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初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法輔導(dǎo)講義1、 詞法(1) 名詞(n.)1. 判斷可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞 可數(shù)名詞表示的事物有固定的整體,不可再分開??蓴?shù)(名詞)不可分! 不可數(shù)名詞表示的物質(zhì)沒有固定的外形,可任意分開。不分不可數(shù)(名詞)!2. 可數(shù)名詞的用法 可數(shù)名詞又分個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞。個(gè)體名詞有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式。 使用個(gè)體名詞時(shí),不穿鞋子(-s)便戴帽(在名詞前有冠詞a/an)。如: I have a book. Books are used for reading.3. 不可數(shù)名詞的用法 不可數(shù)名詞包括物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞。使用不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),前不用a/an,后不 加-s。表達(dá)不可數(shù)名詞的量時(shí),用a glass/bottle/cup/piece/kilo/bag.of +不可數(shù)名詞。區(qū)分:a pair of shoes(鞋子)/pants(褲子)/glasses(眼 鏡)。不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。4. 名詞所有格(名詞的名詞) 1)s/s 所有格(用于有生命的事物名詞,主要是人名及指人的名詞),如: Michaels father; Li Mings friend; students book 2)of 所有格(用于無生命的事物名詞),the + 所有物 + of + 所有者 。 如:the wall of the classroom; the name of our school 3)雙重所有格:a friend of my fathers 4)共有所有格:Lucy and Lilys parents 5)并列所有格:Jims and Kates rooms are on the second floor.(二)冠詞(art.) - a/an, the 1. a/an的用法:1)表示“一”的概念;2)表示一類人或事物 3)用在一些固定詞組中:as a result; wait a moment;for a while; in a hurry;have a good time; have a talk/walk/rest/look2.the的用法:1)前面已提到的名詞,再次提到時(shí),在前面加the; 2)用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)前和表示方位的名詞前; 3)用在表示樂器名稱的名詞前; 4)與形容詞連用,表示一類人或事物 5)用于固定詞組中:by the way; at the end; in the sun; in the morning/afternoon/evening; go to the cinema/theater3.不用冠詞的情況:1)表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前; 2)一日三餐名稱的名詞前; 3)表示球類運(yùn)動(dòng)、棋類運(yùn)動(dòng)、月份、星期、季節(jié)、節(jié)日、 語(yǔ)言、學(xué)科等名詞前; 4)有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞修飾的名詞前 5)用于固定詞組中:by bus/bike/plane/air/sea/ship; at night/noon; at home; after school; in fact; in danger; in time; go to school/work/bed; from morning to night; day and night (3) 代詞(pron.) 1.人稱代詞:作主語(yǔ)用主格,作賓語(yǔ)用賓格; 2.物主代詞:形容詞性物主代詞 + 名詞, 后面沒有名詞時(shí)用名詞性物主代詞; 3.返身代詞:主語(yǔ)對(duì)自己做動(dòng)作(作賓語(yǔ)) She enjoys herself every day. 指主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)本身(作同位語(yǔ)) He can do it by himself. 4.指示代詞:this,these;that,those (近指與遠(yuǎn)指并有單復(fù)數(shù)之分) 5.相互代詞:each other “相互” (代替主語(yǔ)的個(gè)體) 6.不定代詞:A.修飾可數(shù)名詞的專用語(yǔ)-many,few,a few; B.修飾不可數(shù)名詞的專用語(yǔ)-much,little,a little; C.可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞前的共用語(yǔ)-a lot of/lots of, some, any, no;(4) 數(shù)詞 (num.)1.基數(shù)詞“表示數(shù)量”,計(jì)數(shù)詞-hundred, thousand, million, billion; 1)表示年份:in 1975, in 1992, in 1980s, in 1990s 2)表示年齡:He is thirteen years old. He began to learn English in his fifties .(在他五十幾歲時(shí)) 3)表示時(shí)間:分鐘數(shù)小于或等于30時(shí),half past two; twenty past nine 分鐘數(shù)大于30時(shí),a quarter to ten, five to eleven 4) 表示順序:名詞 + 基數(shù)詞:No.1; Room 918; Class 3, Grade 92. 序數(shù)詞“表示順序” 3.hundreds of (好幾百,許許多多), thousands of (成千上萬), millions of ( 數(shù)百萬);4. 分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)、小數(shù)的表達(dá)法: 1)分?jǐn)?shù):分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的名詞。1/2 one second (a half); 1/4 one fourth; 2/5 two fifths; 4/7 four sevenths 2)百分?jǐn)?shù):70% seventy percent; 15% fifteen percent 3)小數(shù):4.5 four point five; 3.14 three point one four(五)形容詞(adj.)和副詞(adv.) 1.比較等級(jí):原級(jí), 比較級(jí), 最高級(jí); 1)原級(jí)句型: very/so/too/quite/rather+原級(jí); 無比較用原級(jí); as+原級(jí)+as; not so/as + 原級(jí)+ as ; 2)比較級(jí)句型: much /a lot /a little + 比較級(jí) + than . ; 比較級(jí)and 比較級(jí) “越來越.” ; the + 比較級(jí),the + 比較級(jí) “越.,越.”3)最高級(jí)句型: the + 最高級(jí) + of/among/in . one of the 形容詞的最高級(jí) + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 “其中之一” 2.形容詞+ly 變成 方式副詞 3.連系動(dòng)詞 + 形容詞; 行為動(dòng)詞 + 方式副詞(六)介詞(prep.) 1.掌握學(xué)過的介詞短語(yǔ)介詞+名詞 at night, at first, at last, in time, in the end, in English, on foot, on time, on Monday, on the playground, near your home, by bus, by the river, by the way, under the tree, behind the door, before lunch,after school/work/breakfast,from one to one hundred, from 9:00 to 11:00, without breakfast/money/air or water, with ones help, on ones way to2.記住學(xué)過的介詞固定搭配 A.動(dòng)詞+介詞 agree with, arrive in/at, come from, depend on, get to, hear from, knock at, laugh at, listen to, learn from, look at, look for, look after, play with, pay for, prepare for, stand for, wait for, talk about, think about, think of, worry about B.be +形容詞+介詞 be afraid of, be angry with, be busy with, be different from, be good at, be good/bad for, be/become interested in, be pleased with, be satisfied with, be surprised at, be excited about, be worried about, be filled with, be late for, be made of, be famous for, be/get ready for, be strict with, be far from3.注意介詞的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ) in/on the tree, in/on the wall, in/on the chair, in/on/at the corner, in/to the east/south/west/north of, in the sun, in two days(七)連詞(conj.) 1.并列連詞:and, or, but, so連詞詞組:as well as(也);both.and.(.和.都);either.or.(或者.或者.);neither.nor.(既不.也不.);not only.but also 2.從屬連詞 (不但.而且.)A) 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon asB) 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句:if, unlessC) 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句:because, as, since, forD) 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:though, although, even ifE) 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句:so that, in order thatF) 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句:so.that, such.thatG) 引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句:than, as.asH) 引導(dǎo)讓賓語(yǔ)從句:that, if/whether(8) 動(dòng)詞(v.)1.動(dòng)詞的分類:行為動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 行為動(dòng)詞 + 方式副詞(作狀語(yǔ)) 連系動(dòng)詞 + 形容詞(作表語(yǔ)) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 另一動(dòng)詞的原形2.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞按時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)要求使用 “主語(yǔ)執(zhí)行動(dòng)作”即主語(yǔ)親自做謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作,用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài); “主語(yǔ)承受動(dòng)作”即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作對(duì)主語(yǔ)做,用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 (初中學(xué)習(xí)了8種時(shí)態(tài)及其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(主動(dòng):do/does; 被動(dòng):am/is/are +done )、 一般過去時(shí)(主動(dòng): did; 被動(dòng):was/were +done ); 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) (主動(dòng):am/is/are +doing ; 被動(dòng):am/is/are + being +done ); 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(主動(dòng):was/were+doing ; 被動(dòng):was/were +being +done ) ; 一般將來時(shí) (主動(dòng):will do; 被動(dòng):will be +done ); 過去將來時(shí) (主動(dòng):would do ;被動(dòng):would be +done ); 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (主動(dòng): have/has done ; 被動(dòng):have/has been +done ); 過去完成時(shí)(主動(dòng):had done ;被動(dòng):had been +done ).3.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞按句型使用 1)動(dòng)詞不定式肯定式:to do sth. 否定:not to do sth. A)作主語(yǔ):It is+adj.+to do sth. Its important to learn English well. Its very kind of you to say so.(of前的形容詞也修飾of后的人) Its difficult for us to finish the work in two days. B)作賓語(yǔ):vt.+to do sth. * 疑問詞 + to do 作賓語(yǔ) I dont know what to do next. They cant decide where to go. C)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):賓語(yǔ)sb.+ to do sth. (動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)作由其前 賓語(yǔ)執(zhí)行) ask sb. (not) to do sth. 請(qǐng)求某人(別)做某事 tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫/吩咐某人(別)做某事 want/like/advise/order sb. to do sth. 要 / 希望/ 勸告/ 命令 某人 做某事 * let/make/have sb. do sth. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用(省 to 動(dòng)詞不定式)do / v-ing形式的動(dòng)詞句型有: see /hear/watch/ notice /look at/listen to sb. to do sth. 看見/聽見 / 觀看 / 注意到 / 看 / 聽 某人 doing sth. * keep sb. doing sth. 讓某人不停地做著某事 D)作定語(yǔ):n.+ to do/to do sth. I have a lot of homework to do. We have no time to play computer games. E)作狀語(yǔ):vi.+to do sth./ do sth.+ to do sth. They went to see a movie last night. We come to school to study. *remember/forget to do sth.做某事(未做) 記得 / 忘記 doing sth.做某事(已做) stop to do sth.(停止原來做著的事而去做另一件事) doing sth. (停止正在做的事) F)作表語(yǔ):抽象名詞 + is + to do sth. Her wish is to go to Tsinghua University. The environmental workers duty is to make the environment clean and tidy . 2)有些及物動(dòng)詞如 enjoy, mind, finish, keep, practice , avoid, allow, consider等 后面的動(dòng)詞要用它的 v-ing形式; * 介詞后的動(dòng)詞一律用它的 v-ing形式。如: Thank you for helping me. They are used to living in school now. Yao Ming is good at playing basketball. Dont be afraid of speaking English. 3)當(dāng)一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),如果及物動(dòng)詞的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是它前面的名詞, 使用它的 v-ed形式,可放在被它修飾的名詞之前(前置定語(yǔ)),也可放在 名詞之后(后置定語(yǔ))。如: America is a developed country. I want to talk with the boy named Jim. * 如果動(dòng)詞是前面名詞的邏輯謂語(yǔ)時(shí),則該動(dòng)詞用 -ing分詞。 A week later Mother took a job selling clothes.2、 句法1. 句子的種類 (陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句);2. 句子的類型 (簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句);3. 句子的成分 (主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ));4. 簡(jiǎn)單句的六種基本句型 1)主語(yǔ) + 連系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ) ) 主語(yǔ) + 不及物動(dòng)詞 3)主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) 4)主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ) 5)主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 6)There be 句型 There is/are + 名詞 + 地點(diǎn)/時(shí)間。 There was/were + 名詞 + 地點(diǎn)/過去時(shí)間。 There will be + 名詞 + 地點(diǎn)/將來時(shí)間。5.祈使句( Be型祈使句、Do 型祈使句、 Let 型祈使句)6.感嘆句(What 感嘆句、 How 感嘆句) 1)What a/an +adj. +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + (主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)! What + adj. + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞 + (主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)! 2)How + adj./adv. + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞!7. 反意疑問句 1)前面是肯定陳述句,后面用否定簡(jiǎn)短疑問句; They like English, dont they? 2)前面是否定陳述句,后面用肯定簡(jiǎn)短疑問句; Jane didnt go to the cinema last night, did she?* 隱形否定詞 hardly, few, little, never, no He can hardly speak Japanese, can he? There are few people living there, are there? She is never late for school, is she? 8. 賓語(yǔ)從句 1)連接詞 A.主句動(dòng)詞無疑問,that + 完整陳述句,that可以省略。 I think (that) he is a clever student. B.主句動(dòng)詞有疑問,if/whether + 完整陳述句。 I wonder if/whether she will come tomorrow. C.主句動(dòng)詞有疑問,wh-疑問詞/how及how 疑問用語(yǔ)不完整陳述句。 Can you tell me what time the plane will take off? 2)賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序: 連接詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)部分(陳述語(yǔ)序) She told me where she lived. * 連接詞(又是主語(yǔ))+ 謂語(yǔ)部分 Our headteacher wanted to know who broke the window of our classroom last night. 3)賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)與主句動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)要統(tǒng)一。如果主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)),賓語(yǔ)從句可根據(jù)需要用適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài);如果主句是一般過去時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)該用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)(即:一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)); *當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表明的是一個(gè)客觀真理或客觀事實(shí)時(shí),無論主句是什么時(shí)態(tài),賓語(yǔ)從句都只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如: The teacher told us that the earth travels round the sun.9. 狀語(yǔ)從句(由從屬連詞引導(dǎo))

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