns to scale）指長(zhǎng)期平均總成本不隨產(chǎn)量變動(dòng)而變動(dòng)的特性。,Economies and Diseconomies of Scale,Quantity of,Cars per Day,0,Average,Total,Cost,Summary,Th

16、e goal of firms is to maximize profit, which equals total revenue minus total cost. When analyzing a firms behavior, it is important to include all the opportunity costs of production. Some opportunity costs are explicit while other opportunity costs are implicit.,Summary,A firms costs reflect its p

17、roduction process. A typical firms production function gets flatter as the quantity of input increases, displaying the property of diminishing marginal product. A firms total costs are divided between fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs dont vary with quantities produced; variable costs do.,Summar

18、y,Average total cost is total cost divided by the quantity of output. Marginal cost is the amount by which total cost would rise if output were increased by one unit. The marginal cost always rises with the quantity of output.,Summary,The average-total-cost curve is U-shaped. The marginal-cost curve always crosses the average-total-cost curve at the minimum of ATC. A firms costs often depend on the time horizon being considered.,Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit,A Production Function.,Total-Cost Curve.,Total