動詞時態(tài)和分類.doc

第八戰(zhàn)役 動詞的分類 時態(tài)和語態(tài)73北京中考2012攻堅戰(zhàn)之第八戰(zhàn)役動詞的分類，時態(tài)和語態(tài)一、 裝備：基礎知識I. 直擊中考動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)這一講，在中考試卷中占的比例非常大，難度較大，體現(xiàn)在單選、完型、閱讀和作文各個題型中，通過本講的學習，我們主要掌握以下幾點： 了解動詞的分類 掌握并能正確運用動詞各種形式 區(qū)分和熟練運用八種時態(tài)的用法 掌握各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài) 掌握被動語態(tài)的用法 了解被動語態(tài)的特殊用法II. 知識精講1. 動詞的分類動詞主要用來表示動作，狀態(tài)和性質，而動作和狀態(tài)的發(fā)生有具體的時間和表現(xiàn)方式，這就是英語中動詞的時態(tài)由動詞的不同形式來表示。動詞包括_、_、_和_。答案或提示: 實意動詞（行為動詞）、系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞(1) 實義動詞：實義動詞是能夠獨立作謂語的動詞。實義動詞包括及物動詞和不及物動詞兩類。 及物動詞本身意義不完整，需要接賓語才能使其意思完整。賓語一般由名詞或代詞來充當，也可由動詞不定式或動名詞來充當。Examples :我非常喜歡這本書。_ .不要說話了。 _ .我想當一名醫(yī)生。 _ . 不及物動詞本身意義完整，其后無須跟賓語。如果接賓語時，需與介詞一起搭配。如：Examples :他正站著。 _ .那個男孩坐在椅子上。 _ .關注成長每一天74【注意】有一些動詞既可作及物動詞，又可作不及物動詞。區(qū)別它們，要看后面是否有賓語。Examples :他非常努力學習。 _ .他非常努力得學習英語。 _ .答案或提示：I like this book very much. Dont speak. I want to be a doctor.He is standing. The boy is sitting on the chair. He studies very much. He studies English very much.(2).系動詞：連接主語和表語，表示主語身份、性質、狀態(tài)的動詞。表狀態(tài)的系動詞：be, look, seem, appear, taste, sit, stand 等。Examples :他友好且正直。 She _ kind and honest.你今天看起來非常漂亮。 You _ very beautiful today.答案或提示：is; look(3).助動詞：本身無意義，不能單獨作謂語。它和主要動詞構成各種時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣，以及幫助主要動詞構成疑問句、否定句或強調句。常用的助動詞有：do / does、be (is am are)、have / has、will、would、shall、should等。Examples :我已經(jīng)去過北京兩次了。 I _ _ to Beijing twice.湯姆的媽媽被救了。Toms mother was saved.今天下午將有一個會議。There _ _a meeting this afternoon.答案或提示: have been； will be(4) 情態(tài)動詞：有一定詞義，主要用來表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度和看法。它要和另一個動詞構成謂語，情態(tài)動詞無人稱和數(shù)的變化。初中出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動詞有：can / could、may / might、must、shall / should、will / would、need.Examples :我能幫助你。 _ .你必須在五點前完成你的作業(yè)。 You _finish your homework before 5 oclock.答案或提示：I can help you; must(5) 動詞的各種形式英語中動詞的時態(tài)由動詞的不同形式來表示。英語中動詞的五種基本形式為：動詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)，現(xiàn)在分詞，過去時和過去分詞。如：workworksworkingworkedworked.動詞的五種基本形式變化表：形式構成例詞動詞原形不帶to的動詞不定式，也就是詞典中一般給出的形式be, 有_ ,做_,學_第三人稱單數(shù)形式在動詞原形后加-sruns, 喜歡_第八戰(zhàn)役 動詞的分類 時態(tài)和語態(tài)75答案或提示：have; do; study; likes; teaches; washer; goes; tries; studies; flies; stays; plays; reading; teaching; living; writing; sitting; beginning; dying; lying; working; carrying; studying; living; stopping; planning.2. 八種時態(tài)的講解與運用(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時用法，構成，句式，特征詞構成：主語 + be，主語 + 行為動詞原形（主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，動詞用三單形式）用法： 表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。我經(jīng)常乘車去學校。 I _ _ _ school by bike. 表示客觀事實和普遍真理。地球繞著太陽轉。The earth _ _ the sun. 表示愛好等心理活動。他喜歡游泳。He _ swimming. 在時間、條件等狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。以ch, sh, s, o, x結尾的動詞，在詞尾加-esteach _wash_, go _以輔音字母加y結尾的動詞，先將y變i再加-estry_, study_fly_以元音字母加y結尾的動詞在詞尾加-sstay _play_現(xiàn)在分詞在動詞原形后加-ingread_teach , _以不發(fā)音字母e結尾的動詞，去掉e再加-inglive_, write_以重讀閉音節(jié)結尾且末尾只有一個輔音字母的動詞，雙寫該輔音字母再加-ingsit_begin _少數(shù)幾個以ie結尾的動詞要變ie為y,再加-ingdie_, lie_過去時與過去分詞（規(guī)則變化）在動詞原形后加-edwork _,以輔音字母加y結尾的動詞，先將y變i,再加edcarry_, study_以e結尾的動詞，直接加-dlive_,以重讀閉音節(jié)結尾且末尾只有一個輔音字母的，雙寫該輔音字母再加-edstop_,plan_關注成長每一天76當我長大以后，我將去美國。When I _ _, I will go to America.特征詞：often, always, usually, sometimes, once a week, every day等表示頻度的詞。Examples :他經(jīng)常幫助他的媽媽做一些家務。He _ _ his mother _ some housework.太陽從東方升起。 The sun _ in the east.如果明天下雨，我們將不去公園。If it _ tomorrow, we won t go to the park.答案或提示：go to school; goes around; likes; grow up; often; helps with/with; rises; rains(2) 一般過去時構成：主語動詞的過去時。用法： 表示過去某時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。今天早上我六點起床。I _ _ at six this morning. 用于since引導的從句。主句的謂語動詞如果用現(xiàn)在完成時，since引導的從句要用一般過去時。自從1990年這家工廠來辦以來，他就在這里工作。He has worked in the factory _ .特征詞：last night, yesterday, last week, some years ago, in 1195, in the past, the other day（那天）, at that time, just now等時間狀語連用Examples :我們上周參觀了那個工廠。We _ the factory_ _.自從我上一次見到你以來，你沒有大的變化。You havent changed much_答案或提示：got up; since the factory opened in 1990; since I met last time.(3) 一般將來時構成：主語+will/be going to+動詞原形用法： 表示計劃、打算做某事，常指已經(jīng)決定的、很可能發(fā)生的事或有某種跡象表明要發(fā)生的事。他們下周將去上海。They _ _ _ShangHai next week. be doing 有時表示即將發(fā)生或安排好要做的事情。常用這種結構的動詞有：go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin等。下周日你打算干什么？ What _you _ _do next Sunday?特征詞：tomorrow, next week, in a few days, next Sunday等表示將來的時間狀語連用。Examples :你將在兩天后回來嗎？_ you be back in two days?明天我的小妹妹就要上學了。My little sister _ _ _ school tomorrow.看那些烏云，暴風雨就要來臨了。（客觀跡象）Look at the clouds. There _ _ _ _ a storm.第八戰(zhàn)役 動詞的分類 時態(tài)和語態(tài)77我們就要動身去倫敦了。We _ _ _ London.他明天要去那里。She _ _there tomorrow.答案或提示：are going to; are going to; Will; will go to; is going to be; will go to; will go提示：此處表達形式較多，可根據(jù)學生具體水平做適當?shù)难a充，如：be doing 表示將來等特殊用法。詞用法下文有講述。(4) 現(xiàn)在進行時構成: 主語+be（am/ is/ are）+動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。用法： 表示此時此刻正在進行的動作。你在干什么？ _ ? 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。他們這個學期學習一直很努力。They_ _ _ this term. go, leave, arrive, start等動詞用現(xiàn)在進行時表將來。他要去上海。He _ _ _Shanghai.特征詞：now, listen, look等Examples :我正在讀英語。 I _ _ a book.這些天我們一直在農(nóng)場摘蘋果。We _ _ _ on a farm these days.車不久就回來了。_ .答案或提示：What are you doing; are working hard; is leaving for; am reading; are always working(5) 過去進行時構成：主語+be（_ / _）+動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。用法：表示過去的某個時刻或某段時間內正在進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。I _ _ TV when he _ in. 當他進來的時候我正在看電視特征詞：this time yesterday, at that time, then, at 9:00 last night等表示過去的時間狀語連用Examples :-昨天的這個時候你在做什么？ What were you doing _ _ _ .？-我在看電視。 _ .答案或提示：was/ were；was watching, came; this time yesterday； I was watching TV(6) 現(xiàn)在完成時構成：主語+have/ has+動詞的過去分詞。用法： 表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果。我已經(jīng)看過這部電視劇了。 I _ _ watched the TV play. 表示動作或狀態(tài)在過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也許還要持續(xù)下去，常與for或since短語連用，表示持續(xù)的動作或狀態(tài)為延續(xù)性動詞。關注成長每一天78從2000年開始我們一直住在這里。（說明一直住在這里，也許還要住下去）We have lived here _2000.特征詞：already, yet, ever, never, just，yetExamples :你找到丟失的筆了嗎？ _ you _ your lost pen yet?不，我還沒有找到。 No. I _found it _.我學英語三年了。I have learned English _ three years.【注意】for 后接時間段，since后接表示過去的時間點或時間狀語從句。對時間狀語提問時，用how long。Uncle Wang has worked here since five years ago.= Uncle Wang has worked here for five years.王叔叔已經(jīng)在這工作了五年了。Ive known LiLei for five years.我認識李磊已經(jīng)五年了。非延續(xù)性動詞延續(xù)性動詞非延續(xù)性動詞延續(xù)性動詞buy_borrow_openbe openclosebe closedbegin/start_comebe heregobe awayfinishbe overdiedbe deadcatch a coldhave a coldput onwearget upbe upwake up_fall asleepbe asleeplosenot have_be（in）leave_arrive/reach_答案或提示：have already; since; Have found; havent yet; have; keep; be on; be up; get to; be away; be in(at)（7）過去完成時（了解）構成：主語+had+動詞的過去分詞。用法： 表示在過去某一時間或某一動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作或狀態(tài)。概括的說即為過去的過去。過去完成時在句中使用時一般必須有或者暗示一個發(fā)生在過去的動作與其相比較，使過去完成時中的動作發(fā)生在該動作之前。She had left by the time I arrived.我到達以前，她已經(jīng)離開了。He had lived in Shanghai for ten years before he came here.在他來這之前，他已經(jīng)在上海住了十年了。 表示某一動作在過去的某一時間已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到過去的另一時間。The film had been on for ten minutes when we got there.當我們到達那時，電影已經(jīng)開播了十分鐘了。特征詞：by last week, by the end of last year等，也可用when, before等引導的從句或者通過上下文表示。第八戰(zhàn)役 動詞的分類 時態(tài)和語態(tài)79（8）過去將來時(了解)構成： would/ should+動詞原形（should用于第一人稱）was/ were going to+動詞原形用法：過去將來時表示從過去的某一時間看將來要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時常用在賓語從句中。I didnt know if she would come.我不知道她是否會來。Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle the next Saturday.王蕾說她打算下周六去探望她叔叔3. 各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，表示主語和謂語動詞之間的關系，分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)兩種。主動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動詞的所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者，是人們常用的語態(tài)；被動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動詞所表示的動作的_。(1) 被動語態(tài)的構成：助動詞be +及物動詞的過去分詞他被聽到在房間里唱歌。He was _ _ sing in his room.全世界的人們都喜歡足球。Football _ _ by people all over the world.各種時態(tài)的主動、被動語態(tài)結構表（以動詞do為例）答案或提示：承受者；heard to；is played基礎：時態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)例句主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時do/doesam/is/are + doneWe clean the classroomThe classroom is cleaned by us一般過去時didwas/were + doneHe made the kite.The kite was made by him.一般將來時will/shall/be going to + dowill/shall/be going to + be doneThey will plant trees tomorrow.Trees will be planted by them tomorrow.含有情態(tài)動詞can/may/must + docan/may/must + be doneI can find him.He can be found by me.拓展：時態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)例句主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)現(xiàn)在進行時am/is/are + doingam/is/are + being doneShe is watching flowers.Flowers are being watched by her.現(xiàn)在完成時have/has + donehave/has + been doneJim has finished the work.The work has been finished by Jim.過去進行時was/were + doingwas/were + beingShe was writing a letterA letter was being關注成長每一天80done this time yesterday. written by her this timeyesterday.過去完成時 had + done had been doneJim had finished thework.The work had beenfinished by Jim.過去將來時would/should/begoing to + dowould/should/begoing to + be doneHe said he would makea kite.He said a kite would bemade by him.（2）被動語態(tài)的用法被動語態(tài)中主語是動作的承受者，主要用于下列幾種情況： 不知道動作的執(zhí)行者是誰。Example :Such books are written for children. 翻譯：_。 沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者是誰。Example :More trees must _ _ every year. 每年都必須種植更多的樹木。 需要強調或突出動作的承受者。Example :Chinese _ _ by more and more people in the world.世界上越來越多的人說漢語。答案或提示：這些書是為孩子們寫的；be planted；is spoked（3）被動語態(tài)的特殊用法 主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)a. 要將主動句里的賓語成分變成被動句中的_成分，若主動句中的賓語是人稱代詞，要將賓格變?yōu)開格。b. 把主動句中的主語變?yōu)楸粍泳渲械馁e語，主格變?yōu)橘e格，并由_引導。c. 謂語動詞變成相應的被動形式。主動語態(tài)：動作執(zhí)行者 + 謂語動詞主動形式 + 動作承受者被動語態(tài)：動作_ + 謂語動詞_形式 + 動作_Examples :Students plant trees. Trees are planted by students.We asked him to sing an English song. _.答案或提示：主語，主，by，承受者，被動，執(zhí)行者, he was asked to sing an English song by us . 帶雙賓語的謂語動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)帶雙賓語的謂語動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，既可以將間接賓語轉換成主語，也可以將直接賓語轉換成主語。若將間接賓語轉換成主語，則保留直接賓語；若將直接賓語轉換成主語，則保留間接賓語，且在被保留的間接賓語前加上介詞to 或for。Examples :She gave me a book. I was given a book.（間接賓語me 改為主語）She gave me a book. _.（直接賓語a book 改為主語）答案或提示：A book was given to me .第八戰(zhàn)役 動詞的分類 時態(tài)和語態(tài)81短語動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)許多由不及物動詞構成的短語動詞，相當于及物動詞，可以有賓語，也可以有被動語態(tài)。Examples :We should speak to old man politely. Old man should _ _ _ politely.（to 不可省略）老人應該被照顧好。 _ .【注意】短語動詞是一個不可分割的整體，在變被動語態(tài)時，不能丟掉構成短語動詞的介詞,副詞。答案或提示：be spoken to The old man should be taken good care of .帶復合賓語的動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)賓語加上賓語補足語一起構成復合賓語。變被動語態(tài)時，只把賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z，賓語補足語仍保留在原處，成為主語補足語。Example :I heard Jane playing the piano in her room. _ _ _ playing the piano in her room.答案或提示：Jane was heard被動語態(tài)后動詞形式的選擇主動句中在感官動詞see, hear, watch, feel, notice 等，以及使役動詞let, make, have 等后跟省略to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，應加上不定式符號to。Examples :He makes the girl stay at home. The girl is made to stay at home.I heard him sing songs in the room. He _ _ _ sing songs in the room.答案或提示：He was heard to【注意】主動形式表被動意義 (了解)a.打開_ ,鎖_寫_,讀_,賣_,打掃_,清洗_,切_,開車_等詞作不及物動詞時，它們的主語為物，可用主動形式表被動意義。Examples :這個橘子很容易剝皮。This orange _ easily.這種樣式的襯衫在這很好賣。This kind of shirt _ well here.這種布耐洗。This kind of cloth _ well.這輛車很好開。The car drives well.答案或提示：open, lock, write, read, sell, clean, wash, cut, drive; peels, sells, washesb. 看_,聽_,嘗_,聞_,感覺_等系動詞用主動形式表被動意義。Examples :我們穿著制服很難看。 Uniforms _ ugly on us.月餅嘗起來很好。 Moon cakes _delicious.這首歌聽上去極棒。 The song _wonderful.答案或提示：look, sound, taste, smell, soundsc. 在be worth doing 中，doing 表被動意義。Example :關注成長每一天82這本書值得一讀。 _ .這場足球賽很值得觀看。The football match is well worth _.答案或提示：The book is worth reading. watchingd. want, need, require 等動詞表示需要，后面?？筛鷙.+ ing 形式表被動，相當于to be done。如：My bike needs repairing. My bike needs to be repaired. 我的自行車需要修理。Your hair wants cutting. Your hair wants to be cut. 你的頭發(fā)該理了。The room needs cleaning. The room needs to be cleaned. 這個房間需要打掃。e. 當break out, take place, shut off, turn off, work out 等表示發(fā)生、關閉、制定等意思時用主動形式。如：The plan worked out successfully. 計劃很切實可行。An earthquake took place in Tangshan in 1976. 1976 年唐山發(fā)生地震。二、攻略：例題精講例題：1. What a nice bike! How long _ you _it?Just two weeks.A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had【解析】D 延續(xù)性動詞和非延續(xù)性動詞的使用錯誤2._ my dictionary? I cant find it anywhere.I _ it on the shelf when I came in.A. Did you see, have been B. Have you seen, sawC. Did you see, saw D. Have you seen, have seen【解析】B 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時混淆3.I dont know if it _ tomorrow. If it _, I will stay at home.A. will rain, raining B. rains, will rainC. will rain, rains D. will rain, will rain【解析】C if / when 等引導的賓語從句和條件 / 時間狀語從句混淆4. Do you know where the twins are?Yes. They_ Fuzhou.巧學妙記主動語態(tài)表被動意義割鎖打開拼讀寫，洗凈關上開車買；看著酷，聽著美，聞起來香，嘗起來鮮；燒過的食物感覺棒。第八戰(zhàn)役 動詞的分類 時態(tài)和語態(tài)83A. have gone to B. have been to C. have gone D. went to【解析】A本題考查have / has been to和 have / has gone to的區(qū)別。5.Did you go to Sams weekend party.No, I _.A. am not interested B. wasnt invitedC. havent invited D. didnt invite【解析】B 對語境理解，正確分析主語和動詞之間的關系。6. The boys were seen _ around the policeman, listening to him carefully.A. sit B. sat C. to sit D. sitting【解析】C 含感官動詞、使役動詞的主動語態(tài)的主動結構如何變被動結構。7. Many flowers _ Miss Gao on TeachersDay.A. given B. were given C. were given to D. have given【解析】C 含雙賓語主動結構如何變被動結構8. Your exercise-book should be _ after class.A. hand B. hand in C. handed D. handed in【解析】D 含有短語動詞的主動結構如何變被動結構9.The book is worth _.A. read B. reads C. reading D. to read【解析】C 固定搭配10. Oh, the milk _ strange, do you think its OK to drink?A. was tasted B. tasted C. is tasting D. tastes【解析】D 系動詞如何主動變被動11. All these computers need _.A. to require B. to be repaired C. be repaired D. to have repaired【解析】 B 表示“需要”的幾個詞的兩種用法三 闖關：反饋練習第一關1.Light _ much faster than sound.A. travel B. travels C. traveled D. traveling2.Im sorry to hear that Bill failed the exam again.Dont worry about him. Im sure that he will never give up until he _.A. succeed B. succeeds C. succeeded D. succeeding3.He turned off the lights and then _ the classroom.A. leaves B. will leave C. is leaving D. left4.When _ you _ your old friend? The day before yesterday.關注成長每一天84A. will, visit B. did, visit C. have visited D. do, visit5.He has studied at this school since he _ to this city.A. comes B. come C. came D. has come6.Mr. Smith _ a talk on country music next Monday.A. gives B. gave C. has given D. will give7.Jim, can you help me to wash the dishes?Sorry, dad. I_ to the shop.A. go B. went C. am going D. have been8.Never trouble me while I _ in my room.A. will sleep B. asleep C. am sleeping D. slept9.I called you this morning, but nobody answered.I _ the flowers in my garden at that time.A. watered B. was watering C. water D. has watered10.The world without thieves is a very moving film. I _ it twice already.A. will see B. see C. saw D. have seen答案：1-5. BBDBC 6-10. DCCBD第二關：1.The Smiths moved to China ten years ago and _ there since then.A. has lived B. was living C. live D. have lived2.Premier Zhou _ for many years, but he still lives in the hearts of Chinese people.A. died B. had died C. has been died D. has been dead3. Did you see Tom at the party?No. he _ by the time I got there.A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left4.He told us that he _ us the next week.A. will visit B. would visit C. can visit D. have visited5.The children _ to swim last month and they can swim very well now.A. are taught B. were taught C. have taught D. taught6.Look! What a nice garden! Yes. It _ every day.A. has been cleaned B. is cleaned C. is being cleaned D. was cleaned7.The new computers _ to the village school as presents last month.A. are given B. given C. were given D. gave8.Where did you go last night?I _to go to Li Lei birthday party.A. asked B. am asked C. have been asked D. was asked9.A lot of food _ to that country after the war was over.A. was sent B. are sent C. is sending D. sent第八戰(zhàn)役 動詞的分類 時態(tài)和語態(tài)8510.Teaches should _ carefully.A. be listened B. be listened to C. listen D. listen to答案： 1-5. DDCAB 6-10. DCDAB關底：1.The baby now _ by the nurse in this hospital.A. looks after B. is looking afterC. is being looked after D. has looked after2.He was seen _ football at that time.A. play B. plays C. to play D. playing3.Tom is often made _ for twelve hours a day by the boss.A. work B. working C. to work D. to be working4.The book written by Mr. Wang_ easily.A. read B. reads C. is read D. is reading5.The idea to eat in KFC_ wonderful.A. tastes B. sounds C. smells D. feels6.The film is really worth _ twice.A. to see B. seeing C. to be seen D. be have seen7.These flowers _. Lets get some water.A. need to be watered B. need wateredC. have been watered D. are watering8.The World War I _ in 1914 and _ in 1918.A. broke out, over B. was broken, was overC. broke out, end D. broke out, ended（二）用括號里動詞的正確形式填空9. Tom often _ (help) his parents do housework at home .10. The earth _(go ) a