2007教程PPT.ppt

1、An English Course for Master Students of Engineering,An English Course for Master Students of Engineering,CONTENTS,Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Unit 8 Unit 9 Unit 10 Unit 11 Unit 12 Unit 13 Unit 14 Unit 15,UNIT 1,Tonight Show Host,My First Job,UNIT 1LANGUAGE POINTS,My First Job 1

2、.”noted”-famous 2. “it is not what you earn-its what you learn”-It is more important for you to learn than to earn. 3.L1.”lived through”-experienced 4.L6 -7“put in 12-hour days”: spent 12 hours working each day 5.L8”in place”-in the right place,6.L9“., so they wouldn t get stolen, “: so that they wo

3、uldnt get stolen, . 7.L12 “Startled, I dropped them all.”: The past participle “startled” is used as an adverbial, indicating the reason. 8.L12 “He fired me on the spot.”: He fired me then and there. He fired me immediately.,9.L13“I stayed busy .“: I remained / continued to be busy. 10.L17“I don t k

4、now who you know ,. In formal English “whom” would be used. 11.L21“He did.”: He hired me. 12.L22“Attitude also matters.”: Attitude is also important.,13L23 outwork: do better work than The prefix “out-” means “surpassing, to a greater extent.” Other examples: outrun = run faster or better than outdo

5、 = do more or better than outlast = last or live longer than,14.L29-30 “Watching my money grow was more rewarding than anything could have bought.”: The subjunctive mood is used to mean the author was satisfied to watch her money grow and did not buy anything with the money. 15.L37-38. .translate wh

6、at they wanted into makeup ideas.”: understand what they wanted and advise them on how to make up so as to achieve the effect desired.,16. L38“a record amount of cosmetics”: the largest amount of cosmetics ever sold 17.L42 “. . .tell me which toys they would like to see designed and developed.”: The

7、 past participles “designed” and “developed” are the object complements of “see” (in the structure “see sth. done”).,第一課我的第一份工作,兩位美國名人解釋為什么 不是你所掙的而是你所學的更重要 汽車清潔工 我從父母那兒獲得了很強的工作道德觀。他們倆都經(jīng)歷過大蕭條時期，對不是按常規(guī)工作的人感到難以理解。我曾經(jīng)告訴我媽媽，西爾維斯特，史泰龍工作10周掙1 200萬美元。“那他在一年其余的日子里于什么呢?”她問。 我把父母的工作道德觀帶入了我在故鄉(xiāng)馬薩諸塞州安多佛鎮(zhèn)附近的威爾明頓鎮(zhèn)福

8、特汽車專營店干的第一份工作。那時我l6歲。學期當中我干活干到五、六點，暑假期間則每天干12個小時。我豐的是汽車清潔小工的活兒，也就是清洗、擦亮新車，并確保紙地板墊的位置合適。還有一項職責是在夜里將汽車輪轂蓋取下來以免被偷，第二天再還回原處。這是一項很費勁的工作，因為我們有占大約七英畝地的汽車。,一天，我抱著一大捧轂蓋轉(zhuǎn)過一個角落，幾乎與我們新任總經(jīng)理撞了個滿懷。我嚇了一跳，結(jié)果把轂蓋全掉在了地上。他當場就解雇了我。 我羞愧萬分，不愿讓父母知道這件事。大約有兩周的時間，我每天都忙到晚上，然后我會回家說工作干得很愉快。 走投無路之下，我寫了一封信給亨利福特二世，告訴他所發(fā)生的事情。我說我們家是福特

9、車的忠實用戶，并說我長大成年后打算買一輛野馬車。最后，汽車專營店的店主給我打來了電話?！拔也恢滥阍诘滋芈烧J識誰，”他說，“伹如果你還想要回你原來的工作的話，這工作就歸你了。,后來在大學期間，我想在一家勞斯萊斯(羅爾斯羅伊斯)的專營店干活，但店主說他們不缺人。即便如此，找還是開始在那兒清洗汽車。當?shù)曛髯⒁獾轿視r，我說我會一直干到他雇我。他雇了我。 成功需要毅力。態(tài)度也很重要。我從不認為我那時比其他任何人強，但我一直相信我當時干的活兒別人都趕不上。 出納員 第一次與我祖母坐在她位于曼哈頓的藥店的現(xiàn)金出納機后時，我10歲。不久之后，她就讓我一個人坐在那兒。很快我就知道了禮貌對待顧客以及說“謝謝”的

10、重要性。,起初我的報酬是糖果，后來我每小時得到50美分。每天放學后我都工作，暑假、周末和假期則從上午8點干到下午7點。我父親幫我在銀行立了一個賬戶?？粗婵顢?shù)增加比我當時本可以買到的任何東西都更讓我滿足。 祖母是一位嚴厲的監(jiān)工，從不給我任何特殊照顧。她像鷹一樣注視著我的一舉一動，不過卻放手讓我應付像在午餐高峰時干活這樣壓力很大的場面。她的信任教會了我如何對待責任。,等我到了12歲時，她認為我的工作干得很出色，因此提拔我去賣化妝品。我培養(yǎng)出了直視顧客眼睛的能力。盡管我只是個孩子，婦女們會問我“你認為我該用哪種顏色?”之類的問題。我發(fā)自內(nèi)心地關(guān)心她們的問題，并能理解她們的愿望，給她們出些該如何化妝

11、的點子。結(jié)果我創(chuàng)下了化妝品銷售量的最好成績。,這項工作教給了我寶貴的一課：要做成功的銷售者，你不必是一位火箭科學家你需要的是當一個令人滿意的傾聽者。今天我仍牢記著這一課：聆聽顧客的傾訴。只不過他們不再是從我這兒買化妝品的婦女，而是些孩子們，他們對我說他們喜歡哪些設(shè)計和開發(fā)出來的玩具。,Exercises,B. 1. She plans to set up her own business. 2.Attitude also matters. 3.She had polished all the furniture before the guests arrived. 4.Some manager

12、s have no idea how to handle people. 5.We finished the work in record time.,6.She likes everything to be in place before she starts working. 7.She often puts in 12 hours work a day. 8.He acquired the information from the newspapers. 9.Theres an opening for an assistant in our department. 10.The orga

13、nization works to promote friendship between nations.,UNIT 2LANGUAGE POINTS,1.L5“With the click of a mouse” means by using a mouse. 2.L13“Besides, if everyone shops on the Net” “shop is a verb meaning “do shopping”. 3.L15“Its significance goes beyond that of connecting businesses”: Its importance ex

14、ceeds that of linking businesses together. 4.L29-30“.the United States and Asia have already started studying the possibility of an electronic currency. “ In this sentence, “studying” means “doing research on . .,5.L36-37“In time to come, we may even have to abandon .“ means that in the near future,

15、 we may even have to give up. 6.L39“.resulting in the Internet itself becoming the worlds largest emerging market. “ Here “resulting in” is a present participle used as an adverbial,第二課網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟的明天,當我們步人新世紀的時候，人類社會正開始由工業(yè)經(jīng)濟向知識型經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型。具體地說， 經(jīng)濟中信息的應用主要是反映在通訊的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，也就是所謂的網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)就是指由 衛(wèi)星、光纖和電話線路將世界各個角落連接在一起的電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

16、只要用鼠標點擊一下，在地球另一端的信息馬上就會以每秒鐘繞地球七周半的驚人速度傳輸?shù)侥愕碾娔X屏幕上。網(wǎng) 絡(luò)化大致可分成兩個方面：其一是企業(yè)與客戶之間的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化。另外一個則是企業(yè)間的網(wǎng) 絡(luò)化，或者是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和科學研究之間的地區(qū)性甚至全球性的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化。網(wǎng)上購物就屬于 第一個方面。 。,從長遠來看，網(wǎng)上購物僅僅是低層次的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，未必會成為最重要的趨向。畢竟大多數(shù) 商品并不適合于網(wǎng)上購物。此外，如果大家都在網(wǎng)上購物，那么成千上萬的購物中心該怎么 辦呢?所以說，網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的第二個方面將更加重要。它的重要性遠遠超過了商務聯(lián)絡(luò)。媒體 曾報道過世界各地的醫(yī)生利用國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進行即時會診。這些才是高層次網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的初期 例子。

17、,有人預測，電腦和網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)新的互動將會對未來工業(yè)產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。電子商務的驚 人威力會使貿(mào)易發(fā)生激動人心的巨變。彪馬體育用品公司在1992年已瀕臨破產(chǎn)。1 993年 起，彪馬公司開始把生產(chǎn)、原材料供應和銷售等各分部分散到全世界80個電腦聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)，結(jié)果業(yè)績斐然。彪馬從一只病貓變成一頭真正的猛獸。其原因就是企業(yè)內(nèi)部和企業(yè)之間的電 子網(wǎng)絡(luò)極大地提高了生產(chǎn)、規(guī)劃、信息收集以及數(shù)據(jù)交換的效率。由于業(yè)務迅速合理化，生 產(chǎn)數(shù)量得到了提高，而同時成本也隨之降低。,電子商務的發(fā)展很可能會把世界帶進一個“電子貨幣的嶄新時代。電子貨幣的出現(xiàn)會 影響我們每一個人。目前歐美和亞洲的發(fā)達地區(qū)都已經(jīng)開始了對電子貨幣可行性的

18、研究。 電子貨幣不單指錢幣，而是泛指網(wǎng)上一個完整的金融系統(tǒng)。它包括一種虛擬的數(shù)字錢幣、一 套電子出納轉(zhuǎn)賬借貸系統(tǒng)以及各種形狀和大小的智能卡(電子錢包)。電子貨幣系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn) 意味著“虛擬銀行和“虛擬企業(yè)的出現(xiàn)。其實，這種虛擬銀行的雛形早在1995年就已經(jīng) 在美國出現(xiàn)。它的名稱是“安全第一網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行”，堪稱世界第一家國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)銀行。雖然它 只是一家微不足道的銀行，但是它卻代表了未來的趨勢。到了那個時候，我們也許真的不得 不告別我們已經(jīng)習慣了的紙幣。,當網(wǎng)絡(luò)化高速地推動經(jīng)濟的時候，經(jīng)濟也反過來促進網(wǎng)絡(luò)市場的發(fā)展。其結(jié)果是國際 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)本身將成為全球最大的新興市場。當然這還僅僅是個開始。盡管在國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)市

19、場 上投資的許多公司都賺了大錢，但它們通常是一些小公司，如雅虎之類。迄今為止，多數(shù)公 司還是賠錢的。網(wǎng)絡(luò)化和電子商務的發(fā)展將會造就大批的自由職業(yè)者，從而將對社會結(jié)構(gòu) 產(chǎn)生深遠的影響。在知識型經(jīng)濟的時代，科技領(lǐng)域的競爭也會變得更激烈。這必定會促進 更大(甚至是全球范圍內(nèi))更卓有成效的合作，以保持競爭力。全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的高效率研究及 開發(fā)工作是中小型企業(yè)聯(lián)合起來打破“巨人”壟斷的極好條件。,Exercises,Part A Text B.Translation 1. She is very likely to ring me tonight. 2.Understanding this article

20、is beyond my capacity. 3.A fresh coat of paint can transform a room. 4.Acting before thinking always results in failure. 5.He estimated that the work would take three months.,6.We believe that this agreement will positively promote the trade between our two countries. 7.The new airport will certainl

21、y push ahead the tourism in this region. 8.Net economy will have significant influence on the peoples life. 9.At the yesterdays meeting, he brought forward a new plan for the economic development. 10.To date, they havent found the wrecked fishing boat.,Part B Grammar (1)English is spoken by many peo

22、ple. (2)TV is being watched now in the room. (3)The lady was murdered by the criminal. (4)Henry will be punished by the teacher for coming late. (5)Three apples have been eaten by Susan. (6)The law should be obeyed by citizens. (7)Where was the wolf first seen by the farmer? (8)The noise must have b

23、een heard by the watchman. (9)Children ought to be taught good behavior by parents. (10)Every minute and second should be made use of. (11)Nabey was never heard to speak Japanese. (12)By whom will the children be looked after? (13)The sports meet is to be put off. (14)Mary realized that she was bein

24、g made fun of. (15)We were requested to show our passports by the customs officer.,CONTENTS,UNIT 3LANGUAGE POINTS,1.L3-4 “What is not in doubt, .of the planet.”: Nobody would suspect, however, that humans are having ruinous effect on the animal and plant life of the planet. It implies that nobody wo

25、uld deny the fact that humans are doing tremendous damage to the animal and plant life of the earth. 2.L9-10 “So, if you lose a key species, you might cause a whole flood of other extinctions.”: So, if you remove an extremely important species from the earth, you might cause the extinction of a lot

26、of other species.,3.L11 “Complicating matters is the fact that there are no obvious solutions to the problem.”: This is an inverted sentence. It means the fact that there are no obvious solutions to the problem complicates matters. 4.L15“., provided . that .“: on condition that.,5.L29-30 “.when it c

27、omes to protecting areas .“: when concerning the protection of areas 6.L33-34“Sustainable management . in replacing them.”: Sustainable management of forests requires that we not only control the number of trees which are cut down, but also spend some money on the replanting of new trees. 7.L35-36 “

28、., there are few regulations and incentives to do this.”: There are few regulations for people to control the number of trees which are cut down, and there is also little encouragement for people to replant new trees.,8.L43-44“. and so force logging companies to go “green or go out of business.”: an

29、d so force logging companies to protect the environment instead of cuffing down too many trees to completely destroy the forest. Otherwise, the companies would be likely to lose their business. 9.L45-46. that consumers, no matter how “green”, “: No matter how consumers are active in protecting the e

30、nvironment,10.L55“Its a case of one planet, one experiment.”: This sentence implies that we have to make the experiment we are conducting with the earth successful, because we have only one earth. In other words, we have to take measures to protect our environment, otherwise, the earth will be destr

31、oyed one day and may cause the extinction of humans too.,第三課保護我們的地球,盡管科學研究進行了幾十年，但仍然沒有人知道人類活動對環(huán)境的破壞究竟有多大。人類被認為應該為一系列環(huán)境問題負責，從全球溫度上升到臭氧大大減少。然而有一點是毫無疑問的，即人類正對地球上的動、植物的生活產(chǎn)生極大的破壞作用。 目前，估計每年大約有50000物種絕跡。牛津大學的地理學家尼克密德爾頓博士說道，如果這種情況繼續(xù)下去，它對所有生物的影響將可能是深遠的。“所有物種都以某種方式互相依賴以生存。因此危險就在于，如果你從這個互相聯(lián)系的非常復雜的網(wǎng)絡(luò)上除掉一個物種，你很

32、難預料這對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成的連鎖影響。所以，如果你失去了一個重要物種，那也許會引起大量其他物種的絕跡?！?麻煩的是對這些問題還沒有明顯的解決辦法。和全球氣溫上升以及臭氧大大減少這些問題不一樣，如果政府進行干預，這兩種情況可以通過減少廢氣的排放得以減弱，而保護生物的多樣性卻依然是一個十分棘手的問題。 最新的想法是“可持續(xù)管理”，即指人類應該在保證每一物種有足夠的個體存活下來以確保該物種得以延續(xù)的條件下，才能夠利用動、植物種為自己謀利益。 人們把可持續(xù)管理視為一種保護物種使之免于絕跡的實用而又經(jīng)濟的辦法。這種辦法使當?shù)厝藗兛梢詾榱私?jīng)濟上的原因而去保護動、植物，而不是依靠在很大程度上難以奏效的反對非法偷

33、獵的規(guī)章制度。例如，在津巴布韋就有可持續(xù)管理項目來保護大象。外國游客為娛樂而殺這些動物要付高額費用。這些錢隨后再交給發(fā)生射獵的地區(qū)居民。從理論上講，由于牽涉到當?shù)鼐用竦慕?jīng)濟利益，他們會受到激勵去保護大象而不是去非法偷獵或允許其他人去偷獵大象。,這聽起來像是一個明智的策略，但它能否超作用還有待于觀察。由于許多發(fā)展中國家普遍存在腐敗，一些觀察家對這些錢財實際上是否能到達應該接受這筆財物的人們手中表示懷疑。而另一些人則想知道當?shù)鼐用裨谥浦狗欠ㄍ但C者方面究竟有多大效果。 當涉及到保護多生物地區(qū)，如世界熱帶森林時，可持續(xù)管理是否仍然切實可行，人們也有一些疑問。理論上講，原則應該和處理大象一樣允許伐木公司

34、砍伐一定量的樹木，但這個量不應該多到會完全摧毀整個森林的程度。 森林的可持續(xù)管理既需要投資種植新樹以取代被砍伐的樹木，也需要對被砍伐樹木的數(shù)量進行控制。由于幾乎所有的熱帶森林都位于那些迫切需要從伐木中得到收入的國家，因此在那里很少有規(guī)章制度和獎勵措施來控制伐木數(shù)量及鼓勵種植新樹。事實上，對伐木者來說，最明智最合算的辦法是盡快砍伐盡可能多的樹木。,原因之一是熱帶森林的大多數(shù)商業(yè)樹種的價格平穩(wěn)少變。一般來講，價格每年至多增加百分之四到百分之五。試將這個遞增率和大多數(shù)發(fā)展中國家的利率作一比較，顯然推遲砍伐從經(jīng)濟上來說是不明智的。在這些地區(qū)，投資者每年一般有百分之十五或更多的回報率。 解決的辦法之一就

35、是只認可來自于可持續(xù)管理森林的木材。理論上講，消費者只能購買這些獲得認可的木材，這將迫使伐木公司開始保護“綠色”，否則將無生意可做。遺憾的是這種不加限制的砍伐所帶來的收益要豐厚得多，以至于從管理森林來的木材價格要高出五倍多這種增長，消費者是不大可能接受的，無論他們是多么積極的“綠色”保護者。,基于這些原因，熱帶森林的可持續(xù)管理在近期是不太可能推廣的。這真是一個令人沮喪的消息。據(jù)估計，這些森林擁有地球上百分之五十到九十的動、植物種。例如，在一次有關(guān)秘魯雨林的五平方公里的調(diào)查中，科學家計算出有1300種蝴蝶和600種鳥類。而在整個美國大陸，卻只記錄有400種蝴蝶和700種鳥類。 科學家諾曼邁爾斯教

36、授把這種情形看作是“我們正對地球進行的一次巨大的實驗”?！拔覀儾恢雷罱K的結(jié)果是什么。如果我們把這一實驗搞得一團糟的話，我們也不能搬到另一座星球上去。這是一次對唯一一個星球進行的唯一一次實驗?！?Exercises,B. Translaton 1. The extremely heavy flood did great damage to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. 2.The bestseller had a great impact on its readers. 3.I can give you $ 5, at m

37、ost, for the used bicycle. 4.Their political rights, as well as their economic benefits should be safeguarded. 5.The unexpected illness made a mess of my holiday plans.,6.If you are sensible you will study for another year. 7.You may keep the book a further week provided (that) no one else requires

38、it. 8.There was a flood of complaints from the press about the bad language used in the special TV show. 9.Her task is to range the goods neatly in the shop window. 10.The headmaster encouraged the candidates for the national maths competition to strive for the best results.,Grammar (1)The populatio

39、n in this city is larger than in that city. (2)The more English articles you have read, the faster you can read. (3)Of the three rail roads, this one is the longest. (4)This factory is three times as large as that one. (5)This work is as difficult as the one we finished last year. (6)He has made mor

40、e achievements in research than we have. (7)This park is the tidier and cleaner of the two. (8)He speaks English the best in our class. (9)The production of this factory has increased ten per cent more than that of 1990. (10)We need fewer people to finish this work than they do.,CONTENTS,UNIT 4LANGU

41、AGE POINTS,A Time for Apologies 1.L2 -3“Some see it as a sign . careful to avoid.”: “it” refers to “saying sorry”, while “something” refers to “they are liable to make errors.” 2.L9 “Since then, what started as trickle of apologies has turned into something of a flood.”: At first, only a few state l

42、eaders apologized for past wrongs, but, since 1995, many world leaders have apologized for past wrongs.,3.L19-20“. who now look on the conflict as more than simply the victory of good over evil.”: Now the post-war generations dont think that the World War II only means the victory of good over evil,

43、 but that a lot of lessons should be drawn from it. 4.21-22“In its place, recently declass fled documents . to the sufferings of the war.”: In the propaganda, the documents which have recently been removed from the state of being kept secret display that many of the victors either benefited, or pret

44、ended not to notice the pains and sorrows made by the war. “its” stands for “the propagandas,referring to the victory of good over evil” in the previous sentence.,5.L30-31“. they can only do so if they admit their own past wrongs.”:Only after they admit their own past wrongs can they demand high sta

45、ndards of moral behaviour from other nations. 6.L32-33“But its hot just . which lies behind these apologies.”: World leaders apologize for past wrongs not only because of a sense of conscience and demands from pressure groups, there are still some other reasons for them to do so.,7. L34-35“. in the

46、90s, caring and sympathetic leaders are better vote winners than proud and determined ones.”: In the 90s, caring and considerate leaders can win more votes than proud and strong-minded ones. 8. L36-37. as some politicians have found to their cost.”: Some politicians have realized through their own e

47、xperiences that playing the public-relations game with apologies is dangerous. Here “as” refers to the statement of “playing the public-relations game with apologies is dangerous,9. L37-39 “The Swiss government is still trying to . in the 193Os and 40s.”:The Swiss government is still trying to come

48、up with a solution to the public-relations problem, which was caused by their partial apology for Switzerlands actions with the Nazis in the 1930s and 40s.,10.L46 “The cost of fulfilling or fighting such claims could outweigh any political advantages.”: Carrying out or refusing to accept such claims

49、 could cost much more than gaining some political advantages. 11.L50 “But, for most leaders, these risks have been purely academic.”: But, for most leaders, these risks have been very impractical. It implies that the leaders seldom respond to the claims for compensation, they just apologize for thei

50、r past wrongs in words, not in deeds.,第四課道歉的時機,在整個歷史上，說對不起并不是讓政治和宗教領(lǐng)袖感覺舒服的一件事。一些人把說對不起看作是軟弱的象征；另一些人認為說對不起意味著承認自己是容易犯錯誤的這一點是宗教機構(gòu)特別小心加以回避的。 但隨著政治體制變得更加精密復雜，政府和教會是無懈可擊的觀點已越來越難以站得住腳跟。一些身居要職的人對此的反應是站起來為過去的錯誤道歉。 這個潮流是從l995年才真正開始的。當時英國女王承認在新西蘭還是英國的殖民地時，新西蘭的土著毛利人曾遭到英國人的羞辱。從這以后，以涓涓細流開始的道歉就變成了道歉的滔滔洪水。僅去年一年，就有

51、三個世界最權(quán)威的國家道了歉。美國總統(tǒng)比爾克林頓為本世紀30年代美國政府在美國黑人身上進行醫(yī)學實驗而道歉；英國首相托里布萊爾為上一世紀英國在愛爾蘭因土豆枯萎而引發(fā)的饑荒中沒有幫助受災的饑民而道歉，這次饑荒使一百多萬人喪生；法國天主教的主教們?yōu)樗麄兊那叭卧诙?zhàn)中的表現(xiàn)而道歉。,但為什么政府首腦感覺有道歉的必要，并且為什么現(xiàn)在才有這種感覺呢?原因之一是與最近的二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束50周年紀念有關(guān)。3年前，世界各國政府想以行動來紀念這個有歷史意義的事件。 但二戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)勝國發(fā)現(xiàn)簡單地慶賀勝利已不再合適。許多政治領(lǐng)袖，和他們的國民一樣，屬于戰(zhàn)后的一代，他們現(xiàn)在認為那次戰(zhàn)爭并不是簡單的正義戰(zhàn)勝邪惡的戰(zhàn)爭。并且，時間的流逝

52、抹去了很多當時的宣傳色彩。與宣傳相反，近期被銷密的文件顯示戰(zhàn)勝方的許多人不是獲得了利益，就是對戰(zhàn)爭所造成的災難視而不見。,結(jié)果，二戰(zhàn)50周年的慶?；顒訌娬{(diào)了重鑄和解以及永遠不使二戰(zhàn)中的暴行和苦難重演的愿望。但在這些普遍的良好愿望中，還有在二戰(zhàn)中經(jīng)受過如大屠殺暴行和軍事占領(lǐng)暴行的極少數(shù)幸存者要求承認他們的個人傷害，并要求加以賠償。 有兩部分人大屠殺中幸存的猶太人和被日本軍隊強征為軍妓的朝鮮婦女都被致歉了。然而，對這一結(jié)果他們都不完全滿意。 重新審視二戰(zhàn)期間犯下的罪行只是道歉現(xiàn)象的原因之一。其他一些政府，尤其是美國，也已意識到如果他們想要求其他國家有高標準的道德行為，他們只有承認自己過去的錯誤，才

53、能做到這一點?？肆诸D總統(tǒng)對此已作出了反應，他對近在本世紀50年代進行的一次涉及輻射和性病傳染的秘密實驗中被用做實驗對象的美國公民公開致歉。人們也期望他對美國奴隸的后裔作出正式的道歉。,這些道歉的實質(zhì)并不僅僅是良心的發(fā)現(xiàn)，也不僅僅是群體的壓力要求。一個恰逢時候的道歉對抬高首腦人物的公眾形象是很有幫助的。在90年代，體貼和富于情感的領(lǐng)袖人物要比驕傲和武斷的領(lǐng)袖人物贏得更多的選票。 然而，玩用道歉來贏得公眾關(guān)系的游戲是危險的，這一點一些政治家已親身體會到了。瑞士政府仍然還在試圖擺平一場公共關(guān)系的災難，災難發(fā)生的原因在于他們對他們國家在本世紀30和40年代與納粹分子的交往所作的道歉是不公平的。 但在英

54、國，托里布萊爾通過對愛爾蘭土豆饑荒的道歉卻獲得了另一種政治上的利益。他的道歉有助于改善在北愛爾蘭問題和平談判中陷于僵局的雙方關(guān)系。人們認為他現(xiàn)在正考慮對1972年英國軍隊在所謂“血腥星期日”那天對北愛爾蘭天主教徒進行的屠殺作正式的道歉。,然而，在托里布萊爾宣布道歉以前，他將不得不考慮受害者家屬要求賠償?shù)目赡苄?。接受或拒絕類似的索賠要求的代價可能會大大超過任何政治上所獲取的好處。并且，由于這次事件發(fā)生的時間比較近，有關(guān)北愛爾蘭問題雙方的關(guān)系可能會受到損害。 這幾點說明了首腦人物在為過去的錯誤作道歉時所承擔的風險。但對大多數(shù)領(lǐng)袖人物來說，這樣的風險是沒有實質(zhì)內(nèi)容的。事實上，這些風險是如此的空泛，以

55、至于有一種擔心，認為“對不起”這個詞竟然將成為最容易說的詞。,Exercises,Translation B 1. to turn a blind eye to the sufferings of the war 2.the 50th anniversary celebration 3.to make public apologies to 4.a well-timed apology 5.to promote a head of states public image 6.to put right the public-relations disaster 7.to say sorry fo

56、r past wrongs 8.recently declassified documents 9.to admit ones own past wrongs 10.to pay compensation for war damage,1.我們希望日本政府能對他們在二戰(zhàn)中對中國人們實行的暴行進行正式道歉。 2.后來證實有兩名旅客喪生。 3.現(xiàn)在人們把電視機當作必備的生活用品之一。 4.對人們的疾苦視而不見的政治領(lǐng)袖是不會受到人們的擁護的。 5.那位勇敢的年輕人冒著生命把這個小孩從湖里就上來,Translation C 1. We hope that the Japanese governmen

57、t would make a formal apology to the Chinese people for their cruelties committed during the World War II. 2.It turned out that two travelers had been killed. 3.People now look on a television set as an essential facility for life. 4.The head of state who turns a blind eye to the peoples sufferings

58、will not gain support from them. 5.The brave young man risked his life in trying to save the child from the lake.,Grammar (I)To finish this work needs at least ten people. (2)Our aim is to pass the English test. (3)She has a lot of homework to do, so she cant go to the dance with you. (4)In order to

59、 achieve the goal, we must work hard. (5)I had him clean the room. (I asked him to clean the room.) (6)It is very necessary for them to enlarge their vocabulary. (7)They volunteered to go to work in the factory. (8)His task is to look after the sick. (9)We must set off right now so as to get there before 5. (10)We need two people to type this article.,CONTENTS,UNIT 5LANGUAGE POINTSTeach Your Child to Wonder,1.L4“children start ou