中南大學研究生英語E-book2課后翻譯練習參考答案(重點版).doc

1. P5 A helpful image is to think about submitting a manuscript to an international journal as a way of participating in the international scientific community. You are, in effect, joining an international conversation. To join this conversation, you need to know what has already been said by the other people conversing. In other words, you need to understand the cutting edge of your scientific discipline: what work is being done now by the important players in the field internationally. This means:l getting access to the journals where people in the field are publishing;l subscribing to the e-mail alert schemes offered by journal publishers on their websites so that you receive tables of contents when new issues are published; andl developing skills for searching the Internet and electronic databases in libraries to which you have access.向國際學術雜志投稿有助于進入國際學術界，事實上你加入了國際間的交流。加入國際間的交流你需要了解其他人已經說了什么。換句話說，你需要了解你的學科“前沿”：即國際上你的研究領域中重量級的科學工作者正在做什么。這意味著你需要：l 閱讀你的研究領域中科技工作者發(fā)表論文的雜志；l 通過雜志出版商網站訂閱他們通過電子郵件發(fā)送的雜志目錄，可以收到雜志出版商提供的最新一期雜志的目錄；l 提升你在網絡和圖書館電子數據庫查閱資料的技能。2. P15 Each journal has its own set of instructions for referees and sometimes these are available on the journals website. You should check and see whether this is the case for the journal you are targeting, and obtain a copy if possible. For the purposes of this book, we have constructed a composite list of referee criteria that includes the sorts of questions referees are commonly asked to respond to (Figure 3.1). In addition to ticking the boxes to provide yes/no answers to the questions, referees are asked to write their comments about any problems with the manuscript or any suggestions for improvement that need to be followed before the manuscript can be considered suitable for publication in the journal. Increasingly, as the number of manuscripts submitted to journals has grown, referees are asked to give some numerical rating of the papers novelty or quality as well (e.g. Does this manuscript fall within the top 20% of manuscripts you have read in the last 12 months?). Referees return their comments to the editor.每一種學術期刊都有自己的一套評審規(guī)則，有時能在期刊網站上找到。你應該查看你的目標期刊是否也如此，并盡可能得到一份。為了實現本書的目的，我們總結了一個評審標準表，此表包括了評委們通常要回答的各種問題。評委們除了要在方框中打鉤來對這些問題進行“是”或“否”的回答，還要對稿件的問題寫出評論以及進一步改進的建議，以使稿件適合在期刊發(fā)表。由于學術期刊的收到的投稿數量不斷增加，評審們還要對論文的新穎性和質量進行評分。 評審們把他們的意見反饋給編輯。3. P23 Data presentation styles vary with discipline and personal preference and change over time, and there is a large amount of contradictory published advice about what to do, and what looks good. Our aim in this section is not to provide a concrete set of rules for data presentation but rather to help you optimize the presentation of your data to support the story of your article. One over-arching guideline is that tables and figures should stand alone: that is, the reader should not need to consult the text of the article to understand the data presented in the table or figure; all necessary information should appear in the table/figure, in the title/legend, or in keys or footnotes.The first reference for style of data presentation is the Instructions to Contributors (sometimes called Instructions to Authors or Author Guidelines, or other similar names) of the journal you intend to submit the article to. Not all Instructions to Contributors provide great detail about data presentation, but they will generally guide you in formatting and preferred style. The next best source of information on data presentation style is articles in recent issues of the journal. You can maximize your chances of meeting the journals requirements by analysing the types of data presented, the choice of figures or tables, the choice of figure type, and the amount of data presented in the text and in the titles and legends. Use the results of your analyses to inform your decisions on the data presentation for your own manuscript.數據呈現方式會因為學科和個人偏好發(fā)生變化，也會隨著時間發(fā)生變化。在究竟該做些什么，哪種方式看起來更好的問題上，大量的出版物提供的建議也會出現一些矛盾。我們本章的目的不在于提供一套數據呈現的固定規(guī)則，而是幫助大家優(yōu)化數據呈現方式，以支撐論文的主旨。一條首要的規(guī)則是，圖表應該“獨立呈現”：也就是說，讀者應該無需通過查閱文字部份即可理解圖表中的數據，所有必要的信息都應該包含在圖表、標題、圖例或腳注中。數據的呈現方式應首先參考你打算投稿的期刊的“投稿須知”（有的時候也叫作者須知等類似的名稱）。不是所有的投稿須知都會提供數據呈現方式的詳細規(guī)定，但一定會就格式和優(yōu)選的方式提出一般性的建議。另一個數據呈現方式的參考來自該期刊最近幾期上的論文。為了盡可能滿足該期刊的要求，你可以分析一下這些論文的數據呈現方式、對圖或表的選擇、對不同類型圖示的選擇以及在正文部分、標題、和圖例中所出現的數據的多少，利用你的分析結果來指導自己決定論文中的數據呈現方式。4. P35 Traditionally, students are taught that the Methods section provides the information needed for another competent scientist to repeat the work. In your experience of reading papers, is this what you find? Many participants in work- shops we have conducted report that they have had problems in replicating what authors have done in their published studies even after reading the Methods section thoroughly. Another way to think about the goal of the Methods section is that it establishes credibility for the results and should therefore provide enough information about how the work was done for readers to evaluate the results; i.e. to decide for themselves whether the results actually mean what the author claims they mean. Referees are likely to look in this section for evidence to answer the question: Do the methods and the treatment of results conform to acceptable scientific standards?傳統(tǒng)上，老師們總是告訴學生，方法部分為另一個有能力的科學家重復這一研究提供了所需的信息。從你閱讀論文的經驗來看，情況真的是這樣嗎？很多參與過我們組織的研習班的人說，哪怕已經仔細研讀過已發(fā)表的論文的方法部分，他們在重復作者的研究時還是遇到了問題。對方法部分的寫作目的的另一種認識是，方法部分為研究結果確定了可信度，因此應當提供足夠的有關研究方式的信息，以使讀者能對研究結果做出評估，也就是說，讀者能夠據此判斷，該研究結果是否與作者所聲稱的一致。審稿人則往往會在這一部分尋找證據，來判斷研究方法和對結果的處理是否符合現行的科研標準。5. P48 Another important reason to pay careful attention to referencing is to avoid plagiarizing other peoples work unintentionally. Plagiarism is using data, ideas, or words that originated in work by another person without appropriately acknowledging their source. It is generally regarded as a form of cheating in academic and publishing contexts, and papers will be rejected if plagiarism is detected. Incomplete citation also prevents your gaining credit for knowing the work of other researchers in the field. Effective and inclusive citation helps you present yourself as a knowledgeable member of the research community, which can be important in terms of the impression you make on referees evaluating your manuscripts. It also allows others to benefit from the sources of information you have used.對文獻引用標注要尤為注意的另一個重要原因是避免非故意地剽竊。剽竊是在沒有以適當方式說明來源的情況下，使用原創(chuàng)于其他人作品的數據，觀點或文字。在學術界和出版界，這種做法通常被認為是一種作弊行為，如果被發(fā)現有剽竊行為，論文將被拒稿。不完整的引用也會使人懷疑你是否了解本領域其他研究人員的工作。有效而廣泛的引用能幫助你在研究領域建立博學多識的形象，這對于你給你的論文評審人留下的印象是相當重要的。同時這也使得其他人能從你所使用的信息來源中受益。6. P63 If writers place a string of nouns and adjectives together, to form a title which packs a lot of meaning into a few words, they can sometimes cause problems of ambiguity: more than one possible meaning. This is particularly the case when nouns are used as adjectives, i.e. placed in front of the head word of the noun phrase. To investigate why this is so, lets consider some examples.The noun phrase germination conditions has only one possible meaning: conditions for germination, and thus it can be used without risk of ambiguity. Similarly, application rate can only mean the rate of application. However, enzymatic activity suppression could mean either suppression of enzymatic activity or suppression by enzymatic activity and is therefore ambiguous. A general guideline is to restrict these noun phrases to a maximum of three words, and this many only if there is no risk of misunderstanding. If they grow longer, rewrite them by inserting the prepositions that clarify the meaning (e.g. of, by, for).如果把一系列名詞和形容詞組合在一起作為論文標題，這樣的標題把許多含義塞進了少數幾個詞中，這些詞有時會產生歧義：即可能會有不止一個含義。這種情況多出現在名詞用作形容詞時，也就是位于名詞短語的中心詞前面的時候。為了探究原因，我們首先考察一些例子。名詞短語“germination conditions”只有一種可能的含義，“conditions for germination”，這一名詞短語不會出現模棱兩可的危險。同樣，“application rate”只是表示“rate of application”。然而，“enzymatic activity suppression”既可能是“suppression of enzymatic activity”的意思，也可能是“suppression by enzymatic activity”的意思。因此，這個名詞短語的意義是模棱兩可的。一般的指導原則是吧這樣的名詞短語性限制在最多三個單詞，并且是不存在錯誤理解的危險。如果名詞短語比較長，我們可以插入介詞（如of, by, for）來澄清名詞短語的含義。7. P85It is important to respond quickly to reviewerscomments and the editors recommendation about publishing the manuscript. This is true regardless of whether the manuscript has been accepted with minor changes or you have been encouraged to re-submit it after major revision. As with the covering letter you sent when you originally submitted the manuscript, the letter accompanying the revised manuscript is an opportunity to demonstrate that you appreciate the role of the editor and that you have done everything you can to improve the manuscript to meet the journals and the reviewers requirements.無論你的論文是只需要做些小的修改就能被采納還是需要做出很大的修改之后再重新投稿，你都應該快速地對審稿人的意見和編輯對于論文發(fā)表的建議做出回復，這一點是非常重要的。正如你最初投稿時一樣，隨修訂稿一同附上的信件是一個很好的機會來證明你對編輯的重視，并證明你已經竭盡所能地按照雜志和審稿人的要求去修改論文。8. P108-109To summarize the section above, science writing is largely made up of sentence structures (templates), which are usable for many different areas of science, plus noun phrases, which are often specific to particular areas. Once you understand this concept, you will probably find it easier to read articles from areas of science with which you are not completely familiar. This is because you can skip over the unfamiliar noun phrases on your first reading, just concentrating on the sentence struc