英語被動語態(tài)用法.doc

此文檔收集于網(wǎng)絡，如有侵權，請 聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除語態(tài)篇常見與不常見的被動 提問在下面這個句子中，那些部分為被動語態(tài)？“I had not originally been scheduled to work this day but I was extremely pleased when I was asked to help out at the last minute, for it would be one of the most memorable days of the games. (Experiencing English Integrated Book Page120)” 答：要分析上面這個句子，并劃出相應的被動語態(tài)部分，首先要清楚地了解什么是被動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構。 在語法學中，語態(tài)是針對動詞而言的一種形式，描述句子中動詞和參與此動作的主語之間關系。語態(tài)分為主動Active Voice和被動Passive Voice兩種。當主語是動作的發(fā)起者（或之一）時，稱為主動語態(tài)；如果主語為動作的承受者時，稱為被動語態(tài)。例如：“貓吃老鼠?！边@句話是主動語態(tài)；而“老鼠被貓吃?！眲t是被動語態(tài)。一點意見，我覺得這些語法太簡單了 被動語態(tài)強調(diào)動作的對象或動作本身，句中主語是動作的受動者。 分析句子時找到主語和謂語動詞，如果主語并非主動行為，而是接受動作，是動作指向的對象，那么該句就是被動句。被動語態(tài)的基本構成為：be動詞+及物動詞過去分詞。其中be動詞隨著句子的不同時態(tài)發(fā)生相應變化，并要注意隨主語人稱、單復數(shù)變化而使用正確形式。1）一般現(xiàn)在時：amisareV-ed2）一般過去時：waswereV-ed3）一般將來時：willshall beV-ed 4）現(xiàn)在進行時：amisare beingV-ed5）過去進行時：was / were being + V-ed6）現(xiàn)在完成時：havehas beenV-ed7）過去完成時：had beenV-ed 8）將來完成時：shall / will have been + V-ed9）過去將來完成時：would / should have been + V-ed例如： 1）All kinds of commodities made in China are widely used in many American families. 這句中文翻譯漏了吧。2）The package was delivered yesterday.包裹是昨天快遞發(fā)出的。3）People will be paid for their contribution.人們的奉獻會收到回報的。4）The food is being prepared.吃的已經(jīng)在準備了。5）Were all experiments being carried out when your professor asked? 你們教授詢問的時候各項實驗在進行中了嗎？6）The arrangements of this trip have been made for you.這次旅行的籌備工作已經(jīng)為你們做好了。7）We had been given visas for three months.我們拿到簽證已經(jīng)三個月了。8）The government promises refugees will have been settled down well by then. 政府承諾難民們到那時都會被安頓得很好。9）The general considered that the bridge would have been mended before the troops could pass.將軍認為部隊通過前那橋應該已經(jīng)修好了。被動語態(tài)一般不常出現(xiàn)將來進行時和各種完成進行時，但是也存在將來進行和完成進行的狀況。以下給出一些例句，以供參考。將來進行時：will be being +V-ed例如：There are so many mistakes in the editorial that will be being edited this time tomorrow! 這篇社論明天這時候就該在刊印了，竟然還有這么多錯誤！過去將來進行時：would be being + V-ed例如：Holmes predicted that Sir Henry would be being chased by a weird hound if he went through the swamp. 福爾摩斯預言說亨利先生穿過沼澤地的時候會被一條怪異的獵犬猛追。（此句的時間狀語是具體的將來時間，所以最好用將來進行時。）現(xiàn)在完成進行時：have/ has been being + V-ed例如：Where has the cook been? The fish in the pot has been being cooked for half an hour. 廚師哪里去了？鍋里的魚已經(jīng)煮了半小時了。將來完成進行時：will have been being + V-ed例如：Dear Miss, twice a month, you curled hair will have been being hurt too much this time next year. 親愛的小姐，一個月兩次，明年這時候你的發(fā)質(zhì)就會被傷得厲害。過去完成進行時：had been being + V-ed例如：My watch had been being watched for two hundred times before you came here to pick me up. 你到這里接我前，手表已經(jīng)被我看了不下兩百次。（此處強調(diào)看手表這個過去的過去的動作一直在重復進行。） 熟悉了常見與不常見的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構后，讓我們回到提問中的句子。根據(jù)be動詞與及物動詞的構成，我們可以找到had been scheduled，was pleased，was asked三個部分符合被動語態(tài)結(jié)構。had been scheduled表示“被安排，被計劃”；was asked表示“被詢問”，因此這兩處都為被動語態(tài)。be + V-ed結(jié)構不一定都是被動語態(tài)。有些過去分詞在be動詞，或feel，look，seem等動詞后，轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞，作表語，表示狀態(tài)。因此was pleased雖然有be + V-ed結(jié)構，卻不是被動語態(tài)，表示“愉快的，感到滿足的”。 例如：Little Ke is interested in being an English interpreter. 小柯對成為一名英語翻譯很感興趣。 Professor Cheng felt surprised that his composition was well written.他文章寫得這么好，程教授感到很驚訝。 應注意：被動語態(tài)一般不用將來進行時和完成進行時；對于動詞來說不及物動詞沒有被動形式；be+V-ed結(jié)構不一定是被動語態(tài)?！癟o be continued,”被動語態(tài)的另外一些用法和說明將在下期內(nèi)容中“will be introduced”。被動語態(tài)的用法及說明提問“According to one legend about the origins of Chinese Valentines Day, it is said that the seven daughters of the Goddess of Heaven, on one of their visits to earth, caught the eye of a Cowherd, Niu Lang.( Experiencing English Integrated Book Page162)”上面這個句子中it is said是被動語態(tài)嗎？翻譯成中文應該怎么說？答：句中it is said是典型的一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。it作形式主語，取代句子后半部分that引導的從句；be said表示“被談論，被說”；that 句中內(nèi)容為：天庭的七仙女某次下凡時，看見了放牛的牛郎。根據(jù)中國情人節(jié)起源的傳奇，傳說中的內(nèi)容被大家談論、訴說，廣為傳播，因此，it is said可翻譯為“據(jù)說”。被動語態(tài)的形式，但是中文翻譯中不出現(xiàn)“被”字，這種情況還有很多。表示“據(jù)說”或“認為”的詞還有：believe，consider，declare，expect，feel，report，say，see，suppose，think，understand等。例如：It is reported that據(jù)報道；It is hoped that大家都希望；It is well known that周所周知；It is taken for granted that被視為理所當然的；It has been decided that大家決定；It must be remembered that務必記住的是什么時候使用被動語態(tài)，一般有下列這些情況。一、只知結(jié)果，不知動作由誰發(fā)出。例如：Do you know Mr. Liaos keyboard of computer was stolen last night? 你知不知道廖老師的電腦鍵盤昨晚被偷了？Mum was angry because her favourite Chinese vase was found broken.媽媽很生氣，因為她發(fā)現(xiàn)最喜歡的瓷花瓶被打破了。 二、動作的施行者是誰沒有必要告知，大家都能明白。例如：It is impossible that no one cares about who can be sent to study abroad.沒人在乎誰能被外送出國留學是不可能的。Every migrant worker should be paid completely on time.每個民工都必須按時拿到全額報酬。三、句子要強調(diào)的是動作的承受者，不強調(diào)動作的施行者。例如：Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時睡眠必須得到保證。26 passengers were broadcasted that they had been killed in that accident. 報道說已經(jīng)有二十六名乘客死于這場事故了。New detective novel is being written and edited by the experienced detective himself.新的偵探小說正由那名資深偵探本人撰寫。在具體使用過程中，被動語態(tài)的用法也比較靈活，動詞有的以主動形式表被動含義，有的被動形式在翻譯中卻不一定使用“被”動含義。詳細說明如下：一、情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)。結(jié)構為“情態(tài)動詞+be + 動詞過去分詞”。變?yōu)榉穸ň鋾r，應在情態(tài)動詞后面加not；變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧鋾r，應將情態(tài)動詞移到句首。例如：Plastic bags should be forbidden to abuse. 應該禁止濫用塑料袋。 How can you be allowed to marry such stingy guy by your parents！你父母怎能允許你嫁給如此吝嗇的家伙!This kind of mini-car cant be afforded by most of people. 這款小汽車肯定大多數(shù)人都買不起。Should the merchant marine be accompanied by warships across the Atlantic? 商船應當由戰(zhàn)艦護送過大西洋嗎？二、動詞短語的完整性。動詞如果是短語形式，其被動語態(tài)中應將之當成是一個整體，后面的介詞或副詞不能省略。例如：Memories of my childhood have been waked up immediately at the sight of these scenes.一見到如此場景，我童年的記憶立即被喚醒了。The 90-floor press building will have been set up before next summer.下個夏天之前，九十層的出版大樓就將建成。The orphan was adopted and taken care of by my grandparents.那個孤兒是我爺爺奶奶收養(yǎng)并照顧著的。三、主動形式表示被動意義。有些主動語態(tài)形式的動詞可以表示被動含義，這些表示被動含義的動詞，在句中被強調(diào)的不是動作本身，而是強調(diào)動作發(fā)生后產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。一些感官動詞可以表示被感受的結(jié)果：look看起來，sell賣得怎么樣，smell聞起來，feel覺得；例如：Mum looks quite happy when she receives such a big bunch of flowers as birthday present from her daughter.當收到女兒送來作為生日禮物的大束鮮花時，媽媽看起來相當高興。This type of handbag will sell best this summer.今夏這款手提包一定能銷得最好。Dont you think the Chinese stinky tofu smells really terrible? 你不覺得中國的臭豆腐聞起來實在是可怕嗎？另一些實義動詞強調(diào)動作發(fā)生而導致的狀態(tài)： wash洗起來，clean擦起來，cook烹調(diào)怎么樣，iron熨起來， cut切起來， read讀起來， wear穿起來， draw畫起來， write寫起來， drive開起來， let、rent出租， remain、keep保持， build建造；例如：The school library opens at7 in the morning and closes at 22 in the evening.學校圖書館早晨七點開門，晚上十點閉館。How dangerous it is that the door of this bus cant shut and it remains open! 多可怕！這輛公交車的門關不上了，一直開著！The military clothing products wear a little thicker but durable.軍用的服裝有點厚重不過很耐穿。能愿動詞則后面需要接動名詞來表示被動：need、require需要，want想要，worth、deserve值得。例如：The old couple lived lonely require caring from the society more spiritually. 孤獨地生活著的那對老人更需要來自社會的精神關愛。It sounds adventurous but is still worth having a try.這聽起來很刺激，不過值得一試。Good work deserves good pay and laziness deserves relatively punishment.好的工作應得好的報酬，而懶散則應受懲罰。主動如何變被動？提問 Experiencing English Extended Book 1 Unit 6談到Passive Voice時有一道練習題（Page 64），Every time I hear that song, it reminds me of her voice.請問怎樣把上面這個句子改寫成被動語態(tài)？答：主動句中主語發(fā)出動作，而賓語承受動作。當話語目的在于強調(diào)承受動作的賓語時，賓語可轉(zhuǎn)化為主語，主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳?。方法如以下步驟： 首先，原主動句中的賓語提前至句首，充當主語。 其次，謂語動詞使用被動結(jié)構：be +V-ed，根據(jù)人稱、時態(tài)、數(shù)量發(fā)生相應變化，采用適當動詞形式。 第三，by+原主語,后置作賓語，主格變?yōu)橘e格。原主語可根據(jù)需要刪減。 例如：The journalists interrupt me in my speech intermittently.記者時不時地打斷我的講話。 I have been interrupted (by the journalists) in my speech. It is hard to accept the truth that the doctor has cut one of his legs.讓人難以接受的是醫(yī)生已經(jīng)截去了他的一條腿。It is hard to accept the truth that one of his legs has been cut (by the doctor). 原句句義為：每次聽到那首歌，就讓我想起她的甜美嗓音。句中主語為it，指代that song；謂語動詞為remind of“使人想起”；直接賓語為me；間接賓語為her voice。按照主動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變被動語態(tài)的方法，動詞變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構be reminded of；主語與賓語交換位置。但是要注意的是，因為此處有兩個賓語，所以原句被動語態(tài)就有兩種情況。根據(jù)使用被動語態(tài)的其中一條注意點： 1) 帶雙賓語的謂語動詞變成被動語態(tài)：間接賓語用作主語時，直接賓語位置不變；直接賓語作主語時，間接賓語應根據(jù)需要加上to、for等介詞。 例如：The experienced journalist gave the fresh guys a lot of useful advice.那老記者給了新進人員許多有用的建議。 The fresh guys were given a lot of useful advice by the experienced journalist. A lot of useful advice was given to the fresh guys by the experienced journalist.因此原句可以改寫成: Her voice is reminded me (by it) every time I hear that song. I am reminded of her voice (by it) every time I hear that song. 主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)還有其他幾個注意點：2) 使役動詞、感官動詞接省略to 的動詞不定式作賓語補足語，在改為被動語態(tài)時，賓語補足語變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語，不定式要帶to。例如：The sharp increase in housing prices makes average person work throughout life.大幅上漲的房價足以使普通老百姓為房子賣命一生。Average person is made to work throughout life by the sharp increase in housing prices.The terrorist attack forced the president to cancel a series of official state visits.恐怖襲擊事件迫使總統(tǒng)取消了一系列國事訪問。The president was forced to cancel series of official state visits (by the terrorist attack).3) 有些動詞，雖有主動語態(tài)，但卻常以被動形式出現(xiàn)，這樣更加符合動詞的習慣用法。例如：The airport rescheduled the flight to New York to set off at 1:00pm.機場重新安排紐約航班下午一點起飛。習慣表達為被動語態(tài)：The flight to New York is rescheduled to set off at 1:00pm.The public suppose Huang Xiaoming to be the best-looking person in China. 習慣表達為被動語態(tài)：Hung Xiaoming is supposed to be the best-looking person in China.The newspaper reported that Taliban kidnappers shot dead another male South Korean hostage on Monday. 報道稱星期日又一名男性韓國人質(zhì)遭塔利班綁架者槍殺。習慣表達為被動語態(tài)：It is reported that Taliban kidnappers shot dead another male South Korean hostage on Monday.Another male South Korean hostage has been reported to be shot dead by Taliban kidnappers on Monday.上一期內(nèi)容中我們已經(jīng)談論過有一些動詞可以以主動的形式表達被動的含義，這些動詞后面沒有賓語，表達的動詞發(fā)生后的結(jié)果或狀態(tài)。含有那些動詞的主動句不能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楸粍泳洹Ａ硗庵鲃诱Z態(tài)不能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的情況還有：4) 不及物動詞（Intransitive Verb）或不及物動詞詞組如：happen, occur, appear, disappear, die, last, remain, lie, sit, take place, break out, come true等沒有被動語態(tài),因此不能由其主動形式變?yōu)楸粍有问?。例如：A weird thought occurs to me to tease you mad.我突然想到一個怪念頭來捉弄你。The sun disappeared below the horizon.太陽消失在地平線下。The beauty of Audrey Hepburn belongs to all who love her.奧黛麗赫本的美麗屬于愛著她的所有人。Recent years have witnessed that great changes take place in this developing country.近年來這個發(fā)展中國家發(fā)生了巨大變化。5) 有些及物動詞（Transitive Verb）如：have，hold，fit，resemble，jump，wish，mind，cross等不適合以被動形式出現(xiàn)，因此不能由其主動形式變?yōu)楸粍有问?。例如：The new stadium for Olympic Games holds 50,000 people.奧運新場館可容納五萬人。Your itinerary must fit in with my holiday arrangements.你的旅行計劃應該配合我的假期安排啊。When you go along the stair case, mind that you take the right side.走樓梯的時候注意靠右。It seems that I missed the proper opportunity for explanation. 看起來我錯過了解釋的最佳時機。6) 有些及物動詞雖以主動語態(tài)出現(xiàn)，但已經(jīng)具有被動含義，因此不能將其主動形式變?yōu)楸粍有问?。如上期?nèi)容中介紹的一些主動形式表示被動含義的感官動詞、能愿動詞，和一些表示動作發(fā)生導致狀態(tài)的實義動詞等。例如：Cant you feel something strange following behind us? 你不覺得有奇怪的東西跟在咱們身后嗎？Pay attention to keep the restroom well-ventilated.注意保持起居室通風良好。The little girl wants a puppy as her birthday present.小女孩想要只小狗當生日禮物。被動句的翻譯提問 Experiencing English Extended Book 1 Unit 6的翻譯練習中有一個句子：“為確保駕駛員良好的視線，站著的乘客最多不能超過15位?！闭垎枮槭裁刺峁┑脑撛囶}答案使用的是被動語態(tài)？被動句的翻譯有哪些情況？答：英語中被動語態(tài)的使用極為廣泛，尤其在科技英語中被動句幾乎隨處可見。為了強調(diào)客觀上的事實，不帶主觀感情，被動句一般翻譯成主動句；另外，在不必、不愿說出或不知道主動者的情況下也常使用被動語態(tài)。一般如果主語、賓語的主動關系明顯，采用主賓顛倒的方式翻譯；多數(shù)情況下則被動語態(tài)都翻譯成主動結(jié)構。反之，當我們翻譯漢語主動句的時候，可以考慮使用英語的被動語態(tài)來處理。譯文內(nèi)容為公交車行駛的注意事項，是規(guī)則的客觀陳述，不強調(diào)主語對賓語的動作關系，因此中文一般不出現(xiàn)被字結(jié)構，語序也保持主謂順序。譯成英文時，no more than 15 passengers作為主語保持原有位置不變，謂語動作改用被動語態(tài)be allowed，試題譯文為：To ensure good vision of the driver, no more than 15passengers are allowed to stand in this vehicle. 這一翻譯符合漢語主動句譯為英語被動句在主謂順序上保持一致的情況。英語被動句在翻譯成中文時，要充分考慮漢語的表達習慣，多采用主動結(jié)構，使譯文自然流暢。被動句的翻譯方法有以下各種情況：首先，英語被動句直接翻譯成漢語被動句，句中表述“被”字含義。除了“被”外，漢語中存在豐富的被動表達方法，如“受到”、“遭”、“由”、“給”、“為所”、“予以”、“加以”等，可以根據(jù)漢語表達習慣恰當選擇。例如： Over the years, recent history once as fundamental knowledge has been ignored by the young generation. 多年來曾經(jīng)作為基礎知識的近代史被年輕一代忽視了。The living condition of alien plants is mostly affected by a number of environmental factors. 這些異國植物的生長情況很大程度上受一系列環(huán)境因素的影響。This kind of uniform cloth is made of cotton, silk and other materials twisted. 這種制服衣料由棉、絲線和另外一些物質(zhì)編織而成。其次，英語被動句翻譯成漢語主動結(jié)構，可以有多種情況：1）英語原文中的主語在譯文中仍作主語。漢語主動句保持原主謂順序不變，譯文中不出現(xiàn)“被”字含義，但常以“加以”, “經(jīng)過”, “用來”等詞來代替；或譯為正常陳述句。 例如：Unfortunately, the target as a potential danger was never attached importance to. 遺憾的是這個目標的潛在危險沒有加以重視。 Evidently, the statements from several witnesses are summed up in one word: guilty.很明顯，幾位目擊證人的陳述用一個詞概括就是有罪。 All joints should be thoroughly cleaned and well coated with lubricant所有接合處都要經(jīng)過徹底清洗，并涂好潤滑油。 Several people were badly injured in the accident.有幾個人在事故中傷得很重。2）英語原文中的主語在譯文中作賓語。漢語主動句按賓語+主語順序翻譯。 例如：An anonymous female corpse was found in a basement full of junk by the police. 警察在裝滿廢棄物的地下室發(fā)現(xiàn)了一具無名女尸。 The technological problem finally was solved by the German engineers. 最后德國工程師解決了那項技術問題。3） 英語原文中的主語在譯文中作賓語，原句中by，in，for引導作狀語的介詞短語可以在漢語譯句中作主語。 例如： He was given the chance to be a volunteer of the Olympic Games by good fortune. 好運使