緊固件和結(jié)構(gòu)連接件

1、,第23講：緊固件和結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Lesson 23: Fasteners and Framing Connectors,1,木產(chǎn)品的連接 Connecting wood products,三種基本的連接： Three basic categories of connections: 木材和木材連接Wood-to-wood 木材和混凝土連接Wood-to-concrete or masonry 木材和鋼材連接Wood-to-steel,3,木產(chǎn)品的連接 Connecting wood products,結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件、覆面板同其它木產(chǎn)品或混凝土或砌體的連接有多種方法： Several methods

2、can be used to connect or reinforce joints betweenframing members, sheathing and other wood products or concrete or masonry: 緊固件（例如 釘子、碼釘、螺絲和螺栓） Fasteners (e.g. nails, staples, screws and bolts) 輕型金屬結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Light metal framing connectors 結(jié)構(gòu)用膠 Construction adhesives,4,木產(chǎn)品的連接 Connecting wood products,現(xiàn)代

3、梁柱式結(jié)構(gòu)和傳統(tǒng)重木結(jié)構(gòu)有其他的連接方法： Other methods are used for connections in modern post and beam and traditional timber frame construction 梁柱式結(jié)構(gòu)上一般使用特殊的重型金屬連接件，可以快速、經(jīng)濟地實現(xiàn)高強度的連接Post and beam typically uses special heavy metal connectors for speed,economy and strength 傳統(tǒng)重木結(jié)構(gòu)采用榫卯和木釘連接Traditional timber frame uses

4、joint geometry and wooden pegs 在這兩種建筑中，連接件大多暴露在外作為建筑的一部分For both forms of construction, connections are often exposed as an architectural feature,5,重型金屬連接件 Heavy metal connectors,現(xiàn)代梁柱式建筑的隱形連接 Example of concealed connections for modern post and beam construction,6,木柱子和梁的連接Wood post to wood beam conn

5、ection,木柱子和混凝土的連接 Wood post to concrete connection,重型金屬連接件 Heavy metal connectors,現(xiàn)代梁柱式建筑中暴露在外的連接 Example of exposed connection for modern post and beam construction,7,傳統(tǒng)細木工 Traditional joinery,傳統(tǒng)重木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑的接頭樣式 Examples of joints for traditional timber frame construction,8,木釘用于緊固連接部位Wood pegs used to s

6、ecure joint,傳統(tǒng)細木工 Traditional joinery,傳統(tǒng)重木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑的接頭樣式 Examples of joints for traditional timber frame construction,9,釘子 Nails,釘連接是現(xiàn)代木結(jié)構(gòu)施工中最常見的連接方式 Nailing is most common method to join members in modern wood frame construction 釘子就像是削尖的螺栓被壓到木材中Nails are sharpened metal pins driven into wood 木質(zhì)纖維和釘子表面之間

7、的摩擦力形成了釘子握釘力Pressure of the wood fibers against the surface of the nail give it its holding power 常見的釘子具有光滑的釘徑，也有扭曲的或者帶圈的釘子，握釘力更強 Nails usually have smooth shanks but can be twisted or ringed for greater holding power,10,光滑的釘徑（常規(guī)的握釘力）Smooth shank (normal holding power),麻花或者螺紋釘徑（增加的握釘力）Twisted or spi

8、ral shank (increased holding power),帶圈的釘徑（最大的握釘力）Ringed shank (most holding power),釘子 Nails,釘子種類 Types of nails 普通釘是木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑中最常用的釘子Common nails are used most often in wood frame construction 箱釘與普通釘外觀類似，但釘徑較細，釘頭偏小，不易使木材開裂Box nails are similar in appearance to common nails but have thinner shanks and sma

9、ller heads making them less likely to split wood 雙頭釘有兩個釘頭，用于臨時性建筑或構(gòu)件（比如支撐，模板或腳手架等），便于拆除Duplex nails have a double head for easily removal in temporary construction (e.g. braces, formwork or scaffolding),11,釘子 Nails,釘子的釘尖形狀決定其劈裂木材的力度 Shape of a nails point affects its tendency to split the wood 釘尖越尖，

10、釘子越容易釘入Sharper point makes the nail act more like a wedge than a punch 釘尖越尖，越易釘入，握釘力越強，同時也越容易造成木材開裂Easier to drive and results in higher holding power but is more likely to split the wood,12,鈍菱形釘尖: 連接較硬木材，減少劈裂Blunt diamond (for harder wood to reduce splitting),長菱形釘尖：更易釘入Long diamond (for easier driv

11、ing),錐形釘尖：連接木材和砌磚Conical (to attach wood to masonry),菱形釘尖：最常見的釘尖形狀Diamond (most common shape),釘子 Nails,釘子尺寸 Sizes of nails 釘子長度尺寸范圍為13mm至150mm Nails are specified by their length and range from 13 mm to 150 mm 美制用“便士尺寸”（penny)表示普通釘子尺寸，表示為字母“d”，例如 8d = 64 mm, 10d = 76mm, 16d = 89 mmU.S. system of mea

12、surement for common nails is the “penny” abbreviated d(e.g. 8d = 64 mm, 10d = 76mm, 16d = 89 mm) 長釘長度大的釘子稱作長釘，其長度為100 mm 到 350 mm Large nails are called spikes and rangefrom 100 mm to 350 mm in length,13,長釘Spike,釘子Nails,釘子 Nails,三種基本釘釘方法： Three basic methods of nailing: 水平釘釘：三種方法中連接強度最大Face nailing:

13、 strongest of three methods 垂直釘釘：力度偏弱，主要用于連接并對齊結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件，再依靠重力作用和覆面板作用力來加強垂直釘釘?shù)倪B接強度End nailing: much weaker and used primarily to hold framing members in alignment until gravity forces and sheathing is applied to strengthen the connection 斜向釘釘：正確操作下，連接強度幾乎與水平釘釘一樣強Toe nailing: Correctly done, can be almos

14、t as strong as face nailing,14,水平釘釘Face nailing,斜向釘釘Toe nailing,垂直釘釘 End nailing,釘子 Nails,釘槍的使用可以有效地提高施工效率 Using a framing nailer significantly improves productivity 絕大多數(shù)是釘槍都是氣動的 Most framing nailers are pneumatic 兩種類型：排釘槍和卷釘槍 Two types: Stick-style and coil-style,15,卷釘槍Coil-style framing nailer,排釘槍

15、Stick-style framing nailer,釘子 Nails,避免釘子釘入連接件過深或未完全釘入，尤其是釘接覆面板時 Avoid overdriving or underdriving fasteners,especially for sheathing 釘槍使用不當會造成釘子釘入過深 Improperly adjusted framing nailer can overdrive fasteners 釘子釘入不當會減弱連接強度，同時也會減少覆面板的剪力強度Improperly driven nails weaken the connection andreduce shear st

16、rength provided by sheathing 連接墻體和屋面覆面板時，緊固件釘入覆面板過深，過深長度不能多于3mmFor wall and roof sheathing, limit overdrivingof fasteners to a maximum of 3 mm 如果超過20%的緊固件件釘入過深且過深長度超過3mm時，必須增加堅固件的數(shù)量If more than 20% of fasteners are overdrivenmore than 3 mm, additional fasteners must be added,16,釘子應(yīng)與覆面板表面平齊Nails shou

17、ld be driven flush to the face of a sheathing panel,釘子 Nails,17,釘子與連接件表面平齊Nails are flush,釘子釘入過深Nails are overdriven,部分釘子未完全釘入Some nails are underdriven,釘接連接件時務(wù)必留意，切勿釘入過深或未完全釘入 Care should also be exercised when nailing connectors to avoid overdriving or underdriving fasteners,釘子 Nails,釘釘子時對眼睛和聽力的保護

18、非常重要 Eye and hearing protection are essential when driving nails 有時釘釘子會有小塊金屬碎片飛濺開來 Small flying metal fragments sometimes result from hammering a nail 有時釘槍會意外走火或打擊到別的物體Framing nailers can accidentally fire or strike other objects 釘槍操作過程中會攪動灰塵和塵垢飛揚Dust and dirt are stirred-up when a framing nailer is

19、 fired 釘槍操作過程中會產(chǎn)生非常大的噪音Framing nailers also generate very loud bursts of noise,18,碼釘 Staples,專用的碼釘在特定情況下可以替代釘子 Special staples can be used in certain applications instead of nails 碼釘是U形的金屬堅固件Stapes are U-shaped metal wire fasteners 通常用于墻體或屋面覆面板與結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的連接固定Typical application is for fastening wall or r

20、oof sheathing to framing 與預(yù)先裝好碼釘?shù)拇a釘槍配套使用Applied with a staple gun using pre-packaged strips of fasteners,19,覆面板碼釘 Sheathing staple,螺絲釘 Screws,當要求達到更強的握釘力時，需要使用木螺釘 Wood screws are used when greater holding power is required 由于木螺釘?shù)某杀颈柔斪雍痛a釘都高，且安裝更加耗時，所以在木結(jié)構(gòu)施工中很少用木螺釘Regular wood screws are seldom used i

21、n framing because they cost morethan nails or staples and require more time to drive 但方頭木螺釘例外。方頭木螺釘?shù)尼旑^為六角或四方形狀，使用扳手而不是螺絲刀進行固定An exception are lag screws which are heavy wood screws with a square orhex head that are driven with a wrench rather than a screwdriver,20,方頭木螺釘Lag screw,釘頭下方可松緊的墊圈用于分擔荷載Loos

22、e washer under head to distribute load,螺絲釘 Screws,21,格柵橫托木用于支撐陽臺格柵Ledger board to support deck joists,使用套筒扳手安裝木螺釘Lag screw installed with socket wrench,在格柵橫托木和外墻間安裝隔塊Spacer installed between ledger and exterior wall,螺絲釘 Screws,結(jié)構(gòu)木螺釘正在逐漸取代木螺釘 Structural wood screws are beginning to replace lag screws

23、 結(jié)構(gòu)木螺釘是用更高強度并經(jīng)過熱處理的鋼材加工而成，達到強度的最大化Structural wood screws are made from stronger steel and heat-treated to maximize strength 結(jié)構(gòu)螺釘?shù)尼敿馄鸬姐@頭的作用，無需再鉆定位孔Point of structural screws act as a drill bit eliminating need to drill pilot hole 結(jié)構(gòu)螺釘比木螺釘?shù)牟僮鞲?，更簡單Much quicker and easier to install than lag screws,22,

24、結(jié)構(gòu)木螺釘?shù)娜笃放芓hree major brands of structural wood screws,螺栓 Bolts,螺栓可以替代木螺釘或結(jié)構(gòu)木螺釘 Bolts can be an alternative to lag or structural wood screws 螺栓分為兩種：機械螺栓和車身螺栓Two types: machine bolts and carriage bolts 常用的螺栓直徑為9.5mm到25mmCommonly used bolts range from 9.5 mm to 25 mm in diameter 位于螺母和機制螺栓栓頭下方的墊圈可以分布荷載

25、，減少擰緊螺栓時對木材的破壞Washers are used under nuts and the heads of machine boltsto distribute loads and limit crushing of the wood 車身螺栓包括： -寬且方的栓頭，無需墊圈 -圓形螺栓軸肩，位于栓頭下方。栓軸肩釘入木材，可以在擰緊螺母的的過程中防止螺栓發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)動Carriage bolts have:- a broad, rounded head that needs no washer; and- a square shoulder under the head that is f

26、orced into the wood to prevent the bolt from turning as the nut is tighten,23,機械螺栓Machine bolt,車身螺栓Carriage bolt,墊圈Washers,螺栓 Bolts,輕型木結(jié)構(gòu)施工中，螺栓有四種常見應(yīng)用： Four common applications of bolts in wood platform frame construction: 錨栓用來穩(wěn)固地梁板和混凝土基礎(chǔ)的連接（參見第四講，19至22頁）Anchor bolts to secure sill plates to concret

27、e foundations(refer to Lesson 4, slides 19 to 22) 木釘或結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件與鋼梁鋼或鋼柱的連接固定Attaching wood nailers or framing membersto steel beams or columns 連接固定大型的組合木梁Laminating large built-up wood beams 穩(wěn)固重型金屬連接件（尤其是抗震連接件）Securing heavy-duty metal connectors(especially seismic connectors),24,螺栓 Bolts,25,木釘板與鋼梁一側(cè)錨固，用于支

28、撐樓板格柵托架 Wood nailer to bolted to side of steel beam to support floor joist hangers,錨栓 Bolts,26,抗震連接件和混凝土基礎(chǔ)的錨固Bolt to secure seismic anchor to concrete foundation,抗震連接件和木構(gòu)件的錨固Bolts to secure seismic anchor to wood framing,緊固件的耐久性 Durability of fasteners,釘子，碼釘，螺釘和螺栓上可以涂上各種涂料 Various coatings may be ap

29、plied to nails, staples, screws and bolts 當緊固件暴露于室外或潮濕室內(nèi)時，會發(fā)生腐蝕。刷過涂料的緊固件可以減少腐蝕現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生Most common reason to use coated fasteners is to minimize corrosion whenexposed to weather or wet indoor locations 被腐蝕的緊固件會影響結(jié)構(gòu)強度和外觀Corroded fasteners can impact both structural strength and appearance 另外部分涂料還可以緊固件的抗握

30、釘力并美化外觀Some coatings also improve holding power and appearance,27,緊固件的耐久性 Durability of fasteners,部分涂料還可以提高緊固件的握釘力，并美化緊固件的外觀 Some coatings also improve holding power and appearance 例如，可以根據(jù)陽臺木材和裝飾材料的樹種，來選擇與之相配的陽臺螺釘涂料顏色For example, deck screws with a coloured coating are often usedto match different s

31、pecies of woods and finishes,28,緊固件的耐久性 Durability of fasteners,鋼制緊固件最常用的涂料是鋅 Most common coating for steel fastenersis to galvanize them with zinc 熱鍍鋅緊固件-將緊固件浸入具有高強度耐腐蝕性的熱熔鋅液中Hot-dipped galvanized fasteners fasteners dipped into molten zinc thathave a high degree of corrosion resistance 電鍍鋅緊固件-價格較低

32、，鋅涂料較薄，耐腐蝕性偏低Electroplated fasteners less expensive but have a much thinnerzinc coating and less resistance to corrosion,29,熱鍍鋅緊固件（左圖）：表面顏色比一般鋼材灰暗灰暗 電鍍或不銹鋼緊固件（右圖）Hot-dipped galvanized fasteners (left) have a much duller finish than plain steel, electroplated or stainless steel fasteners (right),緊固件的

33、耐久性 Durability of fasteners,30,鍍鋅釘子和金屬格柵托架Galvanized nails and metal joist hanger,鍍鋅的木螺釘Galvanized lag screw,無涂料，被腐蝕的普通鋼制墊圈Corroded uncoated plain steel washer,緊固件的耐久性 Durability of fasteners,不銹鋼緊固件比熱鍍鋅緊固件的防腐蝕性更強 Stainless steel fasteners provide an even higher levelof corrosion protection than hot-

34、dipped galvanized fasteners 不銹鋼緊固件的抗腐蝕性可以分為多個級別Stainless steel fasteners are available in different levels of corrosion resistance 304和305不銹鋼適用于絕大數(shù)地區(qū)；沿海地區(qū)建議使用316不銹鋼Grades 304 and 305 offer sufficient protection in most regions butGrade 316 is recommended for costal areas 不銹鋼緊固件的缺點： -成本高 -供應(yīng)有限D(zhuǎn)rawbac

35、ks of stainless steel fasteners:- high cost- limited availability,31,緊固件的耐久性 Durability of fasteners,通常使用熱鍍鋅或不銹鋼緊固件固定防腐木 Always use hot-dipped galvanized or stainless steel fastenerswith preservative-treated wood 用于處理防腐木的化學品對普通鋼材有腐蝕性Chemicals used to treat wood are corrosive to plain steel 請勿使用電鍍鋅緊固

36、件（涂料不夠厚）Do not use electroplated galvanized fasteners(the coating is not thick enough),32,緊固件的耐久性 Durability of fasteners,不同的金屬材料不能混合在一起使用 Do not mix dissimilar metals 不同的金屬接觸時會發(fā)生腐蝕現(xiàn)象Corrosion results when most dissimilar metals come in contact 熱鍍鋅緊固件必須和熱鍍鋅的連接件一起使用，不銹鋼緊固件必須和不銹鋼的連接件一起使用Galvanized fas

37、teners must be used with galvanized connectors and stainless steel fasteners with stainless steel connectors,33,不同的金屬接觸時會導(dǎo)致腐蝕產(chǎn)生Corrosion caused by different metals in contact,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,連接件是用來連接木材和木材、混凝土或砌磚的五金件 Connectors are metal hardware used to joinwood to wood, concrete or masonry

38、 連接件可以是簡單的金屬板或金屬條，也可以是復(fù)雜樣式的連接件Connectors range from simple plates or strapsto complex specialty items 每個連接件的名稱通常反映其功能用途（例如：格柵托架，地腳螺栓和椽條抗風件等）The name of a specific connector often relates to its function(e.g. joist hanger, sill anchor, hurricane rafter tie, etc.) 連接件讓結(jié)構(gòu)的連接更堅固和更簡便Connectors make frami

39、ng connections stronger and easier,34,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,辛普森的Strong-Tie連接件主導(dǎo)了整個住宅結(jié)構(gòu)連接件行業(yè) Simpson Strong-Tie dominates the residential framing connector industry 項目的大多數(shù)說明規(guī)定都引用參考辛普森的產(chǎn)品Most specifications for projects reference its products 其他廠家常將自產(chǎn)成品定位為“等效于辛普森產(chǎn)品”O(jiān)ther manufacturers often identif

40、y their own products as “Simpson equivalent”,35,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,常用的結(jié)構(gòu)連接件有： Commonly used framing connectors: 托架：用于樓板格柵，工字梁，屋面桁架和梁式桁架的連接Hangers for floor joists, I-joists, roof trusses and girders 柱帽和柱基座Post or column caps and bases 抗震和抗風緊固板或卯固件Seismic and hurricane/typhoon ties or holdowns,

41、36,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,樓板格柵托架 Floor joist hangers,37,帶隱蔽式凸緣的樓板格柵托架Floor joist hanger with concealed flanges,標準樓板格柵托架Standard floor joist hanger,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,工字梁托架 I-joist hangers,38,側(cè)面固定的工字梁托架Face mount I-joist hanger,上方帶凸緣的工字梁托架Top flange I-joist hanger,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,屋面桁

42、架/梁式桁架托架 Roof truss/girder hangers,39,屋面梁式桁架托架Roof girder truss hanger,端坡桁架托架Hip/jack truss hanger,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,柱基座 Post or column bases,40,木柱與混凝土連接的可調(diào)式連接件Adjustable elevated wood post to concrete connector,木柱與混凝土連接的固定式連接件Fixed wood post to concrete connector,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,柱帽

43、Post or column caps,41,固定木梁和木柱的連接件Wood beam to wood post connector,固定木梁和鋼柱的連接件 Wood beam to steel column connector,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,抗震和抗風緊固板或卯固件 Seismic and hurricane/typhoon ties or holdowns,42,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,抗震和抗風緊固板或卯固件 Seismic and hurricane/typhoon ties or holdowns,43,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Fra

44、ming connectors,抗震和抗風緊固板或卯固件 Seismic and hurricane/typhoon ties or holdowns,44,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,連接件必須使用質(zhì)量好、規(guī)格尺寸正確的緊固件來安裝，同時緊固件也需要滿足廠家的要求并符合建筑規(guī)范的規(guī)定 Connectors must be installed with the quantity, type and sizeof fasteners specified by the manufacturer and the building codes 緊固件尺寸類型不符或安裝不正確，會減

45、弱和破壞連接效果Incorrect fastener selection or installation can compromise the connector performance,45,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,46,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,絕大多數(shù)緊固件以90度角釘入連接件 Most fasteners are driven through connectors at a 90 angle 也有部分緊固件必須以45度角釘入連接件Some fasteners must be driven at a 45 angle,47,以90度角將緊

46、固件釘入連接件和結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件Fastener driven at 45 angle to connector and framing member,以90度角將緊固件釘入連接件和結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件Fastener driven at 90 angle to connector and framing member,連接件上的圓頂狀表示需以45度角對緊固件釘釘Dome on connector indicates that fastener is to be at 45,快速釘入到位后臨時固定連接件Speed prong to position and temporarily secure the conne

47、ctor,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,48,通常在連接件上蓋章標明要求用來安裝連接件的緊固件類型。 Type of fasteners required to install a connector is often stamped on the connector,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件 Framing connectors,49,圓孔-必須用特定的緊固件連接（例如釘子，螺釘或螺栓）Round hole Must always be filled with specified fastener(e.g. nail, screw or bolt),六角孔-只與特定的砌磚螺釘一起使用H

48、exagonal hole Only to be used with a special masonry screw,菱形孔-在安裝連接件時可以用來臨時固定住連接件Diamond hole Can be used to temporarily hold a connector in place while it is being installed,連接件上的孔眼形狀同時表明所需用的緊固件類型和數(shù)量 Shape of holes in a connector identify number of fasteners to use,橢圓孔-所需緊固件類型和圓孔一樣（用特定的緊固件連接）Oval

49、hole Treat same as round hole (i.e. always fill with specified fastener),三角孔-如果需要額外的支撐力時，用緊固件固定Triangular hole Fill if extra support capacity is needed,結(jié)構(gòu)用膠 Construction adhesives,樓面板的安裝需要使用結(jié)構(gòu)用膠，除此以外結(jié)構(gòu)用膠的使用很有限 Except for installing subfloors, the use ofstructural adhesives for framing is limited 絕大多

50、數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)膠的連接處必須緊實，同時在可控的自然條件下可以進行固化Most adhesive joints must be clamped and allowedto cure under controlled environmental conditions 因此，結(jié)構(gòu)用膠主要在生產(chǎn)工程木產(chǎn)品（例如膠合板，工字梁，OSB板）的工廠使用As a result, construction adhesives are used mainly in factories to produce engineered wood products(e.g. plywood, I-joists, OSB, etc.

51、),50,術(shù)語表 Glossary of new terms,箱訂-與普通釘外觀類似，但釘徑較細，釘頭偏小，不易使木材開裂Box nail A nail is similar in appearance to a common nail but has a thinner shank and smaller head making it less likely to split wood. 普通釘-平滑釘頭，釘徑光滑；木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑中最常用的釘子Common nail A nail with flat head and plain shank that is used for most conne

52、ctions in woodplatform frame construction. 結(jié)構(gòu)用膠-一種強度膠合劑或膠水，用于連接建筑材料，尤其用于樓面覆面板與樓板格柵的粘接Construction adhesive A heavy mastic or glue, usually dispensed from cartridge, that is used tojoin construction materials, especially subfloor panels to floor joists. 雙頭釘-有兩個釘頭，用于臨時性建筑或構(gòu)件，比如支撐，模板或腳手架等，便于拆除Duplex na

53、il A nail with a double head for easy removal in temporary construction such as braces, formwork or scaffolding. 電鍍-在金屬表面上鍍上一薄層金屬膜（比如鋅）的過程，可以提高金屬緊固件和連接件的抗腐蝕性Electroplated A process for applying a thin coating, such as zinc, to increase the corrosion resistance of steel fasteners and connectors.,55,術(shù)語表 Glossary of new terms,結(jié)構(gòu)連接件-金屬五金件，用于木結(jié)構(gòu)和木材，混凝土或砌體的連接Framing connectors - Metal hardware used to jo