英美文學選讀.doc

English literature前言: 配合該筆記，看看選讀的文章，有個大概的印象就行了。學會對文章進行分析是考查的最終目標。本人判斷力不錯，但記憶力不好,考前看了兩遍，考了68分。如果能記下要點，應該會考得更好。這次考試的40小題選擇題我做對了32題。最后,希望我整理的筆記能提高大家的學習效率,I Old English Literature -(4501066)two groups : religious -on biblical themes - Secular - heroic age - - a protector of people ,fight against the nature.II Medieval period -(1066-14th Century)Fame :1066 Norman conquest - three changesfeudalism system established ( politically ) - Catholic Church ( Religiously ) - French, Latin, English (co-existed language )In comparison with old English literature: (1) wider range of subjects (2) themes concerned with the personal salvation (3) romance love (4) the language is simple and straightforward The epic reflects a heroic age ,the romance reflects a chivalric one 騎士Chaucer : 1 titles: the English Homer , the father of English poetry (from), 2 verse : first use heroic couplet , realistic picture of his time , vivid characters from all works of his life , the characters are both typical and individual, his ideas is to pursue earthly happiness, opposed asceticism 禁欲主義, advocate humanism, replace alliterative verse with rhymed stanzas (古英語的押頭韻變成 中世紀的押尾韻) first use rhymed heroic couplet octosyllabic 八音節(jié)詩3.novel: the first modern novel.III Renaissance (14th17th)Fame : move from feudalist ideas to the interest of rising bourgeoisie. recover from corruption of the Roman Catholic Church to the purity of the earthly church .England : the reign of Henry VIII -Englands Golden Age in literature - Bibles in English instead of Latin readable for common people - literary giants : Shakespeare ,Spenser ,Jonson Sidney, Marlowe ,Bacon ,and DonneThe time of Tudos - change monasteries修道院 into schools and universities - the English Renaissance flourishing -first introduced printing into England and translated books in English(by William Caxton)Traits of humanistic poetry : meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should be combined to frame the emotional theme. Poetry was to be a concentrated exercise of the mind , if craftsmanship and of learning. The most famous dramatists : Shakesperar , Ben Jonson, and Marlowe Writers : Wyatt (introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England)Surrey (brought in blank verse)Sidney (brought in sestina and terza rima)Marlowe(brought mighty lines to the blank verse )Spenser( pastoral convention )John Donne, George Herbert ( metaphysical poets)Francis Bacon (the first important English essayist, the founder of modern science in England)I Edmund SpensorFame: Spenserian Stanza，the poets poet(他的詩節(jié)被稱為“斯賓塞詩節(jié)”，他被稱為“詩人中之詩人”) 選讀 (Poem)contains 12 books, speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman, each of which tells a knight. Arthurthe heros of heros-plays a role in each of the 12 major adventures, serve as a unifying element. The theme is Fierce Wares and faithful loves.The knight here symbolized the Church (Anglican) , is the protector of Una (the Virgin) .Una stands for the true religion. Qualities of Spensors poetry: 1. a perfect melody (music sense) 2.a rare sense of beauty 3. a splendid imagination 4.a lofty moral purity and seriousness. 5.a dedicated idealismII. Christopher MarloweFame: be regarded as University Wits. Perfected the blank verse, brought strong emotion into the blank verse. He created the Renaissance hero for English drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition. (but his verse is not strong in dramatic construction and women s characters are rather pale)Plays: (the name of an ambitious ancient emperor. He rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king through his own effort. By depicting such a great king, Marlow voiced the desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority. ) 選讀 (Faustus is longing for knowledge and finally sells his souls to the evil. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge ,power and happiness) Poetry: (It deprives from the pastoral tradition , in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pure affection for his love.)III. William Shakespeare (15641616)Background: from merchants family .父親是個當地鎮(zhèn)里的多面手，有點名氣。他的戲劇分早期、中期，中晚期和晚期。（I，II，III，IV）.他的作品很多，影響很大。T: I Five history plays and four comedies. 歷史劇 Henry VI, Parts I,II ( It reveals a troubled reign in the 15th century, Shakespeares mounted over the loss of English territories in France. He condemns the War of the Roses , in which innocent people were killed) II Five history plays ,six comedies and two tragedies喜?。海╝n optimistic attitude toward love and youth, praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine., and Shylock as an evil figure ） )悲?。?(eulogizes the faithfulness of love and spirit of pursuing happiness ,though a tragedy, is permeated with optimistic spirit) , III His greatest four tragedies (each of the characterss fates is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. Each of them has his weakness of nature. ) 選讀（the first of the greatest tragedies, most popular play on the stage. It has the qualities of a blood and thunderthriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death. Hamlet is a melancholic 優(yōu)柔寡斷prince,who is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of revenger. Shakespeares condemns the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption at the royal court） (the old King Lear suffers form treachery背叛and infidelity不忠)(Othellos inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force)(Macbeth s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to endless crimes.) two dark comedies ()IV Romantic tragicomedies: (the best of his final romances,it is a typical example of Shakespeare s pessimistic view toward human life and society in his late years. He wishes to solve the conflict by dreams and supernatural power)., , Two final plays: Henry VIII , The Two Noble Kinsmen.Poems long narrative poems : , . Sequence of 154 sonnets: 選讀 (Shakes has a faith in the permanence of poetry. A nice summers day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry in poetry can last for ever.藝術的美常存)藝術特征人物塑造1 He employs soliloquies獨白 in his plays to fully reveal the inner conflict of his characters.2. He portrays his characters in pairs(可能指情侶) .3. His characters are individuals representing certain types.情節(jié)結構1 He adopted plots from some old plays or storybooks2 In order to make the play more lively , he would shorten the time and intensify the story.3 There are usually several threads running through the play (,thus providing the story with suspense and apprehension)語言風格1. irony 2. Disguise 3. vocabulary ( He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom, his coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.)Conscience (顧慮) does makes cowards of us all. (心有顧慮使人畏手畏腳，優(yōu)柔寡斷-Hamlet)IV. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Fame: A prose, lays the foundation for modern science.His works can be divided into three groups1. is a great tract短論on education. HE separates theology from scientific observations and experiments. Mans understanding consisted of three parts:history to mans memory; poetry to mans imagination and creation ; philosophy to mans reason. 2. 論說文 is a successful treatise (written in Latin) on methodology ,the use of inductive 歸納法in scientific research in place of the deductive reasoning 演繹法3 選讀-more than half of the fifty-eight essays are about public life or public duty /Bacon s essays are famous for their brevity簡潔, compactness緊湊 and powerfulness /The sentences are charged 充滿感情的 and crowded with symmetries. “The general counsels, the plots and marshaling of affairs ,come best from those that are learned” - 通盤考慮及事務的安排，做得最好的是那些博學的人。V John Donne (15721631) Life: “Metaphysical school”, Herbert ,Vaughan ,Crashaw, Marvell and Cowley are also considered to be metaphysical poets. 商人之家，想當牧師，牛津劍橋大學肆業(yè)生，十年地下婚姻使他窮困潦倒，但是他對妻子很忠誠。天主教改信英國國教，當牧師盡職盡力，洞察力深邃。早期寫愛情詩，晚期寫宗教詩。他認為愛的本質是身體和靈魂的結合。Works: 選讀Love poems (1. Donne applies conceits ,he combines easy conceits with the difficult ones 2. Donnets interest lies in dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love. 3. His language is brief ,simple . The argument is continuous throughout the poem. )Religious poems: Sermons (散文形式的傳道書)選讀 is from 表達詩人無畏死亡的氣概。VI John MiltonLife:商人后代，劍橋大學，有過旅歐經歷，喜歡史詩，后來眼睛瞎了。 the greatest prose writer of his age.Fame: is the greatest epic in English literature since Works: 早期詩歌： elegies , for his best friend Edward King,who died of drown.The poem begins with grief and a feeling of immaturity. The emotion moves from sadness to acceptance in the end.中期散文： plea for freedom of press -smooth and carms 晚期史詩：選讀 a long epic divided into 12 books. The story is taken from the Bible. Satan and other angels rebel against God. Satan succeeds in seduce Eve to eat the apple form the tree of knowledge. As a result , Adam and Eve are exiled by God from the paradise. In the fall of man, Adam discovered his full humanity. shows how mankind withstands the temper誘惑,Christs temptation in the wilderness is the theme. The picture of Israels mighty champion英雄, blind ,alone, afflicted by cruel enemies but preserving a noble ideal to the end. is a fitting close to the life work of the poet himself, The whole poem strongly suggests Miltons himself could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. The drama is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.Chapter Two The Neoclassical PeriodTime: It starts from the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 to the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798.Traits: Age of Reason, or Age of Enlightenment. Thoughts: 1. They believe in hard work, self-reliance, and self-restraint. To work, to economize 節(jié)儉and to accumulate wealth constituted the whole meaning of their life. 2. They called for order ,reason ,and rules, which can save people from superstition, injustice and oppression. They believe that if the masses were well educated, they may be capable of perfection, the equal human society may come into being.Literature ideas: 1. The literature is heavily didactic 教導 and moralizing說教的.2.They believe that the artistic ideals should be order, logic ,restrained emotion and accuracy. And that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. 3.Prose should be precise, direct ,smooth and flexible. by Jonathan Swift is regarded as the best model of satire in the whole English literary history. 4. Poetry should be lyrical , epical ,didactic, satiric or dramatic. 5.Drama should be written in Heroic Couplets .The three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed. Regularity in construction should be adhered to .and type characters rather than individuals ,should be represented. Schools of literature: 1.the modern English realistic novel gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. Among the pioneer were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Herry Fielding. Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith. 2.Gothic novels takes places in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles. .Such stories often contains mystery and horror. 3. Graveyard School : lamenting lyrics. 4 Neoclassicism: In the field of literature , the Englightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. I. John BunyanLife: 出身貧窮錫匠家庭，沒有接受正規(guī)教育，繼承父業(yè)。結婚后，篤信基督教，因沒有得到英國國教的批準擅自到處傳教，而被監(jiān)禁12年，而后，又因同樣原因，被監(jiān)禁3年，其間寫出他的代表作朝圣之旅 ，班揚對虛偽的墮落的富人充滿憤怒。他相信通過靈與肉的搏斗，人能得到得救。Works : Excepts: Ideas: The pilgrims progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language . Its purpose is to urge people to abide Christian doctrines seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weekness. And all kinds of social evils .The predominant metaphor -life as a journey -is simple and familiar. His language is concrete and lively. He observed carefully and presents the details vividly . It s east to read II. Alexander Pope.Life: Well-to-do merchant family of Roman Catholic faith .Ill health ,like making friends , like to satire all sorts of false learning of his times.Fame: Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England, he was the greatest poet of his time.Works: 選讀A poet It is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets , It consists of 744 lines and is divided into three parts .The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence and therefore make easy reading. A mock epic諷刺史詩 tells a lord cut a lock of hair from the head of a young lady, thus breaking up the friendship between the two family. His best satiric poem is . He developed a satiric concise, smooth-graceful, and well-balanced style. (Translated by pope. )III. Daniel DefoeLife: butchers family. Interested in business (也是一位熱衷冒險的人).his “The True born Englishman” won him friendship from the king. He found The Review. When he was sixty ,he begun to write novels. his first novel “Robinson Crusoe” was a great success. Fame： Four novels about lower-class people are the first literary works devotes to the study of problems of the lower-class people. “Robinson Crusoe” considered to be his masterpiece.Works:Novels about middle-class people-選讀. 主角介紹 Robinson is a typical 18 century English lower-class people man, with a great capacity for work., persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile environment. 文章目的 In describing Robinsons life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor and the Puritan fortitude, which save Robinson form despair and and are a source of pride and happiness. 作品文采 Defoe is a very good story-teller. He organized minute details in a vivid way.His sentences are sometimes short , crips and plain ,sometimes long and rambling. His language is smooth ,easy ,colloquial (口語) and mostly vernacular(方言). Four Novels about lower-class people-andThe novel reflects the struggle of the poor unfortunate for mere existence. Their desire for great wealth comes into conflicts with the social environment , which prevents them from obtains their goals ,thus forces them into criminal actions or bold adventures.Others : (它是倫敦大瘟疫的別傳)IVJonathan Swiftlife：愛爾蘭都柏人，一位posthumous child（遺腹子）。叔叔資助他完成學業(yè)，在遠房一位親戚那里受職，了解許多官場的內幕，成為愛爾蘭人民反抗英國嚴酷統(tǒng)治的著名民主斗士。他曾是英國托利黨黨報The Examiner的主編，當任過都柏林圣Patrick大教堂的主教。Fame：他的兩部著作（A Tale of Tub和A Battle of Books分別反映宗教腐敗和學術界腐敗現(xiàn)象）established his name as a satirist. Gullivers Travels is Jonathan Swifts best work of satiric. 他是英國散文史上最杰出的大師。他的風格是把每個單詞都放在它 們最恰當的位置（ proper words in proper places）In his opinion. The nature of human is seriously and permanently flawed. To better the human life. Enlightenment is needed, but to redress(mend) it is very hard. In his writing ,he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institution.選讀：.內容：It contains four parts , which is an organic whole (小人國Lilliput，大人國Broddingnag，哲學宗教王國Flying Island 和智力像人的動物王國Houyhnhnm Land) 思想：It is Jonathan Swifts best work of satiric。It criticizes and satirizes all aspects in the English and European life.-(politically,socially , religiously,philosophycally, and sciencifically and morality ) .Its social significance is great. 語言：The language is simple.direct and precise. IV. Henry Fielding 生平：出生貴族家庭，寫劇本唯生， 辦報紙。他的寫作目的不只是為了娛人，更是為了育人。他的作品特色是戲劇化的對話和充滿懸念、巧合和出乎意料的結局。名聲：father of the English novel.The first to give the modern novel its structure and style. (他之前的小說家敘事方式是采用書信體或是傳奇體（picaresque），但是作者采用第三人稱敘述法，作者扮演全知的“上帝”，可以很好地表現(xiàn)人物的內心活動，他在極力保留古典的史詩形式時，又能忠實于現(xiàn)實生活，他主要關心普通人生活中戲劇性的一面)， prose Homer.作品：第一部小說“Joseph Andrews”擁有hearty的幽默，excellent的人物刻畫，timely的人物出場和退場，及robust的基調。開創(chuàng)”Comic epic in prose”第二部作品 The history of Jonathan Wild the Great 屬于Satiric biography. 主題是所謂的偉人有時看上去不過像個“偉大的”惡棍。是他的代表作。第三部作品（選讀）is a masterpiece on human nature, brings him the name of Prose Homer. The novels presents the country and city life of 18th century England with scores of