高考英語閱讀理解精品抓分訓練（38）.doc

2014高考英語閱讀理解抓分訓練精品（38）及答案閱讀理解-ato whom it may concern: on march 5, 2012 , i bought a perfect muffin kit(松餅粉 ) from your store at midfield shopping center. the cashier who assisted me was george. george was very friendly and told me that the perfect muffin kit would live up to the guarantee on the box: “perfect muffins every time!”. unfortunately, this product did not live up to what it promised . the muffins i made were far from perfect . i followed the directions in the package very carefully . first , i removed the bag of mix from the box. then , i poured it into a bowl. next, i added the correct amount of water to the mix and stirred it. according to the directions, after stirring the mixture , i added half a cup of dried prapes, nuts , berries, or another favorite ingredient(配料 ) . my favorite ingredient happens to be hot sauce (沙司 ). i find that a bit of hot sauce makes pizza and soup taste very delicious. so, continuing to follow the directions, i added half a cup of hot sauce to the mix and stirred it. finally, i poured the mix into muffin tins and baked it in the baker at 350 degrees for exactly 20 minutes.when the muffins finished baking, i was very excited to eat the “perfect muffins” as promised on the box. you can imagine my disappointment when, upon tasting the muffins, i discovered that they were not perfect. these muffins were , in fact , absolutely terrible. not even my dog was interested in eating these supposedly “perfect” muffins. i would appreciate a full refund(退款 ) of $3.99 for this product as soon as possible. enclosed are the receipt, the empty box, and one of the un-perfect muffins so that you can experience it for yourself . thank you for your attention to this matter.sincerely ,michelle bauer56. this letter is most likely addressed to _.a.george, the cashier who sold the muffin mixb. the owner of the muffin mix company c. the clerk at a local muffin bakery d. a local storeowner57. the tone(語氣 ) of the author can best be described as _.a. disappointed b. hopeless c. embarrassed d. disgusted58. the author was unhappy with the product because_.a. the directions of the product contained a mistake b. it was too difficult to follow the directionsc. it was not up to the promise made on the boxd. it was worth less money than she paid for it59. the authors main purpose in writing this letter is to _.a. prevent others from making the same mistakeb. get back all the money paid from the shopc. persuade the company to change the wording on their boxd. complain about how bad the muffins tasted參考答案 56-59 dacb c42013福建卷 cthis is what a real silver dollar looks like if you trust in the yen, the euro, and the dollar stop reading. because this is a story about the silver coin everybody wants.you read the headlines. you know that troubled economic times have put global currency on a rollercoaster (過山車)ride. but millions have found a smarter way to build longterm value with highgrade collectable silver. and right now, those people are lining up to secure some of the last 2012 u. s. mint silver eagles, americas newest silver eagle dollars. today, you can graduate to the front of that line. buy now and you can own these brilliant uncirculated silver dollars for only $38.95!you cant afford to losewhy are we releasing (發(fā)行) this silver dollar for such a remarkable price? because we want to introduce you to what hundreds of thousands of smart collectors and satisfied customers have known since 1984new york mint is the place to find the worlds finest highgrade coins. thats why were offering you this brilliant uncirculated 2012 u. s. silver eagle for as little as $37.45 (plus s/h)timing is everythingour advice? keep this to yourself. because the more people who know about this offer, the worse it is for you. demand for silver eagles in 2011 broke records. experts predict that 2012 silver eagles may break them all over again. due to rapid changes in the price of silver, prices may be higher or lower and are subject to(受影響) change without notice. supplies are limited. call immediately to add these silver eagles to your holdings before its too late.offer limited to 40 per household 2012 american silver eagle coinyour cost14 coins $38.95 each s/h 59 coins $38.45 each s/h 1019 coins $37. 95 each s/h 2040 coins $37.45 each s/hnote: $10 s/h (shipping and handling) for each purchasefor fastest service, call tollfree 24 hours a dayffer code (代碼) ase17704please mention this code when you call.new york mint 14101 southcross drive w，dept. ase17704 burnsville, minnesota 55337 www. newyorkmint. com64. what is stressed in the ad?a. the coin is of high quality and worth collecting.b. the coin can be circulated as a currency.c. limited supplies guarantee a stable price of the coin.d. demand for the coin is bound to break records.65if you buy six 2012 u. s. mint silver eagles by post, you should pay at least _a. $230.7 b. $233.7c. $240.7 d. $243.766the ad strongly encourages people to purchase the silver coins by _a. shopping online b. making a phone callc. lining up in front of the stores d. writing to the company【要點綜述】 這是一篇關于推薦購買銀幣的廣告。文章告訴讀者經(jīng)濟困難時期各種貨幣都不保險，唯有銀幣最保值，鼓勵人們購買銀幣。64a細節(jié)理解題?？捎门懦ńY(jié)合本文目的(廣告的目的就是吸引人們購買產(chǎn)品)推斷正確答案為a。65c推理判斷題。每塊銀幣38.45元，六塊共230.7元，再加上每宗買賣有10元郵寄費，總共240.7元。66b文中說到“for fastest service, call”，所以選擇b 項。一、閱讀理解考查的能力1理解事實、辨認細節(jié)的能力。2理解主旨大意、綜合事實的能力。3理解字面意思、表層含義以及深層含義的能力。4猜測詞義的能力。因此，我們要讓學生學會判斷題目所屬的類型以及它們常見的形式，掌握每種類型的解題方法，理順思路，這樣才能有利于他們在訓練中及時反饋，提高解題的針對性，真正提高解題的能力。二、閱讀理解題的構(gòu)成高考的閱讀理解題一般由三部分構(gòu)成：原文、題目和選項(一個正確項與三個非正確項)。閱讀理解試題是通過一定的文章內(nèi)容，針對高考對考生能力測試的要求設計題干和選項的，因此，考生只有弄清楚以上幾者之間的相互關系才能真正解決問題?？忌ㄟ^題干的橋梁作用，從選項中找出與原文意義完全相符的一項。尤其是細節(jié)題，命題者比較喜歡采用同義、近義復述或重復的方法來設計閱讀理解題的正確答案，即選項與原文的意思相同，只不過表達不一樣罷了?？梢?，閱讀理解的語言解碼關鍵在于解讀試卷中不同的語言表達。而像推理題等考查深層含義的試題主要考查考生的思維模式是否與作者寫作時的思維相吻合。實際上，作者是按照一定的思維模式去寫作的，而命題者則根據(jù)作者的寫作語言特點和高考測試能力的要求來設置試題的題干和選項 考生要以原文語言為依據(jù)，盡可能利用文章中的有用信息，使自己的思路與作者寫作時的思路相吻合。因此，要想做好閱讀理解題，必須讓學生學會合理地處理好題干、選項與原文的關系。若題于是細節(jié)題，不妨采取以下步驟：(1)確定題目關鍵詞，也就是明確出題點。(2)查找文章對應處，尋找題目關鍵詞的對應詞(一般是同義詞或近義詞)，因為對應詞周圍就是前后測試點，找到對應詞也就找到了解題的依據(jù)。(3)回到題目，逐一核對選項，挑出與出題點內(nèi)容一致的選項，即答案。對于深層理解題，由于不能直接從文章中獲得答案，因此第(2)個步驟應該改為跳讀文章，從文章諸多的信息中梳理出最有用的信息。如果考生的思路與文章作者相一致，就很容易把握文章的主旨大意、結(jié)構(gòu)脈絡，作者的語氣態(tài)度，人物的性格特征等等，順利解題也就水到渠成了。三、正確選項與干擾選項之間的關系分析許多基礎不錯的學生在做閱讀理解題時都有這樣的感覺：文章并不難讀得懂，也能找到解題的依據(jù)，但正確率并不高。究其原因，是因為有些閱讀理解題，特別是高考閱讀試題干擾項的編制水平非常高，命題者深知干擾項只有涉及語篇內(nèi)容才能發(fā)現(xiàn)。干擾項往往與原文某幾個詞或語句形式、結(jié)構(gòu)上很相似；有些干擾項似乎合情合理，從意義上一時難以區(qū)分，在視覺和思維的雙重干擾下，由于考生對閱讀理解的命題規(guī)律一無所知，往往會落人命題者設置的“陷阱”。因此，教師要指導學生分析、研究閱讀理解題的選項，把握其命題和解題規(guī)律，理順解題思路，這樣才能提高解題的正確率。可以說，逐一核對選項、排除干擾項的過程是不可缺少的，常用的方法如下：1正與誤看干擾項與文章的內(nèi)容是否矛盾，有明顯矛盾的可輕松排除，這時正確選項與干擾項之間為正與誤的關系。還要特別注意以下幾種常見的干擾項設置形式：f1)干擾項是以假亂真、無中生有類的錯誤。此類干擾項出現(xiàn)頻率較高，也較易排除。命題者常用文章中出現(xiàn)的一些詞或某個句子結(jié)構(gòu)來偽造信息。(2)干擾項是張冠李戴、偷換概念的錯誤，即把文章里a的情況說成是b的情況。有時，命題者把文章中作者的觀點與他人的觀點混淆起來，問的是作者的觀點，選項中出現(xiàn)的卻是他人的觀點；或問的是文章中他人的觀點，卻把作者的觀點放到選項中去。(3)干擾項是擴大或縮小范圍的錯誤。也就是說，在選項里增加或減少其修飾成分，使得選項的意義過分擴大或縮小，從而產(chǎn)生偏差。2虛與實假如干擾項與文章的內(nèi)容不矛盾，看上去似乎有一定的道理。這時干擾項與正確答案為虛與實的關系，就要看干擾項在原文中有無相關的信息支持點，有沒有文字依據(jù)。有些看起來似乎合情合理但脫離原文的干擾項，充其量只是“似是而非”。3偏與正如干擾項與文章的內(nèi)容相符，而且在文章中可找到依據(jù)，這時干擾項之所以不成立是因為客觀存在在某種程度上偏離了題目的要求，它與最佳答案之間成了偏與正的關系。這種“以偏概全”類的錯誤在概括題與推理題中出現(xiàn)得特別多，難度也最大。產(chǎn)生這類錯誤的原因是考生受思維定勢的影響或考慮不周，由事物局部得出關于事物整體的結(jié)論，即通常所說的“以點代面”。常見的有：主與次的混淆以及絕對與相對的混淆等，其具體表現(xiàn)經(jīng)常是合理關聯(lián)與不合理關聯(lián)、準確概括與不準確概括之間的錯位，即考生的思維未能與作者的思維相一致，造成理解偏差。排除干擾項是解題中頗為關鍵的環(huán)節(jié)。我們可以遵循這樣的三級思考過程：(1)如干擾項明顯與文章相矛盾的，可直接排除，這時只要我們認真、細致地把選項與原文對號入座，“以假亂真”類的錯誤就逃不出我們的法眼。(2)如干擾項與文章的內(nèi)容不矛盾，但在原文中沒有依據(jù)的，這種脫離原文的“虛”的選項也可排除。(3)如干擾項似乎很有道理，文中也可以找到相關的文字依據(jù)，但發(fā)現(xiàn)它未能完全滿足題目的要求，未能以文章的主題、作者的思維模式作為出發(fā)點，未能充分體現(xiàn)它的嚴謹性和最大的合理性，這種即使不錯、但不是最佳答案的“偏”的選項也可以排除。只要我們對選項經(jīng)過“是否矛盾?”(誤否?)“是否有依據(jù)?”(虛否?)“是否以偏概全?”(偏否?)的逐級思考過程來分析甄別每一個選項，那么解題的正確率就會得到很大提高。正確利用“排除法”，排除了其中三項而剩下的一項無疑就是正確答案?？傊朐诟呖奸喿x理解這個題型上取得好成績，考生除了要花大力氣提高自己的語言基本功，如熟識考綱中的詞匯、詞組及習語搭配，掌握必要的語法知識之外，還要多閱讀、多做題，盡可能擴充自己的生活經(jīng)驗和文化背景知識。更重要的是，作為老師，應指導學生認真分析高考閱讀理解的命題特點，讓他們掌握一定的命題規(guī)律和解題思路，并由此養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀、解題習慣。只有當學生具備了一定的批判性思考及分析的能力，他們的閱讀和解題能力才能得到真正的提高，才能在高考閱讀理解測試中立于不敗之地。【考點定位】 2013考綱解讀和近幾年考點分布時事新聞類閱讀材料在近年高考中屢屢涉及。這類材料往往語言地道，內(nèi)容時新。 一、材料特點 閱讀材料的組成有一個共同的特點，即都是由標題(headline)、導語(introduction)、背景(background)、主體(main body)和結(jié)尾(end)五部分構(gòu)成。此類文章主題突出，文章的第一句話或第一自然段往往就是對整篇文章的高度概括，因此讀懂首句或首段至關重要。下面分別敘述這五個部分在閱讀理解中的作用。 探求結(jié)果到結(jié)尾。結(jié)尾往往是新聞事件的結(jié)果或動態(tài)展望，也是中心思想的概括并常常與新聞導語相呼應，命題者也樂于在此設題。廣告類閱讀題的五大特點 1. 材料特點：大家知道，刊登廣告是要錢的，為了節(jié)省費用，人們在擬寫廣告時往往都希望用最少的篇幅表現(xiàn)最大量的信息，這就決定了廣告類材料通常具有以下特點：信息量大，用詞簡練，形式靈活。 2. 內(nèi)容特點：綜觀近幾年的高考英語閱讀理解題，其中廣告類閱讀題內(nèi)容主要涉及的是與人們生活息息相關的信息，如產(chǎn)品宣傳、服務介紹、招生招聘等。 3. 形式特點：做廣告的主要目的就是要讓受眾了解并記住廣告內(nèi)容，并為廣告上所刊登的內(nèi)容(產(chǎn)品或服務等)買單。為了達到這一目的，人們在設計廣告時往往會做到：標題醒目，重點突出，條理清楚。 4. 用詞特點：廣告類閱讀材料的用詞有以下“三多”特點：一是人名、地名、專有名詞多；二是生詞多；三是縮略詞、省略句多。 5. 命題特點：廣告類閱讀是近幾年高考英語閱讀理解最?？嫉念}材，在閱讀理解的選材中占有很大的比重命題者的目的是要考查考生提取信息和處理信息的能力，所以命題的題型多是以獲取信息為主的細節(jié)理解題。 【考點pk】 名師考點透析考點一、細節(jié)事實理解。一篇文章必然是由許多具體的細節(jié)、具體的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成的，所有這些信息以某種順序（時間、空間、情感變化等）排列起來，來進一步解釋或闡釋主題，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨大意。1.直接事實題 在解答這類問題時要求學生抓住題干文字信息，采用針對性方法進行閱讀，因為這類題的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 如：a giant dam was built many years ago to control the colorado river in the u.s.this dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.this huge dam is in the black canyon.it is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.this dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.the elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.there is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from new york to san francisco.thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.this huge dam was called boulder dam when it was finished in 1936.later it was renamed hoover dam in honor of a president of the united states.hoover dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of arizona and nevada. q：hoover dam lies_ .a.between arizona and nevadab.in the black canyonc.between new york and san franciscod.both a and b【解析】由第二段的第一句話和最后一段的最后一句話可得出正確答案是d項。2.間接事實題 解答此類題，需要結(jié)合上下文提供的語境和信息進行簡單的概括和判斷或者要進行簡單的計算。“its really a hard job for me.i wont enter for such competition any more.anyhow，i am quite lucky.i am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since i won the title.this time，in shanghai，id love to make a deep impression on my tv audience，”said luo lin with a sweet smile.q：which of the following is not true?a.luo lin is a native of shanghai.b.luo lin moved to hongkong with her parents.c.luo lin won the title of miss asia in 1991.d.asia tv station helped luo lin to become miss asia.【解析】a、c和d項都可在原文找到答案，而b項原文所給的是：taken to hongkong可判斷不是moved to hongkong with her parents，因此選b。 3、數(shù)據(jù)推算。if you register both the view qualification course and the forum at the same time,you will save_ .a.$100 b.$300 c.$350 d.$400 這類題目要求學生就文章提供的數(shù)據(jù)，以及數(shù)據(jù)與文中其他信息的關系做簡單計算和推斷。在做此類題時：1.要抓住并正確理解與數(shù)據(jù)有關的信息含義。2.弄清眾多信息中那些屬于有用信息，那些屬于干擾信息。3.不要孤立看待數(shù)字信息，而要抓住一些關鍵用語的意義。考點二、主題理解或?qū)懽饕鈭D推斷。一、主旨閱讀理解題考查的內(nèi)容1.短文的標題（title,headline）；2.短文或段落的主題（subject）；3.中心思想(main idea)； 4.作者的寫作目的(purpose)。 二、此類題的設問方式1.what would be the best title for the text?2.what does the second paragraph mainly discuss?3.what is the passage mainly about?4.the main purpose of announcing the above events is_.考點三、推理推斷。推理題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實和線索進行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒有提到或者沒有明說的事實或者可能發(fā)生的事實。這類題旨在考查學生透過詞語的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，屬于深層理解題。此類題的設問常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等詞，這類題的設問方式主要有：1.we can infer from the passage that_.2.what can be inferred from the passage?3.which of the following can be inferred from the passage?4.it can be inferred from paragraph 3 that_.5.the author suggests in this paragraph that_.6.the writer implies that_.7.it can be inferred that_. 8.it can be concluded from the passage that_.9.on the whole,we can conclude that_.10.from the text we can conclude that_.11.after reading the passage we may conclude that_.12.what conclusion can be drawn from the passage?13.the author is inclined to think that_.14.when the writer talks about,what he really means is that_.15.whats the writers attitude/feeling towards.?16.in the writers opinion,.近年來，高考加大了對學生判斷推理能力的考查。判斷推理題要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎上，作出一定判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可能是某幾句話，但做題的指導思想都是以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息做多步推理。做題時要注意題干的語言形，如according to the passage.,it can be inferred from the passage that.；it can be concluded from the passage that.等，雖然從表面上看是問有關全文的題，但實際上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根據(jù)選項中的線索找到原文中與之相關的一句話或幾句話，然后得出答案。針對推理題的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如題干中有具體線索，根據(jù)具體線索找到原文相關句(一句或幾句話)，然后做出推理；2.假如題干中無線索，如it can be inferred from the passage that.；it can be concluded from the passage that.等，先瀏覽一下4個選項，排除不太可能的選項，然后根據(jù)最可能的選項中的關鍵詞找到原文相關句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他題都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理題，如infer,conclude題型，可能與文章主旨有關，考生應該定位到文章主題所在位置(如主題句出現(xiàn)處)；假如其他題已經(jīng)涉及文章主旨，那么要求推斷出來的內(nèi)容可能與段落主題有關，如果如此，應該找段落主題所在處；如果不與段落主題有關，有時與全文或段落的重要結(jié)論有關，這時可以尋找與這些結(jié)論相關的原文敘述。考點四、詞義、句義猜測。詞義猜測閱讀理解題考查對文中關鍵詞語的理解。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)語境來判斷。此類題的設問方式主要有1.the word “.”in line.means/can be replaced by.2.as used in the passage,the phrase “.”suggests.3.from the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “.” is/referred to.4.the word “.” is closest in meaning to.猜詞是應用英語的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要準確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯。我們要學會“順藤摸瓜”，通過構(gòu)詞、語法、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、上下文等線索確定詞義。 2.同位法。如:they traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了 castle 的確切詞義，即“城堡”。we are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m.this week.兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。3.對比法。如:she is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一節(jié)上了一半才來”，因此反向推理，可得出她平時一向“準時”的結(jié)論。4.構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、復合、派生等)。如:perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.but the next hundred?possibility 是 possible 的同根名詞,據(jù)此可以判斷定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。5.因果法。如：the lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.sometimes the weakness was permanent.so the player could never play the sport again.從后面的結(jié)果“永遠不能再運動”中，可以推測 permanent 的意思為“永遠的，永久”。c42013湖南卷 aplanning a visit to the uk? here we help with ways to cut your costs.avoid big eventsbig sporting events, concerts and exhibitions can increase the cost of accommodation and make it harder to find a room. a standard double room at the thistle brighton on the final friday of the brighton comedy festival (19 oct.) cost 169.15 at b. a week later, the same room cost 118.15.if you can be flexible and want to know dates to avoidor youre looking for a big event to pass your timecheck out sites such as w, which allow you to search for events in the uk by city, date and category.stay away from the stationif traveling to your destination by train, you may want to find a good base close to the station, but you could end up paying more for the sake of convenience at the start of your holiday.dont be too choosy about the part of town you stay in. booking two months in advance, the cheapest room at travelodges central euston hotel in london for saturday 22 september was 95.95. a room just a tube journey away at its covent garden hotel was 75.75. and at farringdon, a double room cost just 62.95. look after yourselfreally central hotels in cities such as london, edinburgh and cardiff can cost a fortune, especially at weekends and during big events. as an alternative consider checking into a selfcatering flat with its own kitchen. often these flats are hidden away on the top floors of city centre buildings. a great example is the historic oneill flat on edinburghs royal mile, available for 420 for five days in late september, with room for four adults.get on a bikelondons “boris bikes” have attracted the most attention, bu