2012GCT語法講座精要版.ppt

GCT備考第一講,語法,基本知識點清單,主從復(fù)合句 非謂語動詞 時態(tài)和語態(tài) 虛擬語氣 倒裝 強調(diào) 形容詞副詞 主謂一致關(guān)系,第一章 主從復(fù)合句,名詞性從句 形容詞性從句(即定語從句) 副詞性從句（即狀語從句）,第一節(jié) 名詞性從句,考點一：主語從句 知識點: 主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞(that/what, who/whom, whether等); 2. 謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。,例句,1. That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody. It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun. 2. What you have said is convincing. 3. Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. 4. Who will come to the dinner remains a question.,考點二：賓語從句,知識點： 賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞(that/what, who/whom, whether/if等) 2. 從句的語序。,例句,1. He believed that walking under a ladder brings bad luck. 2. We can learn what we do not know from TV programs. 3. We will provide assistance to whoever needs it. 4. The old woman told her sufferings to whomever she met. 5. I wonder whether you can help me or not. 6. They doubt if he will be back on time.,考點三：表語從句,知識點： 表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞： that, what, because, why等 例句 1.The assumption is that things will improve. 2. China is not what it used to be.,3. It may be because he is too young to do it. 4. This is why I got scolded. 5. The reason why he has been such a success is that he never give up.,考點四：同位語從句,知識點： 1. 同位語從句引導(dǎo)詞：that； 2. 同位語從句中常用到的抽象名詞： news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, hope, truth, belief, message, conclusion等。,例句,1. The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy. 2. There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise. 3. Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light.,第二節(jié) 形容詞性從句,考點1：引導(dǎo)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞： 關(guān)系代詞 (which, that, who, whom, whose, as) 關(guān)系副詞 (when, where, why),例句,1. The book which / that you lent me yesterday is rather boring. 2. The man whom / that you were talking about is the manager. 3. My grandfather is an old man who always seems in fine health. 4. Living in a house whose walls are made of glass would be horrible.,5. As is often the case, we have overfulfilled the production plan. 6. It was raining on the day when they arrived. 7. The bridge where this photo was taken has been rebuilt. 8. The reason why he came is not very convincing.,當(dāng)先行詞是all, anything, everything, nothing, something, much, little時； 當(dāng)先行詞被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very修飾時； 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞(the first)或形容詞最 高級(the last)修飾時。,考點2：下列情況出現(xiàn)時， 定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞用 that :,例句,1. All that you want are here. 2. These are the very points that puzzled me . 2. There is no person that doesnt make mistakes. 3. This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4. He must be the last person that qualifies the job.,1. 在“the same .as”, “such.as”, “soas”固定搭配中 例句： Such furniture as is very popular is expensive. We have successfully done the same experiment as you did. Here is so difficult a problem as none of us can solve. 2. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句 As is our teacher points out, that is of benefit to the people.,考點3：下列情況出現(xiàn)時, 引導(dǎo)詞用 as,當(dāng)先行詞是reason時 He did not tell us the reason why he was late again. 2. The reason why he didnt come is that he was ill.,考點4： 下列情況用引導(dǎo)詞 why：,1. 先行詞與介詞的常見習(xí)慣搭配； The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. It is useful to be able to predict the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand.,考點5： 介詞 + which / whom 結(jié)構(gòu)中 介詞取決于：,定語從句中謂語動詞的搭配； This is the college in which I am studying. He is the man about whom we are talking.,當(dāng)定語從句表達(dá)從屬關(guān)系時, 用of which或者of whom The film is about a spy of whom wife betrays him. We found a house of which the roof had been damaged.,當(dāng)先行詞為表示時間的名詞 ； 當(dāng)先行詞為表示地點的名詞。 以上情況分別相當(dāng)于 介詞+which 。 但是當(dāng)這些表示時間或地點的名詞作從句的賓語, 則要用關(guān)系代詞 that 或 which.,考點6：下列情況用關(guān)系副詞 when 和 where.,例句,1. I cant forget the days when (in which) I lived with you. 2. Can you tell me the day when (on which) the first satellite was sent into space？ 3. China is the only country where (in which) wild pandas can be found. 4. Ill never forget the village where (in which) I spent my childhood.,1. I will never forget the days I spent in Beijing University. A. what B. that C. in which D. when 2. I have never been to Beijing, but its the place I most want to visit. A. at which B. in which C. where D. that,非限定性定語從句既可以修飾主句的部 分內(nèi)容，也可修飾主句的全部內(nèi)容。 as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句既可以放在 主句之前,也可以放在主句之后；但 which 或who 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句不能放在 主句句首。,考點7： 非限定性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞： 一般用引導(dǎo)詞 which / as 或 who(指人)。,例句,1. As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth. 2. The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects peoples life greatly. 3. His speech, which bored us to death, was over at last. 4. Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.,第三節(jié) 副詞性從句,考點一：時間狀語從句 常用引導(dǎo)詞：when, while, as soon as, since , until 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant, directly, immediately, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when,例句,1. I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. 2. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. 3. The children ran away from the orchard the moment they saw the guard. 4. No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. 5. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.,考點二：地點狀語從句,常用引導(dǎo)詞：where 例句: Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.,考點三：原因狀語從句,常用引導(dǎo)詞：because, since, as 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：now that, in that, given that, considering that 例句 1. My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.,2. Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference. 3. The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. 4. Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.,考點四：目的狀語從句,常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, in order that 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest, for fear that, in the hope that, for the purpose that 例句: 1. The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. 2. The teacher raised his voice for the purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.,考點五：結(jié)果狀語從句,常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, such that 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：to the degree that, to the extent that, to a such degree that 例句: 1. He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 2. Its such a good chance that we must not miss it. 3. To such a degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.,考點六：條件狀語從句,常用引導(dǎo)詞：if, unless 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/so long as, only if, suppose that, providing/provided that, in case that, on condition that 例句 1. Well start our project if the president agrees. 2. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 3. Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.,考點七：讓步狀語從句,常用引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, even though 特殊引導(dǎo)詞： as, while, no matter , whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever 等。,1. Much as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. 2. The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. 3. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. 4. He wont listen whatever you may say.,例句,考點八：方式狀語從句,常用引導(dǎo)詞：as, as if, as though, how 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the way 例句 1. When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 2. She behaved as if she were the boss. 3. Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.,第二章 非謂語動詞,1. 動詞不定式 to + V ; 2. 動名詞 V-ing; 3.分詞 V-ing / V-ed,第一節(jié) 動詞不定式,考點一：動詞不定式在以下情況下不帶to 感官動詞后面（作賓補）：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceive I saw a man enter the shop. 個別表示使役意義的動詞（作賓補），如：have, let, make, get The teacher has us write a composition every week.,一些情態(tài)動詞后： would ratherthan, had better,would soonerthan, rather than, may / might as well (還是的 好), can not but, can not help but 等句型。 1. Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi. 2. We might as well put up here for tonight.,在do (did, does, done) nothing (anything, everything )but (except) do 句型中（有do無to原則） 1. I can do nothing but follow your advice. 2. There is no choice but to wait and see.,考點二：不定式后置: 作后置定語； 表將來； 考點三：不定式作狀語: 表目的、結(jié)果等 表目的, 用in order to句型或so as to句型引 出; 表結(jié)果用only to do結(jié)構(gòu)，有“結(jié)果卻” 之意。,1. The whole family went to beach to spend their weekend. 2. She went in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 3. In order to save the child, he laid down his life. 4. We hurried to the station only to find he had left.,第二節(jié) 動名詞,考點一：動名詞作賓語 admit, avoid, feel like, fancy, risk, imagine, postpone, delay, deny, enjoy, finish, forbid, mind, miss, escape, suggest, give up, look forward to, cant help, thanks to, object to,1. Forbid smoking on trains. 2. We have to postpone sending our answer to the request. 3. I am looking forward to seeing you again.,考點二：動名詞用在固定句型中。,It is no use（no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名詞）+ doing sth. It is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容詞) + doing sth.; There is no point ( use, sense, good等名詞) + doing sth. have difficulty ( trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time )(in) doing sth.,1. Its no use crying over spilt milk. 2. Its simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie. 3. There is no point in my going out to date someone. 4. I find it no good advising him to go with us. 5. The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students.,考點三： 既可接不定式 也可接動名詞的區(qū)別,知識點： 動詞不定式表將來；動名詞表完成,考點四：動名詞的邏輯主語,1. Toms coming is what we have expected. 2. Mary insists on my going with her.,第三節(jié) 分詞,知識點： 現(xiàn)在分詞表主動進行（主謂關(guān)系） 過去分詞表被動完成（動賓關(guān)系）,1. Having prepared dinner, she stood at the front door waiting for her husband to return. 2. Seen from the hill top, the lake scenery is beyond description.,考點一：作狀語,考點二： “連詞+分詞 ”,1. The man will die unless operated at once. 2. Whether walking or sleeping, he was not at ease. 3. Although frightened, he managed to run away. 4. The soldier walked slowly as if wounded.,考點三：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),1.邏輯主語+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞 She walked along the path, her daughter + following close behind. All things + considered, we had to cancel the planned trip. 2. with / without + 邏輯主語 + 分詞 He felt more uneasy with + the whole class + staring at him.,2. There being +其他成分 There being nothing to do, we played cards.,第三章 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài),第一節(jié) 動詞的時態(tài) 考點一：一般現(xiàn)在時 知識點： 1. 表示永恒的真理; 2. 一般現(xiàn)在表將來。 標(biāo)志性時間狀語：often, always, from time to time I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.,知識點： 1. 表說話時或目前一段時間內(nèi) 正在進行的活動; 2. 表感情色彩，加強語氣。 標(biāo)志性時間狀語：now 與頻率副詞, 如always，constantly， again，continually等連用表示說話人的某種感情色彩（贊嘆、厭煩、埋怨等）。 My old neighbor always is complaining about everything.,考點二：現(xiàn)在進行時,知識點： 表示動作發(fā)生在過去，完成在過去，但強調(diào)與 現(xiàn)在情況仍有聯(lián)系，其結(jié)果或影響仍存在。 標(biāo)志性時間狀語：for + 時間段； since + 時間點 1. They have lived in Beijing for five years. 2. They have lived in Beijing since 1995.,考點三：現(xiàn)在完成時,考點四：一般過去時,知識點：used to + do 和 be/get used to doing 的區(qū)別 標(biāo)志性時間狀語：常跟明確的過去時間連 He used to smoke a lot. He has got used to getting up early.,考點五：過去完成時,1. There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000. 2. By the end of last term we had finished the book. 3. They finished earlier than we had expected.,4. I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. =Hardly had I finished my work when he came to see me. 5. I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.=No sooner had I got into the room than it began to snow. 6. No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.,標(biāo)志性時間狀語：常用的時間狀語 一般用by+將來的時間。 1. By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. 2. By the time you reach the station, the train will have left. 3. By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.,考點六：將來完成時,第二節(jié) 被動語態(tài),考點一: 有些動詞后用動名詞表示被動。 want, need, require, deserve, worth 1. The book is worth reading. 2. The flowers need watering.,被動語態(tài)中感官動詞、使役動詞的 賓補在要還原主動語態(tài)中省略的to。 see, hear, perceive, make, let 主動：I saw her enter the hall. 被動：She was seen to enter the hall.,考點二：,第四章 虛擬語氣,考點一：if 句型（基本結(jié)構(gòu)） 1. If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day. 2. If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree. 3. If it should / were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.,4. Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exam. 5. Had he the time, he would help us to solve these problems. 6. Were there no gravity, there would be no air around the earth. 7. Should they forget to bring the compass with them, they would get lost in the woods.,8. If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would feel much better now. 9. If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night.,知識點1：在表示建議、命令、勸告、 決心、要求等主觀色彩的動詞后的賓語從句 中，從句謂語。 suggest, propose, recommend, demand, command, desire, require, advise, ask, direct, insist, determine, decide, prefer, maintain, ,考點二：用 (should) + 動詞原形 的虛擬語氣,1. I suggest that you (should) not be late again next time. 2. I prefer that you (should ) not do that. 3. The city council ordered spitting be prohibited on the streets. 4. The doctor urged she have an operation as early as possible.,例句,5. We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off. 6. His demand is that all of us (should) be present at the meeting. 7. The professor gave orders that the test be finished before 10:30.,知識點2： It is/was + 形容詞 / 過去分詞 + that + (should) + 動詞原形，這些形容詞主要表示必要性、重要性、強制性、合適性、義務(wù)性important, natural, desirable, possible, advisable, anxious, appropriate, vital, compulsory, crucial, eager, essential, fitting, necessary, willing, obligatory, preferable, proper, urgent, shocked, requested,1. It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline. 2. It is requested that a vote be taken. 3. It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.,考點三：wish句型中的虛擬語氣,wish后賓語從句用虛擬語氣， 其謂語部分有時態(tài)變化： 表示現(xiàn)在的愿望時，動詞用were, did; 表示過去的愿望時，動詞用had done / could have done; 表示將來的愿望時，動詞用would / could / might do,1. I wish I had been to the concert last night. 2. I wish he would forgive me. 3. I wish I would remember all the English words in a week.,考點四：if only引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句,表示現(xiàn)在的愿望時，動詞用were, did； 表示過去的愿望時，動詞用had done; 表示將來的愿望時，動詞用would / could / might do 1. If only he were here! 2. If only you had come last night. 3. If only the rain would stop!,表示與現(xiàn)在的事實相反時，動詞用were, did； 表示與過去的事實相反時，動詞用had done; 表示與將來的事實相反時，動詞用 would / could / might do 1. He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time. 2. He talks as though he were the boss.,考點五：在as if /as though引導(dǎo)的 方式狀語從句中的虛擬語氣,1. Its time you went to bed. 2. Its high time that we took action.,考點六：在句型 Its (about/high/good ) time that中的虛擬,考點七：在would rather后的從句中的虛擬,意為“寧愿”“寧可”“最好” 表示現(xiàn)在和將來的愿望時，動詞用were,did； 表示過去的愿望時，動詞用had done; Id rather you left tomorrow instead of today. Id rather you didnt take those documents with you. Id rather you attended Professor Songs lecture next next week since you have been working on this subject for a few years. Id rather he hadnt done anything like that.,用其他方式表達(dá)的虛擬句。 如：with, without, but for, but that, otherwise, or, were it not for, given, provided, supposing等。 1. With your help, we could have finished the work on time. 2. I wouldnt have succeeded without your help. 3. But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night. 4. We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.,考點八：含蓄虛擬條件句,第五章 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),考點一：全部倒裝 知識點1：表示地點、方向和時間的副詞或 者介詞放在句首 1. Out rushed the children. 2. Down fell some apples.,知識點2：now, then, here, there 開頭的句子，同時謂語為be, exist, come, go等表示靜態(tài)的動詞時。 1. Now comes your turn. 2. There goes the bell. 3. Then existed this kind of animal.,考點二：部分倒裝,知識點1：當(dāng)含有否定意義的詞或短語 放在句首時，要用部分倒裝。 not, never, neither, seldom, little, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, no longer, not until, at no time, by no means, on no account, in no case, not only but also, under no circumstances,1. Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you so much. 2. Not until he came back did I leave. 3. On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees.,知識點2: so / such that結(jié)構(gòu)中以及 “to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point.”放在句首 1. To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire. 2. So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.,知識點3：“only + 狀語”放在句首時的倒裝。 1. Only by working hard can you achieve your goal. 2. Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully and effectively.,第六章 強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu),考點：It is (was) + 被強調(diào)的部分that/who + 句子的其它部分 1. It is my uncle who is coming to visit us. 2. Its not you who are in trouble; but its I who am in trouble.,3. It was not until the accident happened that I became aware of my own foolishness. 4. It was at midnight that he came back home. 5. It was in the park that the two old friends ran into each other.,第七章 形容詞,考點一：倍數(shù)表達(dá)法 N.+ times + 比較級+than N. + times + as as 1. This room is three times larger than that one. 2. This book is twice as thick as that one.,superior, inferior , senior , junior , major , minor, anterior, prior（在