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雅思語法講義1 (2007-02-21 11:17:28) IELTS簡介BAND 9 EXPERT USER成績極佳,能將英語運用自如, 精確、流利并能完全理解。BAND 8 VERY GOOD USER非常好,能將英語運用自如,只是偶爾有連接的錯誤和不恰當(dāng),在不熟悉的狀況下可能出現(xiàn)誤解,可將復(fù)雜的爭論掌握的相當(dāng)好。BAND 7 GOOD USER良好,有能力運用英語,雖然在某些情況有時會發(fā)生不準(zhǔn)確、不適當(dāng)和誤解,大致可將復(fù)雜的英語掌握的不錯,也理解其全部內(nèi)容。BAND 6 COMPETENT USER及格,大致能有效的運用英語,雖然有不準(zhǔn)確、不適當(dāng)和誤解發(fā)生,能使用并理解相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的英語,特別是在熟悉的情況時。BAND 5 MODEST USER適當(dāng)及格,可部分運用英語,在大多數(shù)情況下可應(yīng)付全部的意思,雖然可能犯下許多錯誤,在本身領(lǐng)域內(nèi)應(yīng)可掌握基本的溝通。BAND 4 LIMITED USER水平有限,只限在熟悉的狀況下有基本的理解力,在理解與表達(dá)上常發(fā)生問題,無法使用復(fù)雜英語。BAND 3 EXTREMELY LIMITED USER水平極有限,在極熟悉的情況下,只能進(jìn)行一般的溝通理解。BAND 2 INTERMITTENT USER只屬于偶爾使用英語,除非在熟悉的情況,使用單詞和簡短的短句表達(dá)最基本的信息, 在說寫方面有重大的障礙。BAND 1 NON USER不能通過,可能只能說幾個單詞,無法溝通。IELTS考 試 結(jié) 構(gòu)閱 讀 部 分測試時間1小時,約38-42題??荚囆问剑?簡答;復(fù)選;連線題;填充題;完成圖表、表格;段落大綱與摘要;是非,無關(guān)題.寫 作 部 分寫作部分,測試時間1小時,分2大單元(Task 1&2)A類的Task 1通??碱}以根據(jù)圖片、表格坐標(biāo)、曲線圖的內(nèi)容寫一份報告為基本形式。G類的Task 1是寫一封日常生活中常見的信件。 A類與G類的Task 2非常相似,一般要求考生就某問題提出解決的方法;為某一觀點辯護(hù);比較或?qū)Ρ纫恍└鶕?jù)和意見;評價或反駁一些論點;提供一般真實的報告。聽 力 部 分測試時間約40分鐘,約38-42題。只聽到一次語音,不會重復(fù)。30分鐘聽錄音,利用額外10分鐘把答案謄寫在答案紙上??荚囆问剑簣D表法(地點、方向、人物特征);復(fù)選題;簡答題;完成句子,段落;完成一個格式;連接題???語 部 分時間:11-14分鐘對話形式:一對一談話(考生與主考官)第一部分:談?wù)勔话阈缘脑掝},如生活作息上、文化習(xí)慣上、個人興趣等等,約3-4分鐘。第二部分:主考官抽出一張卡(prompt card),考生根據(jù)卡片上的內(nèi)容回答問題。第三部分:考官根據(jù)看片的內(nèi)容通考生進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的討論。如何獲得高分?“No pain, no gain!”有獲得高分的“秘笈”嗎?有獲得高分的捷徑嗎?那些獲得高分的學(xué)生是怎樣回答的?成功之路( 21th Century) Name: Zheng Dong Age: 26 Place of birth: Beijing I wouldnt say the test is very easy, but it was more exciting and stimulating than TOEFL. I tried to keep my confidence because this enables one to give 100%. Concentration is important too, and lots of practise. There are no shortcuts with IELTS, it is designed to reflect the overall ability of the student. Ive got more confidence now. I used to think that British English was hard, but once I passed IELTS I felt less scared about studying in the U.K or working internationally. Living in an English-speaking country requires good speaking, reading and writing abilities, and IELTS is the best way to measure them. I would recommend it.Name: Zheng Li Age: 24Place of Birth: Anqing, Anhui Province I wanted to go abroad to study, but to do that I needed an English language qualification. I decided on IELTS because I heard that it was more comprehensive than other tests. Maybe this would be harder in the beginning, but it would make life easier when I went abroad to take my main degree and I would be able to concentrate on studying without worrying about my English.考生必讀:易犯的雅思語法錯誤1 . Sentence fragments Make sure each word group you have punctuated as a sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought that can stand alone as an acceptable sentence. 我經(jīng)常看到句子成分不全,或者兩個句子不加任何連詞的用在一起的情況,出現(xiàn)這種情況的原因有兩個: 1是句子太長,把作者自己搞暈了 2是有些人還不清楚兩個完整的句子不能排在一起而不加任何連詞。 還有一種情況是一個完整的單句帶有有連詞,卻沒有主句?;蛘邔⒁粋€主從句斷裂開了。第二個例句就是此類。 Sentence Fragment Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East. 改正: Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the cloth contains the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East. 原句: Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals. 改正: Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals. 2. Sentence sprawl Too many equally weighted phrases and clauses produce tiresome sentences. 過尤不及,雖然我們強調(diào)句子要有一定的復(fù)雜性,但是實際上老米教授、專家從來不主張過長的句子,讀者也不愛看。不過,要達(dá)到精確而又不啰嗦的表達(dá),的確是有難度的。 Sentence sprawl The hearing was planned for Monday, December 2, but not all of the witnesses could be available, so it was rescheduled for the following Friday, and then all the witnesses could attend. There are no grammatical errors here, but the sprawling sentence does not communicate clearly and concisely. 改正: The hearing, which had been planned for Monday, December 2, was rescheduled for the following Friday so that all witnesses would be able to attend. 3. Misplaced and dangling modifiers Place modifiers near the words they describe; be sure the modified words actually appear in the sentence. Misplaced or Dangling Modifier When writing a proposal, an original task is set for research.(錯位) 改正: When writing a proposal, a scholar sets an original task for research. 原句 Many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. 本句最后是一個dangling modifer懸虛的修飾成分,讓人產(chǎn)生誤解,此成分應(yīng)該靠近發(fā)出動作的人或物 改正: Every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried4. Faulty parallelism Be sure you use grammatically equal sentence elements to express two or more matching ideas or items in a series. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)是很容易出錯的,在托福語法中也是出題點,這種錯誤很容易被忽視。英語我們的是非母語,在語感上來識別錯誤的可能就降低了。寫作和檢查的時候注意主胃、動賓的搭配、一致,主動被動的轉(zhuǎn)換。 Faulty parallelism The candidates goals include winning the election, a national health program, and the educational system. 改正: The candidates goals include winning the election, enacting a national health program, and improving the educational system. 原句: Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as postponing it for so long. 改正: Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as they are to postponing it for so long. 5. Unclear pronoun reference All pronouns must clearly refer to definite referents nouns. Use it, they, this, that, these, those, and which carefully to prevent confusion. 錯誤的使用代詞或模糊的是用代詞,是我經(jīng)常在論壇作文里面發(fā)現(xiàn)的。不是說不可以用,但是一定要很清楚地有所指。作文的開頭部分,我的建議是盡量不要用很多代詞,因為開頭部分是整個文章的一個概覽,thesis必須clear, 不要怕麻煩,即便是多陳述一遍(不要用原句!換換說法),也是對thesis的強調(diào),并不累贅。正文、結(jié)尾只要使用代詞得當(dāng)就可以了。 不要小看代詞,它對你思想的表達(dá)有的時候很關(guān)鍵,如果指代不清,其他寫得再好讀者也會confused Unclear pronoun reference Einstein was a brilliant mathematician. This is how he was able to explain the universe. 改正: Einstein, who was a brilliant mathematician, used his ability with numbers to explain the universe. 原句: Because Senator Martin is less interested in the environment than in economic development, he sometimes neglects it. 改正 Because of his interest in economic development, Senator Martin sometimes neglects the environment. 6. Incorrect pronoun case Determine whether the pronoun is being used as a subject, or an object, or a possessive in the sentence, and select the pronoun form to match. 比較弱的錯法,不過你敢保證你從沒犯過?! Incorrect pronoun case Castros communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between he and President Kennedy. 改正: Castros communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between him and President Kennedy. 原句: Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution as written, no one objects more than them to judicial reinterpretation. 改正: Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution as written, no one objects more than they do to judicial reinterpretation. 基礎(chǔ)班語法的任務(wù):把漢語譯成英語。跟原文對照,并且舉一反三。I will persist until I succeed. 可以改成 I will work hard until I win. I will conquer all the difficulties until I finally achieve my goal. 句子可以越來越長,越來越復(fù)雜。雅思閱讀中語法詞的處理 英語中的詞匯可分為詞匯詞和語法詞兩種, 前者指的是有具體意義的名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞, 也是考生在處理雅思的閱讀文章中往往重點關(guān)注的,但數(shù)量眾多,替換頻繁,出現(xiàn)生單詞的概率很高;后者指的是冠詞、代詞、連詞和介詞等意義比較固定的詞。熟練掌握語法詞的處理有助于考生猜測生單詞的含義,從而提高閱讀的速度。以下是對各種語法詞的使用方法的分析: 1冠詞 冠詞分不定冠詞和定冠詞兩類。不定冠詞a/an 多表示引入一個具體的例子,尤其是結(jié)合大寫的專有名詞或數(shù)字等信息時,在初次處理文章時是不需要詳細(xì)讀的,除非后面有細(xì)節(jié)性的題目涉及到。這樣的例子中多有專業(yè)詞匯夾雜在其中,如過多關(guān)注這些詞匯不但影響速度,還會加重考生的緊張心理。而定冠詞后往往接的是一個抽象性的概念,或者是對前面提到的核心事物的同義表達(dá),可能有生單詞,但也是對前面的重復(fù)表達(dá),只要看懂后面的評價性的觀點即可。如: In June 1976, 711200 people were living in a different State from that in which they had been living in 1981.In general, the direction of net interstate migration has been northwards (on the east coast) and westwards (to the west coast). 上文中的第一句that是一個閱讀中的難點,代替的是前一句中的某個state,但實際上這句是一舉例,不需要讀的,反復(fù)琢磨出其意思只是耽誤時間,而后面的the提示其后的內(nèi)容才是重點。 2代詞 任何一篇閱讀文章中都不可避免會出現(xiàn)人稱代詞和指示代詞,在處理文章的過程中應(yīng)重點把握this, that, these, those,such, his, their,they等構(gòu)成的短語是繼續(xù)前面的例子還是對其進(jìn)行評價, 重點看的應(yīng)是評價。 如劍3 中的The Scientific Method一文中, “There is no such thing as an unbiased observation”, 統(tǒng)領(lǐng)一個新的段落, 如看懂such是對前面的歸納,那就很容易看懂本短的主要內(nèi)容是把上一段否定了, 這一段就不需要全讀了, 閱讀速度自然提高了很多。 It是應(yīng)該高度重視的一個詞, 尤其是以判斷句式出現(xiàn)的時候, 重點應(yīng)看的是系動詞后面的形容詞或類似的表達(dá), 至于it所代表的從句或不定式或是動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)都是全文中反復(fù)提到的,只是換了一種表達(dá)方式而已,所以處理時可將其看成“這個”.如: It is a mas extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know. 該句子中的mass 和difficult to know 則是閱讀中的重點, 至于and 后的從句是什么即使是不看也能猜出是全文反復(fù)提到的”語言的死亡”者。 3.連詞 大部分備考的考生都已掌握了連詞but 和and以及其它類似的表達(dá), 如:, in contrast to, however, while, fruthermore, not onlybut also, besides等對提高閱讀速度以及生單詞的處理的輔助作用。如劍6中的一篇文章: What was on offer that day was a pair of tickets for a New York musical. But on any given day, what Schaefer can offer is typical for todys drugs rep-a car trunk full of promotiojal gifts and gadgets, a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small country 上文中的第二句開始的but提示下面的內(nèi)容和第一句應(yīng)是不同的,至于是什么則不需要細(xì)讀,因為里面有不定冠詞a及大寫的專有名詞,只要知道是舉了幾個例子即可。而其中的gadgets則是雅思??嫉纳鷨卧~的方式之一, 一個常見的單詞和一個較生僻的單詞用and連接。 在理解某一段落的主旨時還應(yīng)注意該段最后是否有類似but之類的將前面的觀點否定了的詞匯或短語。 4. 介詞 介詞是英語中應(yīng)用最靈活的一類詞,閱讀中英特別關(guān)注for, to,from等方向性的詞,前兩個表示結(jié)果或目的,即使有不認(rèn)識的單詞考生們也可往這方面猜;from出表示來自,在很多情況下還表示原因,有可能出判斷等題。Of前經(jīng)常是一些比較生僻的抽象性的集合詞,不影響理解句子的意思,如: the oil-rich monarchs of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait flew Asians in to build their new cities. 以上幾種語法詞經(jīng)一段時間訓(xùn)練后,結(jié)合閱讀中的skimming和scanning等技巧,能更快的處理完原文,然后再針對具體的題目搜索答案,效果事半功倍。雅思語法學(xué)習(xí)綱要 語法的學(xué)習(xí)繁瑣而又枯燥,市面上厚厚的語法書各式各樣。學(xué)生如果自己買本在家里看,經(jīng)常會有種摸不著邊際的感覺。所以對于計劃考雅思的學(xué)生而言,補習(xí)語法知識最好是針對雅思聽、說、讀、寫四門考試。考生做閱讀題最容易得長句恐懼癥,一看到長句就心理發(fā)毛,但通過一定的語法知識可以去枝葉留主干,化長句為短句,把握句意的同時大大縮短閱讀理解的速度。另外大部分考生在寫作時滿腹經(jīng)綸,卻不知如何正確的用英語表達(dá)出來,結(jié)果文章語法錯誤百出,甚至胡說八道,影響評分。因此考生在復(fù)習(xí)語法時應(yīng)該多關(guān)注自己最易犯的語法錯誤,總結(jié)出的常見錯句對癥下藥,把非謂語動詞、簡單句、復(fù)雜句和主謂一致作為重點,補薄弱環(huán)節(jié),學(xué)會如何準(zhǔn)確流暢的表達(dá)觀點,提高寫作成績。另外,時態(tài)、虛擬語態(tài)兩個章節(jié)與雅思聽、說緊密結(jié)合,更體現(xiàn)了其實用性。 語法閱讀篇 英語同漢語不同,它是種形合的語言,有形就可以分析。長句是雅思閱讀考試的一個難點,尤其是長句中的主從句。所謂分析句子,就是分清主次,把握閱讀的節(jié)奏。 一. 從句的應(yīng)用 比方說,定語從句分為限定和非限兩種,在閱讀中非限制性定語從句只作為補充說明,省略也不影響大意,所以閱讀時可以一躍而過,加快閱讀的速度。 A: The drivers who knew the traffic jam took another road. B: The drivers,who knew the traffic jam,took another road. A句的限制定語從句作必要說明, 表明知道交通堵塞的司機走了另外一條道, 相當(dāng)于漢語中的 “的”,對司機進(jìn)行了范圍的限定。 而B句中的非限定從只是補充說明司機們走另外條道的原因,并未對司機進(jìn)行任何范圍限定。 But未必是作轉(zhuǎn)折連詞,當(dāng)它在定語從句中作特殊關(guān)系詞,學(xué)生會看不懂。 There is no rule but has its exceptions. There is no man but has his own faults.只要主句中有否定詞, 定語從句中就可以用but作關(guān)系詞,只要把它替換成普通關(guān)系詞的否定形式,即thatnot就能看懂了。 There is no rule that has not its exceptions. (沒有什么事是沒有例外,即凡事都有例外。) There is no man that has not his own faults.(沒有人沒有缺點,即人無完人。) 另外,從句的簡化形式也是閱讀中的一個陷阱。 1. 定語從句的簡化形式: 先行詞 + (關(guān)系詞 + be動詞 )+ 動詞過去分詞 eg. New jobs (which is) created by roboticism generate stress. 這是一句定語從句的簡化, 由于關(guān)系詞和be 動詞被省略了,很多學(xué)生會錯把created 看成謂語, 其實真正的謂語是 generate。 2. 狀語從句的簡化必須符合兩個要求,第一是主從句中的主語一致,第二是從句中的謂語是be 動詞。Ripe,the apple tastes better. ( 原句為 When it is ripe, the apple tastes better.) 文章中如果出現(xiàn)這種結(jié)構(gòu): 形容詞, 主+ 謂 形容詞指的就是后面的主語, 它其實是狀語從句的省略形式。 二. 虛擬語態(tài)與閱讀: 虛擬就是假的, 是對現(xiàn)實的白日做夢, 一相情愿。對過去事與愿違的惋惜和責(zé)備。所以答案應(yīng)該與原文正好相反。來看一句主題句: If experiments were planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it would be perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents。If引導(dǎo)的虛擬句只不過是作者的一個假設(shè),不太可能實現(xiàn),理解時要反過來想,即科學(xué)研究的結(jié)果事實上并不那么有效。 三. 是是非非的否定與閱讀題: 1. 雙重否定: eg.1 原文 However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries. 題目 During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the United States _. 雙重否定其實就是肯定句的變體,目的還是為了強調(diào), 雅思考試往往將文章中的雙重否定句在出題時變?yōu)榭隙ň?,反之亦然。答案?reduced。 eg.2 原文 Only 14 percent fathers are highly participant in terms of time spent on family work. 題目 The vast majority of fathers do not take part to any great extent in family. 這是雅思閱讀中一道T/F/NG題。題目將原文中的14%和highly用反意層面上的詞替換掉了, 學(xué)生因為找不到原話,一般會認(rèn)為這句話是錯的,事實上是對的。 2 部分否定: eg . All my friends do not smoke. He cannot read and write。 幾乎所有的學(xué)生看到這兩個句子的第一反應(yīng)就是 “我所有的朋友都不吸煙?!?“她不會讀也不會寫?!崩斫忮e誤!All, both, everyone,everywhere,etc和not 出現(xiàn)在一句話中表示部分否定,而不是全部否定。原句的正確意思是“我的朋友不都吸煙?!闭纭伴W光的不都是金子”的英文就是 “All is not gold that glitters.” 3. 否定形式表肯定, 肯定形式表否定 eg. A man can not have too many friends. (一個人不能擁有太多的朋友。) No man can have too many friends. (沒有人能夠擁有太多的朋友。) 以上兩種理解都是錯的。Too和否定詞連用表示“再怎么也不為過”, 即“越越好”(一個人擁有的朋友越多越好。)還有許多容易誤導(dǎo)的其他形式在這里就不一一舉例了。 四. 語法在不同題型中的應(yīng)用: 1. 猜詞: 閱讀考試中常常會要求考生猜測詞意, 而詞意不會一目了然, 躲在隱蔽處, 很容易被忽視,包括:同位語,插入語,定語從句,不定式等等。要引起注意。 2靠連詞推斷,把握上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。 3Summary題和匹配題 這種題對文中的幾個段落歸納總結(jié)后,留下空格要學(xué)生填,選項數(shù)往往比空格數(shù)要多一倍。學(xué)生可以運用語法知識來判斷詞性,縮小選詞目標(biāo),從而縮短答題時間。 比如: 系動詞后面用動詞或名詞 介詞后面用名詞或動名詞 情態(tài)動詞后面用動詞原形 及物動詞后面用名詞、動名詞或動詞不定式 語法聽說篇 聽力題中有許多陷阱,虛擬語態(tài)就是一個。 題目:Mary said “I shouldnt have gone to the party.” 問題:Did Mary go to the party? 許多同學(xué)如果不知道should (not) have done sth.是虛擬語態(tài)就會覺得Mary 沒去派對。Shouldnt have gone 指本不該去,卻去了,是一種后悔的語氣,不屬于否定句。同樣,thoughtwould也是虛擬。 題目:I thought Guotai cinema would be the best cinema。 問題:Is Guotai cinema the best cinema? 這是虛擬語氣,是假的,事實正好相反,所以答案是No. 學(xué)生在做聽力題時傾向于先入為主, 而雅思聽力往往最后聽到的部分才是答案。答案伴隨著連詞一同出現(xiàn),所以考生應(yīng)特別注意聽一些表示轉(zhuǎn)折的信號詞,后面往往就是答案。另外, 聽力中的blank filling題,要注意填適當(dāng)?shù)脑~性,題目中的句子如果和原文不一致就不能把聽到的內(nèi)容直接填上去。填完后重點檢查主謂一致,單復(fù)數(shù),語態(tài)和詞性變化,以免因犯語法錯誤而扣分。 說與時態(tài)緊密結(jié)合,時態(tài)一共十六種,但學(xué)生重點掌握五種就夠用了。一般現(xiàn)在時(be/do)、一般過去時(did)、一般將來時(will/be going to etc.)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(be doing)和現(xiàn)在完成時(have done)。這五種必須掌握,在聽、說、讀、寫中都要會用,剩下的時態(tài)識記就可以了。雅思口語分三部分,第一部分回答簡單問題如性格、愛好、習(xí)慣、背景信息等用一般現(xiàn)在時回答,問到計劃安排用一般將來時。第二部分看情況而定, 如果抽到的卡片是講事情用一般過去時表經(jīng)歷。第三部分深入討論基本上用一般現(xiàn)在時回答。 語法寫作篇 學(xué)生在寫作中主要遇到兩大難題,一個難題是不知道寫什么,一個難題是不知道怎么寫。前個問題是可以在寫作課上解決,上課時打通寫作思路、構(gòu)架寫作框架,問題就迎刃而解了。后面一個問題的根源就是語法基礎(chǔ)較差。因為句子不單單是單詞的組合,它是單詞的有序組合,組成單詞的方法就叫做語法。不懂語法是寫不出也寫不好句子的。復(fù)習(xí)語法要與準(zhǔn)備雅思大小作文聯(lián)系起來, 如名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變態(tài)變形、作文中人稱代詞的使用、數(shù)詞的概數(shù)倍數(shù)表達(dá)、副詞最佳位置、形容詞擴(kuò)展、情態(tài)動詞表推測、寫作中的時態(tài)問題、介詞搭配、被動語態(tài)的客觀表述、餅圖中的主謂一致、賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移、以及如何將短句拉長等等。以下是對學(xué)生最容易犯的語法錯誤的歸納總結(jié)。 1 冠詞: 在一篇題為“老師是否會被電腦替代”的文章中,一位學(xué)生寫到“Teacher cannot be replaced by computer.”(老師不會被電腦替代) 我們漢語沒有加冠詞的習(xí)慣, 但英語可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式要 “穿衣戴帽” 才能見人。原句有三種改法: A teacher cannot be replaced by a computer.(不定冠詞) Teachers cannot be replaced by computers.(名詞復(fù)數(shù)) The teacher cannot be replaced by the computer.(定冠詞) 2. 懸垂結(jié)構(gòu): Looking out of the window,a mountain came into the view. “望處窗外,一座山映入眼簾?!边@句話中,學(xué)生直接講中文逐字逐句的翻譯成了英文,便犯了懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)的錯誤,即主句主語與分句邏輯主語不一致。應(yīng)該是人望出窗外,而主句主語卻是山。主要有兩種改法: 1When looking out of the window, a mountain came into the view.(狀語從句) 2Looking out of the window, we saw a mountain.(分詞作狀語) 3We looking out of the window, a mountain came into the view.(獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu):主句主語與分句邏輯主語不一致, 分句自帶主語) 分詞作狀語要時刻記住主句主語就是分詞的邏輯主語。介詞短語、不定式也會有這種錯誤發(fā)生。 比如錯句: At the age of ten, my father gave me a puppy. 改正: At the age of ten, I got a puppy from my father. 錯句: To crack an egg, the yolk should be left intact. 改正: To crack an egg, you should leave the yolk intact. 3. 兩個完整的句子絕不能用逗號逗開(Comma splice),一定要加連詞或者將其中的一句子變?yōu)閺木洹?這種錯誤又是受漢語的影響。 錯句:She is a teacher,she is my best friend. 改正:She is a teacher, who is my best friend. She is a teacher and she is my best friend. 4一個句子只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu): 錯句:Children like to make friends who are different from themselves has three advantages. 在這個句子中, 有兩個謂語:like 和 has。學(xué)生在表達(dá)觀點的時候最容易寫這樣的錯句,可以改成主語從句或用動名詞 做主語,謂語都用單數(shù)。 改寫:That children like to make friends who are different from themselves has three advantages.(that引導(dǎo)主語從句)Childrens making friends who are different from themselves has three advantages.(動名詞做主語) 總之,雅思要取得好成績,語法是必先過的一關(guān)。搞定語法將為聽、說、讀、寫的進(jìn)一步強化打下扎實的基礎(chǔ)。語法學(xué)習(xí)的要點:1 長難句的劃分;2 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)3 定語及定語從句4 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)第一部分 長難句劃分SVO:句子主干主語謂語賓語謂語特征時間限制(時態(tài))人稱限制(人稱)語態(tài)限制(被動、主動)exampleGiven anything that resembles a well-rounded life-with adults and other children to listen to, talk to, to do things with-their minds will acquire naturally all the skills required for further learning.exampleGiven anything that resembles a well-rounded life-with adults and other children to listen to, talk to, to do things with-their minds will acquire naturally all the skills required for further learning.exampleGiven anything that resembles a well-rounded life-with adults and other children to listen to, talk to, to do things with-their minds will acquire naturally all the skills required for further learning.More examples精講63頁5More examplesIt was an explosion/ which never should have happened /and a subsequent inquiry laid the blame not on anyone/ who had actually been on the tanker at the time, /but on the owners of the tanker.長難句劃分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)標(biāo)點連詞從句并列結(jié)構(gòu)固定短語非謂語動詞類型 1固定短語長句實例1An opposing view sees the three family divisions of labor styles as a reflection of the progressive changes couples make in response to changing life situations, rather than being an aspect of personality.dividedAn opposing view sees the three family divisions of labor styles as a reflection of the progressive changes /couples make in response to changing life situations, rather than being an aspect of personality.divided(An opposing view) sees (the three family divisions of labor styles) as( a reflection of the progressive changes )/couples make( in response to changing life situations), rather than being an aspect of personality.divided(An opposing

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