英語語法-句子成分分析及練習.doc

英語句子成分分析一個句子至少由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主語和謂語，它們是句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括賓語（包括雙賓語中的直接賓語和間接賓語），表語，定語（包括前置定語及后置定語），狀語，同位語（包括限制性同位語及非限制性同位語），補語。一.主語：是一句話的中心，一個句子中需要加以說明或描述的對象如：They were teachers.(他們曾是老師。) Time flies. （時光飛逝。）這兩句話中分別由代詞They ， 名詞Time 作主語。主語的位置： 一般位于句首，由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞或相當于名詞的詞、短語等充當。The school is far from here. 名詞做主語She goes to school by bike. 代詞做主語Eight is a lucky number. 數(shù)詞做主語The blind need more help. 名詞化的形容詞做主語Predicting the future is interesting. 動名詞做主語To be a doctor is my dream. 不定式短語做主語That he forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused lots of trouble.他忘了告訴我開會的時間給我?guī)砹撕芏嗦闊＃◤木洌㊣t is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）二.謂語：是對主語加以陳述，表示人或事物(主語)的動作和存在的狀態(tài)英語中由動詞be、動詞have和行為動詞來充當謂語動詞謂語動詞往往由一個或一個以上的助動詞或情態(tài)動詞加上主要動詞構(gòu)成。謂語必須由動詞或動詞短語充當，因此動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞為非謂語動詞，不能作謂語。且謂語動詞可以體現(xiàn)時態(tài)，單復數(shù)的語法現(xiàn)象。如：They were teachers.(他們曾是老師。) He enjoys singing songs.（他喜歡唱歌。）這兩句話分別由動詞were （are 的過去式），enjoys singing （enjoy doing動詞短語）作謂語。其中were 體現(xiàn)出句子的時態(tài)為過去時態(tài)，且主語的人稱為第一人稱，enjoys singing 體現(xiàn)出句子的時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時，且主語的人稱為第三人稱。三.賓語：表示動作的承受者。賓語放在及物動詞或者介詞之后。如： I play with him. (我和他玩。) I like Chinese food.（我喜歡中國菜。）這兩句話中分別由人稱代詞 him ， 名詞food 作賓語。直接賓語與間接賓語：有的動詞能夠接雙賓語，直接賓語指的是動詞所涉及的物,間接賓語是指受益于動詞所表示行為的人。如：He gave me a book.（他給了我一本書） 這句話中 a book 為直接賓語， me 為間接賓語。又如：My mother bought a schoolbag to me.(我媽媽買了一個書包給我。)這句話中schoolbag 為直接賓語， me 為間接賓語。及物動詞必須跟賓語.及物動詞:直接接賓語的謂語動詞.不及物動詞:不能直接帶賓語的謂語動詞. 賓語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、從句構(gòu)成.I saw a plane in the sky just now. 名詞做賓語I want three. 數(shù)詞做賓語I like going shopping. 動名詞做賓語We think predicting the future is hard. 賓語從句四賓語補足語（賓補）：對賓語的補充有些及物動詞除了要有一個賓語之外, 還須加上一個補足語。如果沒有補足語(賓補), 有時候句子的意思就不完整。這就是補語與定語狀語的關(guān)鍵區(qū)別。充當賓補的有:We elected him monitor.（名詞）We will make them happy.（形容詞） We found nobody in.( 副詞 )Please make yourself at home. （介詞短語） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（帶to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （現(xiàn)在分詞）Ill have my bike repaired. （過去分詞）五.表語：用來說明主語的身份、特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)。接在系動詞之后，其中接在系動詞be 后是最常見的情況。如They were teachers.(他們曾是老師。) He is kind. (他心地善良。)這兩句話分別由名詞teachers， 形容詞 kind 作表語。表語的位置: 用在動詞be和系動詞的后面。常見的系動詞1. be動詞: am is are2. 與感覺有關(guān)的動詞 look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等3. 表示狀態(tài)變化的動詞，意為“變得” “變成” 如 get, grow, turn等名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、副詞等都可以和連系動詞一起構(gòu)成復合謂語。Your pen is on the desk.My dream is to have a robot.He got very angry.My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是一個護士。（nurse名詞表身份）This table is long. 這個桌子是長的。（long形容詞表特征)Children fall asleep easily.（形容詞asleep表狀態(tài)）Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代詞）Five and five is ten. （數(shù)詞）The picture is on the wall.( 介詞短語)The question is whether they will come.(表語從句）六.定語：是用來說明或限制名詞的成分可分為前置定語和后置定語，常用形容詞或者相當于形容詞的短語或從句擔任。形容詞放在名詞之前，構(gòu)成前置定語；相當于形容詞的短語或從句放在名詞的后面，構(gòu)成后置定語。如： This is red sun. (這是個紅太陽) 這句話由形容詞red 作前置定語，修飾sun.又如：His work in the hospital is very hard.(他在這個醫(yī)院的工作很辛苦。)這句話由相當于形容詞的介詞短語in the hospital 作后置定語，修飾work。This is a red sun.這是個紅太陽。（形容詞red修飾限定sun）He is a tall boy.他是個高個子男孩。（形容詞tall修飾限定boy)Da Ming is a chemistry teacher.（名詞）He is our friend. （代詞）We belong to the third world.（數(shù)詞）The man over there is my old friend.(副詞)The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞)The trees planted last year are growing well now.(過去分詞） I have an idea to do it well.（不定式）You should do everything that I do.（定語從句）七狀語：是用來修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或整個句子的成分。常由副詞擔任。修飾動詞時可以放在動詞之前，也可以放在動詞之后；修飾形容詞或副詞時放在它們之前。區(qū)別狀語與定語的關(guān)鍵就是看其所修飾的部分，定語修飾名詞，且起說明、限制作用。狀語是修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或整個句子的成分。它可以表示時間、地點、方式、比較、程度、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件和讓步等。充當狀語的有副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞短語、形容詞、名詞詞組和從句等）常由副詞擔任。修飾動詞時可以放在動詞之前，也可以放在動詞之后；修飾形容詞或副詞時放在它們之前。如：The students study hard.(學生努力學習)這句話由副詞hard 作study的狀語。又如： Pandas only live in China. （熊貓僅生活在中國。）這句話由介詞短語 in China 作live的狀語。再如：In the afternoon, I went to swim. (下午，我去了游泳。)這句話由介詞短語in the afternoon 作整個句子的狀語。I will go there tomorrow.（時間狀語） The meeting will be held in the meeting room.（地點狀語）The meat went bad because of the hot weather.（原因狀語） He studies hard to learn English well.（原因狀語）He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.（結(jié)果狀語） If you study hard, you will pass the exam.（條件狀語）He goes to school by bike.（方式狀語）狀語的位置1. 在一般情況下,用于句末。We like our school very much.2.為了強調(diào)狀語,可以把它放在句首.I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.3. 表頻度的副詞通常用于句中, 如always, usually, often, hardly, never,用于行為動詞前,be動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞后I usually get up early. He is often late.一些副詞, 如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly, certainly等用法相似/ sometimes, now可以位于句首,句中或句末/ only 在句中的位置比較靈活, 但位置不同, 意義也不同.The actor only sang a song.Only the actor sang a song.The actor sang only one song.兩個或多個狀語同時修飾時的順序1. 地點狀語在前, 時間狀語在后. We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.2. 較小單位的狀語在前,由小到大 Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.3. 一個句子有幾個不同種類的副詞作狀語, 其順序大都是: 程度副詞,方式副詞, 地點副詞, 時間副詞She sang very well at the meeting last night.時間和地點狀語也可以位于句首, 表示強調(diào)或使上下文更為連貫Usually I read the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening.八同位語：一個名詞(或其它形式)對另一個名詞或代詞進行修飾，限定或說明.同位語與被它限定的詞常常緊挨在一起。限制性同位語與非限制性同位語：限制性同位語中同位語與被它限定的詞之間不用逗號隔開，非限制性同位語則用逗號隔開。如： My uncle Mike is kind.(我的叔叔馬克心地善良)這句話中，Mike 作my uncle 的限制性同位語。又如：He is interested in sports, especially ball games.（他對運動感興趣，特別是球類運動。）這句話中ball games 作sports 的非限制性同位語。綜上所述，通常情況下，句子的成分分布如下：（定語） 主語 （狀語） 謂語 （定語） 賓語 （狀語）如：(The tall) boy (often) go to the ( big) zoo.(The happy) child went (his) home （yesterday）.英語句子成分歌英語句子八呀八大塊， 主謂賓表真呀真實在；補語跟著賓語表語跑， 定語同位（語）專把名詞踹。（踹表示修飾的意思）狀語的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左隨心所欲擺。渾身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后亂竄它還會加塞。劃分句子成分練習題（1）1.They are working on the farm now.2.Seeing is believing3.All of us like Kobe Bryant very much4.She became a doctor in 19985.The book lying on the floor are mine6.Suddenly it begins to rain7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday8.I always find her happy9.He wonders If I still study English10.The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine11.We always work hard at English.12.He said he didnt come.13.They love each other.14.What did you bye?15.She watched her daughter playing the piano.16.your job today is to help the old.17.Speaking doesnt mean doing.18.Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left.19.The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage.20.It takes me an hour to get there.劃分句子成分練習題（2）(一) 挑出下列句中的賓語My brotherhasntdonehis homework.Peoplealloverthe worldspeakEnglish. You must paygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation. How many newwordsdidyoulearnlast class? Some of thestudentsin the school wantto go swimming,howaboutyou? Theold mansittingat the gatesaidhe was ill.Theymadehimmonitorof the class. Goacrossthebridgeand youwill findthe museumon the left. You will finditusefulafteryouleaveschool.Theydidnt knowwhoFatherChristmas really is.(二) 挑出下列句中的定語 TheyuseMr. Mrs. with thefamilyname.Whatisyourgivenname? On thethirdlapareClass 1 and Class 3. I amafraidsomepeopleforgotto sweepthe floor.The mandownstairswastryingto sleep.Iam waitingforthe soundof the other shoe!（三) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 Shelikesthe childrento read newspapers and booksin thereading-room. Heaskedherto take the boyout of school. Shefounditdifficultto do the work. TheycallmeLilysometimes.IsawMr. Wangget on the bus. Did you seeLi Mingplaying footballon the playgroundjust now?(四) 挑出下列句中的狀語Therewasa big smileon her face.Every nightheheardthe noiseupstairs. Hebeganto learnEnglishwhen he was eleven.The manon the motorbikewas travellingto fast.With the medicine box under her arm,MissLihurried off.Shelovesthe librarybecause she loves books.Iamafraidthatif youve lost it,you must pay for it.The studentsfollowedUncle Wangto see the other machine.(五) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?答案：練習一1They(主語） are working（系表結(jié)構(gòu)做謂語） on the farm（地點狀語） now（時間狀語）. 2.Seeing（動詞ing做主語）is（謂語） believing （賓語）3.All of us（主語） like （謂語）Kobe Bryant （賓語）very much （程度副詞狀語）4.She（主語） became（謂語） a doctor （賓語）in 1998 （時間狀語）5.The book（主語） lying on the floor（補語） are（謂語） mine