10020701課件_信息檢索_第1講.ppt

信息檢索與文獻(xiàn)閱讀 化學(xué)0701 0702 2009年9月3日 第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀 20學(xué)時(shí) 第二部分英文閱讀材料 12學(xué)時(shí) 第三部分信息檢索 16學(xué)時(shí) 第一章作為定量科學(xué)和物質(zhì)科學(xué)的化學(xué)第二章原子 分子和離子第三章氣態(tài)第四章熱化學(xué)第五章有機(jī)化合物和基團(tuán)的命名第六章無機(jī)化學(xué) 有機(jī)化學(xué) 物理化學(xué) 分析化學(xué)和生物化學(xué)化學(xué)術(shù)語 第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀 20學(xué)時(shí) 第二部分英文閱讀材料 12學(xué)時(shí) 第一章松香酸度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)試方法第二章 族半導(dǎo)體制備的新方法 InP納米晶的超聲化學(xué)合成第三章分子離子材料的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬第四章銷售合同第五章專利說明書第六章透射Laue法的X射線衍射 第三部分信息檢索 16學(xué)時(shí) 第一章信息檢索基礎(chǔ)第二章超星圖書館第三章中國(guó)期刊網(wǎng)第四章維普第五章工程索引 Ei 第六章美國(guó)化學(xué)文摘 CA 第七章專利 教材和參考書 1 魏高原 化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語知識(shí) I IntroductoryChemistrySpecialityEnglish 北京大學(xué)出版社 2004 2 ReadingMaterials 自編講義 3 陳英 科技信息檢索 第二版 科學(xué)出版社 2005 4 萬錫仁 InformationRetrievalandRelatedReadingMaterials 待出版 5 美 PhilipBall著 魏高原等注釋 化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語 II 北京大學(xué)出版社 2001 課堂教學(xué)內(nèi)容安排 第一節(jié)課 教學(xué)要求說明 詞匯預(yù)習(xí) 課文閱讀理解 第二節(jié)課 課文閱讀理解 續(xù) 答疑 布置課后作業(yè) 課堂書面練習(xí) Chapter1ChemistryasaQuantitativeScienceandaScienceofMatter第一章作為定量科學(xué)和物質(zhì)科學(xué)的化學(xué) 一 教學(xué)要求掌握 1 化學(xué)測(cè)量中基本數(shù)字 單位和有效數(shù)字的運(yùn)算規(guī)則 2 原子結(jié)構(gòu) 原子與元素以及物質(zhì)的概念 3 有關(guān)專業(yè)英語詞匯 熟悉 化學(xué)變化的本質(zhì) 了解 原子結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)定的經(jīng)典實(shí)驗(yàn) 二 詞匯 Newwordsandexpressions swamp沼澤地rusting生銹curiosity好奇心irritation刺激 疼痛rotten rot 腐爛的amultitudeof許多的 大量的mixture混合物quantitative定量的 accumulate積聚 堆積physicalproperty物理性質(zhì)significantfigure有效數(shù)字instrument儀器analyticalbalance分析天平randomerror隨機(jī)誤差precision精密度 二 詞匯 Newwordsandexpressions systematicerror系統(tǒng)誤差accuracy精確性ambiguous ambiguity 含糊不清的decimalpoint小數(shù)點(diǎn)arithmetic算術(shù) 算法round to 把 四舍五入additionandsubtractionmultiplicationanddivisionscientificnotation科學(xué)記數(shù)法 二 詞匯 Newwordsandexpressions metricsystem米制discipline學(xué)科atmosphere大氣壓dimensionalmethod量綱法conversionfactor轉(zhuǎn)換因子figureout推斷atomandelement原子和元素 單質(zhì) abbreviation縮寫 二 詞匯 Newwordsandexpressions AluminumAlCarbonCNitrogenNSiliconSiArsenicAsChlorineClOxygenOSulfurSBromineBrChromiumCrPhosphorusPUraniumUCalciumCaHydrogenHPlatinumPtZincZn 二 詞匯 Newwordsandexpressions AntimonySbCopperCuGoldAuIronFeLeadPbMercuryHgPotassiumKSilverAgSodiumNaTinSnTungstenW 二 詞匯 Newwordsandexpressions nucleus nuclei 原子核proton質(zhì)子neutron中子footballstadium足球場(chǎng)marble大理石 石子atomicnumber原子序數(shù)massnumber質(zhì)量數(shù)puresubstance純凈物 二 詞匯 Newwordsandexpressions isotope同位數(shù)homogeneous均勻的solution溶液intermingle混合heterogeneous非均勻的microscope顯微鏡solute溶質(zhì)transition轉(zhuǎn)變 二 詞匯 Newwordsandexpressions Length l meter ormetre mMass m kilogramkgTime t secondsElectriccurrent I ampereATemperature T kelvinKLuminousintensity Iv candela 新 燭光 光度單位 cd發(fā)光強(qiáng)度Amountofsubstance n molemol SIDerivedPhysicalQuantitiesandUnitsQuantity symbol NameofUnit symbol DerivedUnitArea A squaremeterm2Volume V cubicmeterm3Density kilogrampercubicmeterkg m3Velocity u meterpersecondm sPressure p pascal Pa kg m s2 Energy E joule J kg m2 s2Frequency v hertz Hz 1 sQuantityofelectricity Q coulomb C A sElectromotiveforce E volt V kg m2 A s3 電動(dòng)勢(shì)Force F newton N kg m s2 PrefixesforMultiplesandFractionsofSIUnitsDecimalLocationPrefixPrefixSymbol1012teraT109gigaG106megaM103kilok102hectoh10dekada0 1decid10 2centic10 3millim10 6micro 10 9nanon10 12picoP10 15femtof10 18atto 渺 微微微 毫塵 a 三 課文的閱讀理解 學(xué)生閱讀課文5 10分鐘 教師指定學(xué)生逐段朗讀課文 并翻譯成中文 教師及時(shí)評(píng)講 Chapter2ChemistryasaQuantitativeScienceandaScienceofMatter作為定量科學(xué)和物質(zhì)科學(xué)的化學(xué) 2 1Introduction Everyobjectintheworldaroundyoucanbedescribedintermsofchemistry Manyeventsthatyoucanseeoccurringinnatureinvolvechemicalchanges thechangingcoloroftheleavesinthefall thetransformationofapondintoaswamp沼澤地 therusting生銹ofiron Curiosity好奇心aboutwhatcanbeobservedintheworldhasledtothestudyofchemistry Let sdescribewhatisseeninonespecificchemicalchange Twosubstancesareinvolved Oneisablackpowderysolid Theotherisacolorlessliquidthatcausesirritation刺激 疼痛ifspilledontheskin Ifsomeoftheblacksolidisplacedinacontainerandtheliquidslowlyadded thingshappen Theblacksolidbeginstodissolve Thesolutionthatisformedisnotblack butverypalegreen Atthesametime agasbeginstobubbleoutofthesolution Andtheairisfilledwithaterriblesmell likethatofrotten腐爛的eggs Whatamultitudeofadj 許多的 大量的questionscanbeaskedhere Whatarethesesubstances Whydidtheblacksoliddissolve Whatwasformedinitsplace Howmuchoftheliquiddoesittaketodissolvealloftheblacksolid Howmuchofthegascanbeproduced Howlongdidthechangetake Willeventsspeedupifweheatthemixture Ifso byhowmuchperdegreeoftemperature Noticehowmanyofthequestionsarequantitativeones Observationandmeasurementbothplayvitalrolesinansweringthequestionsofchemistry Achemicalchangeisnotcompletelyunderstooduntilitisunderstoodquantitatively intermsofmeasurementsandnumbers Ourunderstandingofchemistryistestedbymakingmeasurements Ifapredictionismadebasedonwhatwethinkweunderstand andifthepredictionisshowntobecorrectbyobtainingthepredictednumbersinaquantitativetest wehavegreaterconfidenceinourunderstanding Instudyingchemistryyouwillbepresentedwithfactsaccumulatedduringhundredsofyearsofobservationandmeasurement Youwillalsolearnhowtheprinciplesofchemistryareusedtoexplainwhathasbeenobserved Totestyourunderstandingofchemicalprinciples youwillsolveproblems frequentlyproblemsthatutilizetheresultsofmeasurementsofphysicalproperties 2 2NumbersinPhysicalQuantities 物理量中的數(shù)字 MeasurementandSignificantFigures 測(cè)量和有效數(shù)字 1 Theresultofmeasuringaphysicalpropertyisexpressedbyanumericalvaluetogetherwithaunitofmeasurement forexample 180pounds91kilograms 2 Exactnumbersarenumberswithnouncertainty theyarise 產(chǎn)生 bydirectlycountingwholeitemsorbydefinition Numbersthatresultfrommeasurementsareneverexact Thereisalwayssomedegreeofuncertaintyduetoexperimentalerrors limitationsofthemeasuringinstrument variationsinhoweachindividualmakesmeasurements orotherconditionsoftheexperiment 3 Significantfiguresinanumberincludeallofthedigitsthatareknownwithcertainty plusthefirstdigittotherightthathasanuncertainvalue Forexample theuncertaintyinthemassofapowdersample i e 也就是 即 3 1267g asreadfroman analyticalbalance is 0 000lg 4 Errorsinmeasurement 4 測(cè)量誤差 i Randomerrorswhichresultfromuncontrolledvariablesinanexperimentandaffectprecision thereproducibilityoftheresultsofameasurement ii Systematicerrorswhichcanbeassigned分配 指派todefinitecausesandaffectaccuracy theclosenesstothetrueresultofameasurementoranexperiment 1 Thenumberofsignificantfiguresisfoundbycountingfromlefttoright beginningwiththefirstnonzerodigitandendingwiththedigitthathastheuncertainvalue e g 舉例來說 454 3 0 296 3 7 31 3 0 00846 3 10 7 3 1520 3 1520 4 N B Lat 注意 notabene Zerosattheendofanumbergivenwithoutadecimalpointpresentaproblembecausetheyareambiguous Ingeneral werecommend推薦thatsuchterminalzeros should beassumedtobenotsignificant Theambiguityisremovedifadecimalpoint小數(shù)點(diǎn)isgiven thenallthezerosprecedingthedecimalpointaresignificant 后跟賓語從句中的謂語常用 should 動(dòng)詞原形 結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞 堅(jiān)持 insist 命令 order command 建議 suggest propose advise recommend 2 Ex Example例如 例子 Howmanysignificantfiguresareinthenumbers a 57 b 82 9 c 340 d 700 e 10 000 f 0 000002 g 0 0402 and h 0 04020 3 ArithmeticUsingSignificantFigures 利用有效數(shù)字的計(jì)算 1 Additionandsubtraction Roundtheanswertotheplace beforeorafterthedecimalpoint withthegreatestuncertainty e g 2 Multiplicationanddivision Roundtheanswertothesamenumberofsignificantfiguresasinthenumberwiththefewestsignificantfigures e g 例如 exempligratia 23 2 0 1257 2 91624 2 92 3 Ex Performthefollowingcalculationandexpresstheanswertothepropernumberofsignificantfigures 4 ScientificNotation 記數(shù)法 ExponentialNotation 科學(xué)記數(shù)法 1 Instandardscientificnotationthesignificantfiguresofanumberareretained保持 保留inafactorbetween1and10andthelocationofthedecimalpointisindicatedbyapowerof10 e g 0 0063 6 3 10 3900 000 000 9 108 2 ArithmeticUsingScientificNotation 使用科學(xué)記數(shù)法計(jì)算 2 3UnitsofMeasurement 測(cè)量單位 1 SystemsofMeasurement 測(cè)量單位制 1 TheweightofanEnglishman 14stone 英石 14pounds 89kilograms anAmerican 180pounds 82kilograms 2 Metricsystem 米制devisedbytheFrenchNationalAcademyofSciencesin1793 米制 1793年由法國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)院提出 3 SIsystemn 國(guó)際單位制 forSystemeInternational adoptedbytheInternationalBureauofWeightsandMeasures國(guó)際計(jì)量局in1960 itisarevisionandextensionofthemetricsystem Scientistsandengineersthroughouttheworldinalldisciplinesarenowbeingurged迫切要求touseonlytheSIsystemofunits 4 Equivalencebetweenunits Theequivalencesmarkedby areexact 2 UnitsofMeasurementinChemistry 化學(xué)的測(cè)量單位 Length 1 10 10m 0 1nmVolume 1mL milliliter millilitre 10 3L 1cm3 centimeters MassandWeight BoththeSIandmetricsystemsrelyonthegram andthemultiplesandfractionsofthegram astheunitsformass作為質(zhì)量的單位 Strictlyspeaking weightshouldbeexpressedinunitsofforce Inpractice however thedistinctionbetweenweightandmassisoftenignored Expressionssuchas weighout30gramsofthismaterial or Howmanygramsdoesthatsampleweigh areoftenused Density g cm3 g mLTemperature Therearethreetemperaturescales theSIscale measuredinKelvinunits theCelsiusorcentigradescale measuredindegreesCelsius andtheFahrenheitscale measuredindegreesFahrenheit 40 5 9 40 40 9 5 40K 273 15Heatandenergy 1cal calorie卡路里 4 184JForceandpressure 1N 1kgm s 21Pa 1N m2 1kg m s2 Theunitsforpressureincludeatmospheres atm bars bar poundspersquareinch psi n 磅 平方英寸 torr Torrtorr托 真空度單位 andmillimetersofmercury mmHg 2 4TheDimensionalMethodandProblemSolving 量綱法和問題的求解 1 TheDimensionalMethod 量綱法 1 Thenumericalvalueofameasurementshouldalwaysbeexpressedtogetherwiththecorrectunit Inaproblem unitsaremultiplied divided andcancelledexactlyasnumberswouldbe Iftheproblemiscorrectlysetupandworked itshouldproduceananswerinthecorrectunits 2 ConversionFactors 轉(zhuǎn)換因子 1 Theconversionofaphysicalquantityfromoneunittoanotherisdonewithconversionfactorsderivedfromthenumericalrelationshipbetweenthetwounits Choosingthecorrectconversionfactorallowsthecancellationoftheunwantedunits Conversionfactorsorphysicalconstantsshouldincludeasufficientnumberofsignificantfiguressoasnottoaffecttheuncertaintyoftheanswer Ifaconversionfactorisanexactnumberitcanbetreatedashavingasmanysignificantfiguresasneeded 3 AProblem SolvingMethod 1 Tosolveaproblem firstmakesurethatyouunderstandexactlywhatisknownandwhatisunknown Thentrytofigureout 推斷 howtheknownsandunknownsintheproblemareconnected Payspecialattentiontounitsandconversions Insettinguptheproblemandsolvingit checktoseeiftheansweremergesinthecorrectunits Makesuretoobeytherulesforthecorrectnumberofsignificantfiguresintheanswer Finally seeiftheanswerseemsreasonable 四 答疑 一般情況下 爭(zhēng)對(duì)學(xué)生提出的問題進(jìn)行個(gè)別答疑 1 TranslatethetechnicaltermsinthetextintoChinesebyreferringtorelevantdictionaries 2 Page17 18 01 a b e k 03 a c 073 TranslatethistextintoChinese 五 課后作業(yè) Exercises 01Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswersinthepropernumberofsignificantfigures a 423 1 0 256 100 b 52 987 9 3545 6 12 e 14 000 6 1 k 6 0 9 57 0 61 1 113 03Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswerinstandardscientificnotation 6 057 103 9 35 c 4 51 10 3 8 78 104 07Themassofanemptycontaineris66 734g Themassofthecontainerfilledwithwateris91 786g Calculatethevolumeofthecontainerusingadensityof1 0000g cm3forwater Apieceofmetalwasaddedtotheemptycontainerandthecombinedmasswas87 807g b Calculatethemassofthemetal Thecontainerwiththemetalwasfilledwithwaterandthemassoftheentiresystemwas105 408g c Whatmassofwaterwasadded d Whatvolumeofwaterwasadded e Whatisthevolumeofthemetal f Calculatethedensityofthemetal 01Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswersinthepropernumberofsignificantfigures a 423 1 0 256 100 500 b 52 987 9 3545 6 12 68 46 c 14 3920 4 4 10 0 d 5183 2 2 11402 6 11000 有兩位有效數(shù)字 e 14 000 6 1 2 3 f 6 11 19 2 g 14 3 60 858 900 60有一位有效數(shù)字 h 1020 1 2 850 2位 i 3 2 454 8 6214 168 51 170 k 6 0 9 57 0 61 1 113 18 0 l 2 93 14 7 1203 0 0296 9 38 5 2 127 4558 127 03Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswerinstandardscientificnotation a 6 057 103 9 35 6 066 103 b 2 35 10 14 7 1 10 15 1 64 10 14 c 4 51 10 3 8 78 104 5 14 10 8 d 1812 1492 1979 1 366 103 7 33 10 3 4 29 101 5 88 10 3 4 29 101 1 00 f 5km 14 6 73 7 101km 1位 預(yù)習(xí)內(nèi)容 復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容 1 復(fù)習(xí)和整理本課文的專業(yè)詞匯 2 本課文的全文翻譯 Chapter2Atoms Molecules andIons 六 課堂練習(xí) swamprustingcuriosityirritationrottenamultitudeofmixturequantitative 1 翻譯下列詞匯 accumulatephysicalpropertysignificantfigureinstrumentanalyticalbalancerandomerrorprecision systematicerroraccuracyambiguous ambiguity