《英語國家概況》精講筆記.docx

新版“英語國家概況”精講筆記Chapter 1第一章Land and People英國的國土與人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英國的不同名稱及其各組成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名稱：不列顛群島，大不列顛和英格蘭。2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名稱：大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列顛群島由兩個大島大不列顛島（較大的一個）和愛爾蘭島，及成千上萬個小島組成。4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列顛島上有三個政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部。它有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：愛丁堡。(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。首府：加的夫(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北愛爾蘭是英國第四個區(qū)域。首府：貝爾法斯特。5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英聯(lián)邦是獨立的前英國殖民地組成的自由聯(lián)合體。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50個成員國。Chapter 2第二章The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)英國的起源（公元前5000年1066年）I.Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克爾特人的到來和定居Celts were practiced famers. The drained much of marshlands and built houses of wood.They wre ironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celts languages, are the basis of the language which is still used by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism (n.德魯伊教). 克爾特人是有經驗的農民，他們排干沼澤地，用木材建造房屋。他們還打造鐵器。蘇格蘭和威爾士語就是以他們的語言為基礎發(fā)展而來的。1、 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.約公元前700年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。2、The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第一次高潮是約公元前600年蓋爾人的來臨。The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第二次高潮是約公元前400年布列吞人的抵達。The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是約公元前150年比利其人的到達。II. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)盎格魯撒克遜人（公元446871年）1 Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.盎格魯薩克遜時代（奠定了英國的基礎）In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449.Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.五世紀中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼（條頓）部落。居住在日德蘭半島（現(xiàn)丹麥南部）上從事打漁農耕的朱特人先抵不列顛。一個朱特人首領于449年當上了國王。后來從德國北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國，統(tǒng)治期從五世紀末至六世紀初。六世紀后半葉，同樣來自德國北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居，同時把他們的族名加諸在英國人夠上。這七個主要王國（肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東英吉利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞），合稱為七王國。2The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.最早的盎格魯撒克遜人改信基督教。The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrews Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen (異教的) English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.盎格魯撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國。除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的院長圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英國人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奧古丁成為坎特伯雷大主教。在使國王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北方修道們的傳教活動。3The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of the English nation)早期盎格魯撒克遜人為英國做出的貢獻。The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called counties), with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system(莊園制). Finally, they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.盎格魯撒克遜人構筑了英國的國家基礎。首先，他們把國家劃分為郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長官負責執(zhí)法。其次，他們設計的窄條三區(qū)輪作制延用至18世紀。此外，他們還建立了領地制。最后，他們還創(chuàng)立了咨議會(賢人會議)，向國王提供建議，這就成為了今天尚存的樞密院的前身。IVViking and Danish invasions北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵1The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從8世紀末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個地方。9世紀，尤其是公元835-878年間已成為嚴重問題。他們甚至占領了約克郡，公元867年時的基督教中心。到9世紀中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國的安全。2King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions艾爾弗雷德國王（849-899）和他所做出的貢獻Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國王。他打敗了丹麥人，并于公元879年與他們達成了友好協(xié)議。協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區(qū)），而他統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū)。他還勸服一些丹麥首領成為基督教徒。他因為建立了強大艦隊，而以“英國海軍之父”聞名于世。他改組了“弗立德”（撒克遜軍隊），使之更為高效。他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語。同時他還建立了學校，并且闡明了法律制度。所有這一切使他當之無愧于“阿爾弗雷德大王?！钡姆Q號。VThe Norman Conquest (1066)諾曼征服（公元1066年）1Reasons for Williams invasion of England after Edwards death.威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國的原因。It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.據(jù)說，愛德華國王曾答應把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉，但是賢人會議挑選了哈羅德為國王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中，威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊，同時哈羅德也在此戰(zhàn)爭中戰(zhàn)死。在圣誕節(jié)加冕，成為英國國王，從此開始了諾曼征服。2The Norman Conquest and its consequences諾曼征服及其產生的影響。The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.1066年年的諾曼征服也許是英國歷史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地，將其分發(fā)給他的諾曼追隨者。他用強有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府。于是，封建制度在英國完全建立。開放了與歐洲大陸的關系，文明和商業(yè)得到發(fā)展，引進了諾曼法蘭西文化、語言、行為規(guī)范和建筑藝術。教會與羅馬的聯(lián)系更為密切，教會法庭與民事法庭分離。3The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.英國是一個集不同民族于一體的國家。許多英國人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。而還有一些英國人的是諾曼血統(tǒng)。Chapter 3第三章The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)英國的形成（公元1066-1381）I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)諾曼統(tǒng)治（公元1066-1381）1. Williams Rule （1066-1087）威廉一世的統(tǒng)治（公元1066-1087）Englands feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉統(tǒng)治下的英國封建制度Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the lands produce. These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. The barons, who had become Williams tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.在威廉統(tǒng)治下，英國的封建制度得到完全確立。根據(jù)此制度，國王擁有全國所有土地。威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對方服役和物品。這些地產分散于各處，相距遙遠，這樣土地擁有者就不易聯(lián)合起來反叛國王。已成為國王總佃戶的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。處于封建等級最底層的是農奴。英國封建制獨有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接地主，而且要效忠于國王。IIContents and the significance of the Great Charter大憲章的內容及意義Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. (significance) Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.大憲章是約翰國王1215年在封建貴族壓力下簽定的。大憲章總共63條，其中最重要的內容是：(1) 未經大議會同意，不得征稅；(2) 只有根據(jù)國家有關法律才能逮捕、監(jiān)禁自由人以及剝奪他們的財產；(3)教會應享受其所有權利且有選舉自由；（4） 倫敦和其它城鎮(zhèn)應保留其貴族的傳統(tǒng)權力和特權；(5) 全國要統(tǒng)一度量衡。盡管人們普遍認為大憲章為英國的自由奠定了基礎，但該憲章只是規(guī)定國王和貴族之間封建關系和法律關系的聲明書，保證了教會的自由，限制了國王權利。大憲章的精神實質就是把國王的權利限制在英國封建法律允許的范圍之內。III.The origins of the English Parliament英國議會的起源The Great Council is known to be the prototype (原型) of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned （召集） the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice，not to make decisions. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.大議會是當今英國議會的原型。1265年，西門德孟福爾召開大議會，各縣有兩名騎士，各鎮(zhèn)有兩名市民參加。大議會發(fā)展到后來演變成議會，分為上議院和下議院。其作用是咨詢而非決定；也沒有選舉和政黨。議會的最重要的部分是上議院。英語國家概況精講系列（六）IVThe Hundred Years War and its consequences.百年戰(zhàn)爭及其結果The Hundred Years War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine in France, as the French kings grew stronger,they increasingly coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, Englands desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.The Englishs being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.百年戰(zhàn)爭指1337年到1453年英法之間一場斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的戰(zhàn)爭，戰(zhàn)爭的起因既有領土因素又有經濟因素。領土起因尤其是英國國王占領了法國的阿基坦大片公爵領地，這是戰(zhàn)爭的根源，隨著法國國王勢力日增，他們渴望占領這片土地。經濟原因則與弗蘭德斯城有關。弗蘭德斯地區(qū)生產棉布的城鎮(zhèn)是英國羊毛的主要進口商，但這些城鎮(zhèn)在政治上卻效忠法國國王。其他原因還有英國試圖阻止法國對蘇格蘭人的援助，并且壓制不斷增強的民族意識。戰(zhàn)爭的結果：把英國人趕出法國對兩個國家都是幸事：若英國人繼續(xù)留在法國，那么法國人在領土和財富上所占的優(yōu)勢必然會阻礙獨立的英國的發(fā)展；而在英國占領大量法國領土的情況下，法國也很難統(tǒng)一。Three stages of the war 戰(zhàn)爭的三個階段In the first two stages, the English won some big victories. But in the third stage, they were driven out of Fance.戰(zhàn)爭初期，英國取得輝煌勝利。但是最終被逐出法國The battle of Argencourt 阿壤科之戰(zhàn)It took place in 1415 and the English won a crushing victory. After the victory, the English king Henry was recognized as the French King.1415年英國大獲全勝，亨利5世登上法國王位。Joan of Arc (1412-1431)貞德女士Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history. She led and encourages the French in driving the English out of French in the Hundred Years War. 貞德是法國歷史上的女英雄，她領導和鼓舞法國人民將英國軍隊驅逐處境。Consequences of the war 戰(zhàn)爭的后果影響The English lost the war. The expulsion of the English from French is regarded as a blessing for both countries. It helped English national identity as well as French national identity. Two separate nation were born after the war.V. The Black Death黑死病The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague,an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It reduced Englands population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century.The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. The surviving peasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change their serfdom into paid labour. Some landlords, unable or unwilling to pay higher wages, tried to force peasants back into serfdom. In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace.黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤傳播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，是一種流行疾病，在14世紀傳播了到歐洲。1348年夏天橫掃全英國。英國的人口在14世紀末從400萬銳減至200萬。黑死病對經濟造成的后果更為深遠。鼠疫導致了大片土地無人照管和勞動力極度匱乏。地主想把耕地變?yōu)槿肆π枨筝^少的牧場。存活的農民處于有利的討價還價地位，從農奴變?yōu)楣蛡騽趧恿ΑＳ谑且恍┲Ц恫黄鸹虿辉敢庵Ц遁^高工資的地主想方設法迫使農民重返農奴地位。1351年政府頒布“勞工法令”，規(guī)定農民們漲工資的要求，或者是雇主支付比地方官制訂的工資水平要高的工資都是犯罪。Chapter 4第四章Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)向現(xiàn)代英國的過渡I. Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1485)向近代英國的過渡(1455年-1485年)The Wars of Rose玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭The nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses.The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭是指，從1455年到1485年，以紅玫瑰為象征的蘭開斯特大家族和以白玫瑰為象征的約克家族之間戰(zhàn)爭的普遍接受的名稱。1485年，蘭開斯特家族的后代亨利都鐸取得了博斯沃恩戰(zhàn)役的勝利，建立了都鐸王朝。這些戰(zhàn)爭使英國的封建主義受到致命打擊，貴族階層受到了削弱。II. Henry VIII and The English Reformation亨利八世和英國的宗教改革Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; and Henry needed money.亨利八世最重要的改革是負責進行教會的宗教改革。改革原因有三個主要方面：多年來，人們改革教會的意愿不斷增長，現(xiàn)在又受馬丁路德成功的鼓舞，許多人認為時機已到；教職人員的特權和財富已引起民憤；亨利需要錢。The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henrys reforms was to get rid of the English Churchs connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of Englands monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England.改革以爭取離婚而開始，以脫離教皇而告終。亨利八世欲與阿拉貢的凱瑟琳離婚，但是教皇拒絕了。亨利改革的目的是擺脫英國教會與教皇的聯(lián)系，成立獨立的英格蘭教會。1529年至1534年間逐漸地與羅馬脫離了關系。他解散了所有英國的修道院和修女院，因為后者對教皇比對英國國王更忠誠。1534年的繼位法和1535年的王權法案使改革具有了可行性。1535年他獲“英格蘭教會最高首腦”之稱號。Henry VIIIs reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henrys position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Popes power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away from Catholicism towards protestant ideology.改革的三大影響：亨利的改革強調了君主權力，自然鞏固了亨利的地位；議會以往從未做過如此漫長而重要的工作，自然其重要性也有所加強；他對教皇權力的打擊鼓舞許多人批評指責天主教會，并希望從天主教轉向新教。英語國家概況精講系列（八）III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)伊莉莎白一世（1558年-1603年）Elizabeth I and parliament(1)Elizabeth I was the last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty. She was able to work with Paliament.She avoided troubling Parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at Court.But the relationship was often turbulent. Because Parliament demanded that its right of free speech be confirmed in writing and it be allowed to discuss all important questions at will. Elizabeth I did not agree to their demands.為了避免經常向議會索要資金，伊莉莎白在王室內部制定了嚴格的節(jié)約制度。但是，她與議會的關系也經常不穩(wěn)定。因為議會需要用文字形式對言論自由的一般權力加以確定，同時希望可以隨時對重要問題進行討論。伊不同意他們的要求。Elizabeths religious reform and her foreign policy伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策Elizabeths religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Marys ties with Rome and restored her fathers independent Church