《WTO基本原則》PPT課件.ppt

I. Freer trade: gradually, through negotiation 貿(mào)易逐漸自由化原則 nLowering trade barriers（貿(mào)易壁壘） is one of the most obvious means of encouraging trade. The barriers concerned include customs duties (or tariffs)關(guān)稅 and non-tariff measures（非關(guān)稅措施） such as import bans or quotas（配額） that restrict quantities selectively. nSince GATTs creation in 1947-48 there have been eight rounds（回合） of trade negotiations. A ninth round, under the Doha Development Agenda（多哈發(fā)展議程）, is now underway. At first these focused on lowering tariffs (customs duties) on imported goods. nAs a result of the negotiations, by the mid -1990s industrial countries tariff rates on industrial goods had fallen steadily to less than 4%. But by the 1980s, the negotiations had expanded to cover non- tariff barriers on goods, and to the new areas such as services and intellectual property. nOpening markets can be beneficial, but it also requires adjustment（調(diào)整）. The WTO agreements allow countries to introduce changes gradually, through “progressive liberalization”（漸進(jìn)自由化）. Developing countries are usually given longer to fulfill their obligations. II. Transparency透明度原則 nThe system tries to improve predictability（可預(yù) 測性） and stability（穩(wěn)定性） by making countries trade rules as clear and public (“transparent”) as possible. Many WTO agreements require governments to disclose（公 開） their policies and practices publicly within the country or by notifying the WTO. The regular surveillance（監(jiān)督） of national trade policies through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism（貿(mào) 易評審機(jī)制） provides a further means of encouraging transparency both domestically and at the multilateral level. n（一）世貿(mào)組織的透明度原則是指任何成員對本 國制定和實(shí)施的與國際貿(mào)易有關(guān)的法律法規(guī)、司 法判決、行政決定以及貿(mào)易政策都應(yīng)當(dāng)予以及時(shí) 公布，以便其他成員方政府及貿(mào)易商了解和熟悉 。成員方政府之間通過談判達(dá)成的有關(guān)國際貿(mào)易 的協(xié)議，也必須予以公布，以避免因其他成員不 了解這些協(xié)議的內(nèi)容，引起不公平的貿(mào)易，造成 對其他成員方的歧視，從而影響最惠國待遇原則 的實(shí)施。 n(二)實(shí)施透明度原則應(yīng)公布的國內(nèi)法規(guī) n1.有關(guān)貨物進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易的法規(guī)政策 n一是進(jìn)出口管理的法規(guī)及規(guī)章制度；二是海關(guān)法規(guī) ，包括海關(guān)對商品的分類、估價(jià)規(guī)則，海關(guān)對進(jìn)出 口貨物征收的關(guān)稅稅率和其他費(fèi)用；三是對進(jìn)出口 商品征收國內(nèi)稅的法規(guī)和政策；四是進(jìn)出口商品檢 驗(yàn)、檢疫的有關(guān)法規(guī)和規(guī)章；五是技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及合格 評定程序方面的規(guī)定；六是貨款支付方面的外匯管 理法規(guī)和規(guī)章。 n2.有關(guān)對外合作的法規(guī)政策 n一是利用外資的法規(guī)政策；二是有關(guān)出口加工區(qū)、 自由貿(mào)易區(qū)、經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)的法規(guī)和規(guī)章。 n3.有關(guān)服務(wù)貿(mào)易的法規(guī)政策 n服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定要求所有成員及時(shí)公布“普遍適用的 所有有關(guān)措施”；對新制定或修改的相關(guān)法律法規(guī)和行政 措施，該成員必須向服務(wù)貿(mào)易理事會作出通知；所有成 員均需設(shè)立一個咨詢點(diǎn)，以滿足其他成員就所有有關(guān)法 規(guī)政策方面的問題求取信息的需要。 n4.有關(guān)司法、行政和仲裁的機(jī)構(gòu)及程序方面的規(guī)定 n5.各成員簽定的有關(guān)影響貿(mào)易政策的雙邊或多邊協(xié)定、 協(xié)議 n6.其他有關(guān)影響國際貿(mào)易關(guān)系的國內(nèi)法規(guī)或政策 III. Promoting fair competition 公平貿(mào)易原則 nThe WTO is sometimes described as a “free trade” institution, but that is not entirely accurate. The system does allow tariffs and, in limited circumstances, other forms of protection. More accurately, it is a system of rules dedicated to open, fair and undistorted（未扭曲的） competition. nThe rules on non-discrimination（非歧視） MFN and national treatment are designed to secure fair conditions of trade. So too are those on dumping （傾 銷）(exporting at below cost to gain market share) and subsidies（補(bǔ)貼）. The issues are complex, and the rules try to establish what is fair or unfair, and how governments can respond, in particular by charging additional import duties calculated to compensate for（賠償） damage caused by unfair trade. nMany of the other WTO agreements aim to support fair competition: in agriculture, intellectual property, services, for example. The agreement on government procurement (a “plurilateral” agreement because it is signed by only a few WTO members) extends competition rules to purchases by thousands of government entities in many countries. And so on. n公平貿(mào)易原則為征收反傾銷和反補(bǔ)貼補(bǔ)償性關(guān)稅提供法 律依據(jù)。世貿(mào)組織規(guī)定各成員發(fā)展對外貿(mào)易都不應(yīng)當(dāng)采 取不公正的貿(mào)易手段進(jìn)行競爭，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)不能以傾銷和 補(bǔ)貼的方式銷售本國的商品。關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定明確了構(gòu)成傾 銷和補(bǔ)貼的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即傾銷是指以低于同類產(chǎn)品在出口方 的價(jià)格或以低于生產(chǎn)成本的價(jià)格向外出口本國商品；補(bǔ) 貼是指出口商在生產(chǎn)、制造、加工、買賣、運(yùn)輸過程中 所接受的來自政府直接或間接的資金。如果傾銷或補(bǔ)貼 的商品給某一進(jìn)口國的相應(yīng)工業(yè)造成實(shí)質(zhì)性損害或?qū)嵸|(zhì) 性損害威脅，該進(jìn)口國可根據(jù)受損的國內(nèi)行業(yè)的指控， 采取反傾銷和反補(bǔ)貼措施，即可通過征收反傾銷稅和反 補(bǔ)貼稅來對本國工業(yè)進(jìn)行保護(hù)。 IV. Encouraging development and economic reform 發(fā)展原則 nThe WTO system contributes to development. On the other hand, developing countries need flexibility(靈活 性) in the time they take to implement（落實(shí)） the systems agreements. And the agreements themselves inherit（繼承） the earlier provisions of GATT that allow for special assistance and trade concessions（讓步） for developing countries. nAt the end of the Uruguay Round, developing countries were prepared to take on most of the obligations that are required of developed countries. But the agreements did give them transition periods （過渡期） to adjust to the more unfamiliar and, perhaps, difficult WTO provisions particularly so for the poorest, “l(fā)east-developed” countries（欠發(fā)達(dá)國 家）. nA ministerial（部長級） decision adopted at the end of the round says better-off countries should accelerate implementing market access commitments on goods exported by the least- developed countries, and it seeks increased technical assistance for them. More recently, developed countries have started to allow duty-