六級(jí)考試寫(xiě)作部分答題技巧.doc

四、六級(jí)考試寫(xiě)作部分答題技巧中、英文寫(xiě)作差異研究：英漢思維方式及語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比人們說(shuō)話和寫(xiě)文章,為方便聽(tīng)話人和讀者的理解,一定要遵循約定俗成的語(yǔ)篇組織規(guī)律。然而，由于不同文化在思維方式上存在著差異，其語(yǔ)篇組織結(jié)構(gòu)也會(huì)因此而不同。中英文之間就存在這樣的差異。中國(guó)人說(shuō)話或?qū)懳恼?，常常不是采取直線式或直接切題的作法，而是習(xí)慣于迂回式思維，即避開(kāi)主題，把自己的想法保留到最后或者含而不露，讓讀者自己去領(lǐng)悟。而且，中國(guó)人表達(dá)事物總是按時(shí)間和事理發(fā)展順序由因到果、由先到后、由大到小進(jìn)行闡述，這種思維方式可稱為具體一般型（Particular-General Pattern）。然而，在英語(yǔ)中，人們最普遍使用的語(yǔ)篇思維模式是一般具體型 （General-Particular Pattern）。其特點(diǎn)就是由作者先把要表達(dá)的思想概括成全文的立證句（thesis statement）或段落的主題句 （topic sentence），然后舉例說(shuō)明或交代細(xì)節(jié)。這是典型的直線性思維。它包括兩種表現(xiàn)形式：1）先概括后舉例；2）先講整體輪廓，后說(shuō)各種細(xì)節(jié)。對(duì)于許多學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，盡管已經(jīng)掌握了一定的英語(yǔ)詞匯及語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，但因?yàn)槿狈?duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)的認(rèn)識(shí)，他們常常會(huì)無(wú)意識(shí)地把漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則應(yīng)用在英文寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程當(dāng)中，因而造成了不符合英文語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律的問(wèn)題，而這些學(xué)生雖然使用英文寫(xiě)作，他們的作文卻表現(xiàn)出典型的中國(guó)式的思維慣式。這兩種思維模式的差異造成了中國(guó)學(xué)生進(jìn)行英文寫(xiě)作時(shí)的最大問(wèn)題，即把漢語(yǔ)的思維模式應(yīng)用在英文寫(xiě)作中。英漢段落結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比一篇文章由若干段落構(gòu)成, 段落是文章的主要成分。段落由一系列在邏輯和結(jié)構(gòu)上有內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的句子組成, 它可以標(biāo)示出比詞和句更長(zhǎng)的單元思維層次，還可以方便閱讀，使讀者清晰看出文章各部分的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系。因此，段落與整篇文章的關(guān)系是既緊密相依又獨(dú)立成體?？梢?jiàn)，寫(xiě)好段落是寫(xiě)好文章的核心。由于英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)的思維模式不同，人們寫(xiě)作時(shí)，段落的結(jié)構(gòu)組織、內(nèi)容安排、語(yǔ)義層次發(fā)展等方面都會(huì)表現(xiàn)出很大的差異。其中最主要的差異是在段落發(fā)展方面英語(yǔ)采用直線性思維，而漢語(yǔ)呈現(xiàn)出螺旋型思維模式。漢語(yǔ)段落的語(yǔ)義發(fā)展是螺旋型的，也就是說(shuō)，一個(gè)段落針對(duì)一個(gè)意思或幾個(gè)意思進(jìn)行闡述，而這種闡述是順著思想自然發(fā)展的，如螺旋形式向前運(yùn)動(dòng)。在漢語(yǔ)段落中，主題句可有可無(wú)，段落的中心思想由讀者來(lái)體會(huì)。一個(gè)段落里包括的內(nèi)容較多，甚至有的內(nèi)容和段落中心思想沒(méi)有密切的關(guān)系，比如作者突發(fā)的感想。由于漢語(yǔ)文章的許多段落沒(méi)有主題句，一段里包括的內(nèi)容觀點(diǎn)就沒(méi)有什么限制了。在寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中，作者對(duì)中心思想的發(fā)展是通過(guò)不斷重復(fù)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。在一個(gè)段落中，前面已談?wù)撨^(guò)的內(nèi)容，后面還會(huì)提到，或強(qiáng)調(diào)，或借以引出新的內(nèi)容，所以說(shuō)是螺旋式的。典型的英文段落是由三部分組成的：主題句（Topic sentence）支持句（Supporting sentences）總結(jié)句（Summary sentence）。英漢句子結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比要想寫(xiě)出地道的英文句子，應(yīng)該首先掌握英語(yǔ)三種基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)：(1) 簡(jiǎn)單句（Simple Sentences）i. 一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和一個(gè)單數(shù)主語(yǔ)Computers make life easy for many people.ii. 兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和一個(gè)單數(shù)主語(yǔ)Computers cost a lot of money and require regular maintenance.iii. 兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)Businesses and individuals buy computers but use them mostly for correspondence.(2) 并列句（Compound Sentences）并列句包括兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上獨(dú)立句，它們用以下三種方式連接在一起：i. 用分號(hào)連接Some people like computers; others are afraid of modern technology.ii. 用逗號(hào)和括號(hào)內(nèi)七個(gè)連詞之一（and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet）Students usually write with a computer, but I like writing by hand.iii. 用分號(hào)和連接副詞，如furthermore, moreover, therefore等Students usually write with a computer; however, I like writing by hand.(3) 復(fù)合句（Complex Sentences）復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或多個(gè)從句組成。英語(yǔ)中一共有三種基本類(lèi)型的復(fù)合句：i. 從句相當(dāng)于副詞Although computers can save time, they take a long time to understand.ii. 從句相當(dāng)于形容詞Database software is essential for companies which need to maintain records.iii. 從句相當(dāng)于名詞Most experts insist that computers are essential in schools.英文寫(xiě)作強(qiáng)調(diào)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化和豐富性。在考試中，考生應(yīng)避免使用重復(fù)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，而應(yīng)采用變化的方式來(lái)表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。其實(shí)，練習(xí)使用變化的句型最好的方法就是注意觀察其他的作者是如何構(gòu)造句子的，并且模仿他們。另外，考生需要做大量的練習(xí)才能寫(xiě)出有意義的、富有變化的、準(zhǔn)確的句子。漢語(yǔ)的句式結(jié)構(gòu)借助自然語(yǔ)序，按動(dòng)作發(fā)生的順序或因果邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)排列，各個(gè)分句逐步交代，呈線性遞進(jìn)，來(lái)表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想?？梢哉f(shuō)，漢語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)如同竹子一樣一節(jié)節(jié)地延伸。而英語(yǔ)則不同。英語(yǔ)的句子就像一棵大樹(shù)。句子中的主句就是大樹(shù)的主干，各種從句，短語(yǔ)以及獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)則是大樹(shù)的樹(shù)枝。漢語(yǔ)句子是按照時(shí)間和事理發(fā)展順序，運(yùn)用詞匯手段順暢表達(dá)而出的。而所對(duì)應(yīng)的英語(yǔ)句子卻打破了漢語(yǔ)的順序，每個(gè)句子以主句為主干，利用從句等結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)完成英語(yǔ)句子的樹(shù)型結(jié)構(gòu)。由于漢語(yǔ)句子呈線性遞進(jìn)，竹竿型延伸，沒(méi)有英文中樹(shù)枝狀的從屬句結(jié)構(gòu)，因此中國(guó)學(xué)生常常習(xí)慣用簡(jiǎn)單句和并列句，而不是用復(fù)合句來(lái)表達(dá)思想。但是，地道的英文寫(xiě)作中卻要求大量使用從屬結(jié)構(gòu)。中國(guó)學(xué)生要改變?cè)谟⑽膶?xiě)作中大量使用簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句的傾向，就要善于利用英語(yǔ)中的從句、分詞和短語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)言形式，構(gòu)筑英語(yǔ)句子的樹(shù)型結(jié)構(gòu)。這是改變竹竿型簡(jiǎn)單句，寫(xiě)出地道英語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵。寫(xiě)作步驟研究：在考試時(shí)，由于時(shí)間和其他客觀條件的限制，短文寫(xiě)作的步驟要比平常的寫(xiě)作步驟簡(jiǎn)化得多。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，考生只能進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的構(gòu)思，確定大致的內(nèi)容以及分幾段來(lái)論述或說(shuō)明，然后就要?jiǎng)庸P寫(xiě)了。但這種步驟的簡(jiǎn)化依靠的是平時(shí)科學(xué)的練習(xí)，否則，要想在短文寫(xiě)作中取得高分就是空談了。寫(xiě)作能力的提高是一個(gè)很緩慢的過(guò)程，需要勤動(dòng)手、動(dòng)腦和動(dòng)筆，但這并不意味著寫(xiě)作就沒(méi)有任何規(guī)律可循，沒(méi)有技巧可言。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，一篇文章的寫(xiě)作需要經(jīng)歷四個(gè)階段，即我們常說(shuō)的“四個(gè)步驟”：審題，構(gòu)思選材，動(dòng)筆擬稿和修改完善。所以考生在準(zhǔn)備復(fù)習(xí)迎考階段，就應(yīng)該按照短文寫(xiě)作的一般規(guī)律來(lái)訓(xùn)練，這樣才能達(dá)到較為理想的效果，所謂“磨刀不誤砍柴功”，就是這個(gè)道理。下面我們分別來(lái)論述寫(xiě)作的四個(gè)步驟。 第一步 審清題目 審題也可稱為“理解題意”(Finding the theme)。在開(kāi)始做“短文寫(xiě)作”之前，最重要的一步是審題，即仔細(xì)分析題目所包含的內(nèi)容信息，猜測(cè)出題者的意圖，考慮可能運(yùn)用的各種寫(xiě)作手法，將題目要求的中心思想表達(dá)出來(lái)。審題一旦出現(xiàn)偏差，就會(huì)全功盡棄。審題一般限定在5分鐘之內(nèi)。 1. 審題要達(dá)到的四個(gè)確定 (1)確定采用的文體：一般有四種形式，即記敘文、描寫(xiě)文、說(shuō)明文和議論文。其中最常用的寫(xiě)作文體是議論文。 (2)確定寫(xiě)作對(duì)象：寫(xiě)人還是記事?解釋現(xiàn)象還是講道理、論是非? (3)確定寫(xiě)作重點(diǎn)：所描寫(xiě)的人或事物有哪些主要特點(diǎn)?所論證的問(wèn)題的主要論據(jù)是什么? (4)確定文章段落和段落主題：要寫(xiě)幾段?每段寫(xiě)什么內(nèi)容?每段的長(zhǎng)度大約是多少? 2.審題所指的范圍 (1)審清作文標(biāo)題； (2)審清試卷中所提供的主題句，或關(guān)鍵詞，或情景，或圖表，以及字?jǐn)?shù)的要求等。 下面我們通過(guò)實(shí)例對(duì)審題的過(guò)程做進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明： 比如我們現(xiàn)在要寫(xiě)一篇題為Environmental Protection的作文。所給的提綱有三點(diǎn)：Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious；Concerned people have made some progress in environmental protection；Still more measures should be taken to solve environmental problems。首先，我們確定該篇文章的文體應(yīng)是議論文；其次，我們確定它是寫(xiě)事的，即就某個(gè)話題環(huán)境保護(hù)展開(kāi)論述；第三，我們可根據(jù)提綱中的提示信息來(lái)確定寫(xiě)作的范圍以及所需要的論據(jù)；第四，就是要確定作文的段落數(shù)以及每個(gè)段落里的論述重點(diǎn)。有了這樣的思路和基本輪廓之后，寫(xiě)起文章來(lái)就不會(huì)跑題。 再如1998年的一個(gè)考試寫(xiě)作題。它是一幅卡通漫畫(huà)，圖畫(huà)中有一只老母雞，兩個(gè)雞蛋和掛在老母雞胸前的招牌，招牌上寫(xiě)有幾行字；另外圖的右邊還有說(shuō)明文字(captions)，實(shí)為一首“打油詩(shī)”。通過(guò)分析，我們知道老母雞所許下的兩個(gè)諾言本是它的份內(nèi)事，無(wú)需夸耀，也沒(méi)有什么值得驕傲的理由。再看看右邊的說(shuō)明文字，我們馬上會(huì)明白，原來(lái)這幅漫畫(huà)反映了一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，即現(xiàn)在有些單位、個(gè)人或組織標(biāo)榜自己能為公眾提供多么好的服務(wù)或產(chǎn)品，但實(shí)際上這些事情都是他們的基本工作，本應(yīng)該就做好。因此這幅漫畫(huà)實(shí)為針砭時(shí)弊。經(jīng)過(guò)這樣的審題之后，我們就可以確定文章的文體、段落的要點(diǎn)、論述的重心以及所要引用的實(shí)例。 另外，在審題的過(guò)程中，還要抓住題目以及提綱中的關(guān)鍵詞和各提綱要點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系。例如，有一次作文題目是Advertisement加TV。這個(gè)題目很大，所包含的內(nèi)容很多，所給的提綱是： Present state；Reasons；My comments。這些提綱對(duì)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了一定的限制，但是我們還是無(wú)法確定Reasons的內(nèi)容是什么，結(jié)果許多考生寫(xiě)了為什么人們喜歡看電視廣告。但在題目的要求中有這樣一條：Your composition should start with the given opening sentence：Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen。顯而易見(jiàn)，這一要求把整個(gè)作文的主題已限定得非常明確了，因?yàn)樗o出的句子就是第一段的主題句，那么，提綱中的要求的present state內(nèi)容就是電視廣告越來(lái)越多，而不是為什么人們喜歡電視廣告，那么，my comments也就自然是考生對(duì)于電視廣告越來(lái)越多這一現(xiàn)象的觀點(diǎn)了。 第二步 構(gòu)思選材 文章的主題和待寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容確定之后，就是構(gòu)思選材這一步了。構(gòu)思就是思考主題所需要的題材并按照作文主旨的要求組織成層次清楚、合乎邏輯、前后連貫的短文框架。構(gòu)思實(shí)際上是整理思路(Organizing the thought)，是對(duì)“審題”階段的第三、第四個(gè)確定的延伸。 1.構(gòu)思選材時(shí)要注意的問(wèn)題 (1)要圍繞主題。要選取和文章主題有關(guān)并能烘托、突出主題的材料，與主題關(guān)系不大的材料可以舍棄，與主題無(wú)關(guān)的則應(yīng)堅(jiān)決棄之不用。這一過(guò)程也是主題具體化的過(guò)程。 (2)要典型。要選擇具有代表性的、有說(shuō)服力的材料。材料不在于多，而在于精。 (3)要準(zhǔn)確、真實(shí)。要選擇真實(shí)感人能令人信服的材料。 (4)要思路開(kāi)闊，想象要豐富。 2.短文框架的組織 短文框架的組織就是我們經(jīng)常所說(shuō)的提綱的擬寫(xiě)，這是構(gòu)思階段的重要步驟。選材確定后，就應(yīng)著手?jǐn)M寫(xiě)提綱。因?yàn)樽魑目荚嚂r(shí)間有限，提綱要盡量做到簡(jiǎn)明扼要，不浪費(fèi)筆墨，如作文試題中已經(jīng)提供了寫(xiě)作提綱，就可以直接把所提供的提綱擴(kuò)展成主題句，這樣一個(gè)完整的提綱就出來(lái)了。 下面我們通過(guò)具體實(shí)例來(lái)了解在構(gòu)思階段如何有效地組織短文框架以及選材。 例1 Directions： Title：Procrastination Outline：(1)People always procrastinate； (2)Why they always procrastinate； (3)Comments On procrastination 在經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)的審題之后，我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行構(gòu)思的過(guò)程中首先要把短文的內(nèi)容具體化，對(duì)于這個(gè)題目而言，它是與人們的日常生活有密切聯(lián)系的一種普遍現(xiàn)象，即人們總是有一種惰性，總是把今天該做的事情推到明天去做。有關(guān)procrastination(拖延)的內(nèi)容很多，我們可以從許多方面去論述這個(gè)話題：如拖延的種類(lèi)、拖延的表現(xiàn)、拖延的原因等。但是根據(jù)題目所提供的提綱來(lái)看，文章是要求我們寫(xiě)有關(guān)拖延的原因及對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象發(fā)表我們自己的見(jiàn)解，這樣一來(lái)，內(nèi)容就具體多了。然后我們把題目提供的提綱擴(kuò)展成完整的句子，就成了各個(gè)段落的主題句，這是“一石二鳥(niǎo)”的效果。 Procrastination Outline：(1)People always procrastinate their work until a later date； (2)There are innumerable reasons for procrastinating； (3)Time is moneyNever put off todays unfinished work until tomorrow 在得到各個(gè)段落的主題句之后，就要圍繞主題句的內(nèi)容，考慮能夠支持主題句內(nèi)容的細(xì)節(jié)。在此過(guò)程中，可以通過(guò)自我提問(wèn)的方式，打開(kāi)自己的思路，提問(wèn)可以圍繞what，who，when，how，why等問(wèn)題展開(kāi)，再?gòu)闹羞x擇主要問(wèn)題，例如，就上述題目來(lái)講，我們可以做以下的設(shè)問(wèn)： (1)What cases in point do we often see in our life as far as procrastination is concerned? (2)What are the reasons for procrastinating. (3)What can procrastination bring about? 到這一步為止，文章的基本思路和輪廓已經(jīng)出來(lái)了，即有了文章的“骨架”，剩下的工作就是如何往里面“加肉”的問(wèn)題了，即如何添加內(nèi)容。通常在構(gòu)思的過(guò)程中，我們的腦海中總會(huì)產(chǎn)生與主題句相關(guān)的詞、短語(yǔ)和句子(包括所要使用的一些句型等)，此時(shí)應(yīng)該立刻將這些東西簡(jiǎn)單地記下來(lái)，否則它們就會(huì)一晃而過(guò)。盡管雜亂無(wú)章，但是非常有用。例如，對(duì)上面的問(wèn)題，我們會(huì)聯(lián)想到如下相關(guān)內(nèi)容： (1)late for doing exercises；excuse oneself from；postpone；put off；lazy；not persevere in doing something； (2)encounter；a difficult task；an insurmountable task；tackle；pick up the bad habit；not have a strong will-power；some attractions and temptations；no goal in ones life；no worries about ones work；no sense of duties and responsibilities； (3)waste a lot of money；waste ones life；cant achieve ones goal，not attain ones purposes；cumulative effects；disasters；Procrastination is a thief of time 接下來(lái)，我們就可以在此基礎(chǔ)上圍繞各個(gè)段落的中心思想，把上述短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行取舍和擴(kuò)充，使它們成為完整的句子，此時(shí)我們就到了寫(xiě)作的第三個(gè)步驟，即動(dòng)筆擬稿階段。需要指出的是：在構(gòu)思過(guò)程中，并不一定總是先有提綱，后再考慮有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)等問(wèn)題，實(shí)際上這兩個(gè)方面是相互聯(lián)系的，細(xì)節(jié)的考慮也有助于提綱的擬定。 構(gòu)思取材的時(shí)間一般限定在2-3分鐘之內(nèi)?？荚嚂r(shí)，在如此短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成這一步驟，必須有平時(shí)刻苦的訓(xùn)練作基礎(chǔ)。 第三步 動(dòng)筆擬稿 動(dòng)筆擬稿(drafting)是建立在認(rèn)真構(gòu)思的基礎(chǔ)之上的。擬稿的時(shí)間不應(yīng)太長(zhǎng)，一般限定在20-30分鐘之內(nèi)。擬稿是草擬提綱。草擬的理由是：由于寫(xiě)作測(cè)試時(shí)間緊，沒(méi)有充裕的時(shí)間去醞釀，從選詞造句到謀篇布局都不可能像平時(shí)訓(xùn)練那樣字斟句酌。同時(shí)，草擬有助于主題的進(jìn)一步把握，材料的合理取舍和安排，不至于下筆時(shí)無(wú)章可循，離題萬(wàn)里。 鑒于此，我們應(yīng)著重考慮如下兩個(gè)對(duì)策： 1. 措詞與表達(dá) 在具體寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中，一定要做到用詞準(zhǔn)確，要從讀者的角度出發(fā)，開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，平鋪直敘，簡(jiǎn)明扼要地把自己的思想表達(dá)清楚。切忌“峰回路轉(zhuǎn)，一波三折”。要盡可能地選用自己有把握的詞語(yǔ)和自己能熟練運(yùn)用的句型來(lái)表達(dá)思想。 2. 邏輯組織 遣詞造句、組段謀篇，要注意上下銜接、前后照應(yīng)。要有邏輯地完成句子間的銜接和段落間的過(guò)渡。 (1)要注意句子與句子之間的邏輯銜接，突出論據(jù)間的邏輯關(guān)系。在下筆之前要先想好每一段寫(xiě)幾個(gè)句子，寫(xiě)什么樣的句子，怎樣安排句子的順序和句子間的過(guò)渡，以避免出現(xiàn)與主題無(wú)關(guān)、前后矛盾的句子。此外，還要注意句子的多樣性。在一個(gè)段落或一篇短文中，既有短句，又有長(zhǎng)句；既有簡(jiǎn)單句，又有并列句和主從復(fù)合句，文章才會(huì)顯得生動(dòng)。 (2)段落間的過(guò)渡。在寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程中要注意段落間的相互聯(lián)系，考慮段落的連接和轉(zhuǎn)折，采用“啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合”等手法，恰當(dāng)而合乎邏輯地把段落連接起來(lái)，使段落之間過(guò)渡自然、前后照應(yīng)，否則文章就會(huì)顯得松散、零亂，成為幾個(gè)相互毫無(wú)聯(lián)系的段落。通過(guò)以上分析，例1中的文章就可以這樣擬稿： ProcrastinationWe tend to procrastinate our business. This happens in almost all walks of our life. We would put off todays unfinished work until tomorrow, and tomorrow we would do todays unfinished job. We seem to have slipped into such a habit and never got out.We postpone trying to accomplish troublesome things, not only because we want to avoid difficulties, but also because we are hesitant and uncertain. As a result, we are forever leaving something undone. In many cases these troublesome matters will turn out to be trivial and can be solved without too much effort. Each time we put off until tomorrow what we can do today, we will encounter additional problems that will make it even harder to finish the tasks that originally were quite simple. In other words, the cumulative effect of procrastination can be disastrous.If it is because the task seems difficult, even insurmountable, procrastination still will not solve anything. Taking positive action usually will help us move forward and will lead to the best results, if we dont try to pursue our goals, we will never be able to attain them.Dont let bagatelles weigh you down. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. Follow this motto and you will hold your fortune in your hand. (216 words)第四步 修改完善在正式考試中，考生不免心理緊張，再加之平時(shí)訓(xùn)練不夠，很容易在寫(xiě)作中出現(xiàn)一些簡(jiǎn)單的、容易出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，因此考生在寫(xiě)完作文后，應(yīng)盡量抽出時(shí)間全面檢查。1. 檢查修改每次集中解決一兩個(gè)問(wèn)題(1) 在語(yǔ)篇水平上進(jìn)行檢查在語(yǔ)篇水平上進(jìn)行檢查，也就是從全局進(jìn)行檢查。主要檢查文章的主題是否明確；觀點(diǎn)是否可靠；內(nèi)容是否切題；闡述是否充分；描述是否具體；例證是否恰當(dāng)；論證是否有力；推理是否合乎邏輯；文體風(fēng)格是否合適；表達(dá)方式是否相符；段落過(guò)渡是否自然；結(jié)論是否一致等。(2) 段落水平上的檢查段落水平上的檢查，即局部檢查。主要檢查段落是否完整；段落的擴(kuò)展是否充分；細(xì)節(jié)安排是否混亂；段內(nèi)各句銜接是否緊湊；語(yǔ)義是否連貫等。(3) 在句子水平上的檢查在句子水平上的檢查，也可以說(shuō)是在語(yǔ)言方面進(jìn)行檢查。作文中常出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：主謂一致問(wèn)題；動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題；名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)變化；“漢語(yǔ)式表達(dá)”，即Chinglish；詞序安排方面；不完整句子，即“片語(yǔ)”問(wèn)題(fragment)；單詞的拼寫(xiě)形式；標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)及大小寫(xiě)問(wèn)題等。2. 修改的四個(gè)原則 (1) 盡可能把語(yǔ)意抽象的單詞改為語(yǔ)意具體的單詞； (2) 多用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，盡量避免用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)； (3) 多用短小的單詞，盡量避免用冗長(zhǎng)的單詞；(4) 長(zhǎng)、短句結(jié)合；長(zhǎng)句的關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜，如果沒(méi)有把握，盡量避免使用長(zhǎng)句。寫(xiě)作可參考句式研究：句式是文章的基石。不同的內(nèi)容要用不同的句式來(lái)表達(dá)，而同一內(nèi)容也可以用不同的句式來(lái)表達(dá)。句式不同，表達(dá)效果也就不同。只有句式多樣化，文章才會(huì)生動(dòng)有趣，充滿活力。 以下是短文寫(xiě)作中使用頻率高、覆蓋面廣的一些基本句式，每組句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根據(jù)自己的情況選擇其中的一兩個(gè)，做到能夠熟練正確地仿寫(xiě)或套用，將有助于在寫(xiě)作時(shí)事半功倍。1.表示原因1) There are some reasons for this:2) The reasons for this are as follows:3) The reason for this is obvious:4) The reason for this is not far to seek:5) The reason for this is that.6) The reason + that-clause is.7) The reason + why-clause is.8) The reason to do sth. is.例如 -For health reasons, many people show great interest in fresh vegetables. They may eat them without cooking them first, or cook them quickly in very little water because they want to keep the vitamins. -There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. Firstly, peoples living standard has been greatly improved. Secondly, most people are well paid, and they can afford what they need or like. Last but not least, more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life. -The reason for canceling the travel is that they lack money. -The reason why we grow trees is that they can provide fresh air. -The first reason for acceptance is that they help reduce pressure.2.表示“對(duì)有好處”l) to sb.s advantage2) do sb. good3) be beneficial to sb.4) be of great benefit to sb.5) for the benefit of sb.6) bring benefits to sb.例如： -It would be to your advantage to agree to his demands. -Books are like friends. They can help us know the world better, and they can open our minds and widen our horizons. Therefore, reading extensively is of great benefit to us. -The money is to be used for the benefit of the poor.3.表示“對(duì)不好，有壞處”1) put sb. at a disadvantage2) to ones disadvantage3) do harm to sb./sth.4) do sb. harm5) be harmful to sb.例如： -So please dont object to me; in talking about it you put me at a disadvantage. -Her weight will be very much to her disadvantage if she wants to be a dancer. -These are daring men, though we shall put them at a disadvantage, they may do us some harm unless we are careful. -However, everything divides into two. Television can also be harmful to us. It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.4.表示“是重要的（必要的、自然的、困難的、方便的、可能的）” 1) be + adj. + for (to) 2) be + adj. + to do sth.3) be + adj. + that-clause (the subjunctive mood) 例如： -Strong boots are essential for mountaineering. -We can live without clothes, but food and drink are essential to life.-He said it was important that every member send his subscription by the end of the month. -It is quite natural to dislike going to the dentist. -Is it really necessary for me to attend the meeting? -It is vital that we arrive at the hospital soon.5.提出建議、觀點(diǎn)等1) It is (high) time (imperative, inevitable, necessary, etc.) that.2) The way (solution, key, answer, etc. ) to. is.3) It should be noted (pointed out, emphasized, etc.) that.例如： -It is high time that parents, educators and the government made concerted efforts to put an end to this situation. -The best way to solve this problem I think is to give young people opportunities to do things independently. -It is imperative that drastic measures (should) be taken to end poverty worldwide. -These are not the only three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we need to take strong action to eliminate the use of illegal drugs.6. 舉例子1) for example / for instance2) such as.3). and so on4) A good case in point is.5) A particular example for this is.6) Just consider (think of) the matter (case) of.7) As a(n) example (illustration, case) in point例如： -There are many things you can do to help you recall past events, such as keeping a diary, buying postcards, and taking photos. -A good case in point is that some successful students are so obsessed with their grade- point average that they never branch out into tempting new areas. -Just consider the matter of raising flowers that are delicate and sensitive to watering. -As a case in point, an employee of a British firm can be denied a promotion because this person is too old. However, such action would be discriminatory and illegal in the United States.7.提出假設(shè)1) suppose that.2) just imagine.3) it is reasonable to expect that.4) it is possible that.例如： -Furthermore, suppose that the people of my street think it would bring a huge benefit to our neighbourhood if I were to pursue post-graduate studies in Harvard. -Just imagine what would happen if Bruce just doesnt interact with the crowd. -It is reasonable to expect people to be rational most of the time. -It is possible that the researchers only studied the cases of a few people, while their situations are far from being representative of most of the population.8.表示倍數(shù)1) . times + the + size ( length, height, width, etc.) + of.2) . times + that of.3) . times + as + big (long, high, wide, fast, many, much, etc.) +as.4) . times + bigger (longer, higher, etc.) + than.5) . times + over.例如： -The river is five times the length of that stream. -The number of the students of 2003 was three times that of 1990. -He earns four times as much as her. -The meeting room is three times bigger than our office. -Their books are three times over ours.9.介紹圖表內(nèi)容1) The table (chart, diagram, figure) presents (shows, demonstrates, illustrates, depicts, portrays, etc.) that.2) As is represented (shown, demonstrated, illustrated, depicted, portrayed, etc.) in the table (chart, diagram, figure).3) According to the table (chart, diagram, figure).4) As can be seen from the table (chart, diagram, figure).5) From the table (chart, diagram, figure), we can see that.6) Its clear (apparent, evident, etc.) from the table (chart, diagram, figure) that.例如：-The table shows that private houses account for 80% in 2000, up from 25% in i990, while state-owned houses have undergone downward change. -In fact, there is a direct relationship between educational attainment and the likelihood of being employed in a low-wage job, as is illustrated in the chart. -According to the figure, tobacco consumption was about 143.64 billion pounds in 1994, and about 142 billion pounds in 1995. -As is shown in the diagram, light will pass through two polarizing filters with their polarizing axes in the same direction. -As can be seen from the table, great changes have taken place in Beijing in the past three decades in terms of revenue growth. -From the table, we can see that in the past 10 years, the number of people in a given city who have traveled abroad has increased considerably.10.引出看法1) have (take, adopt, assume, etc.) the view (opinion, etc.) that.2) as to sb.3) according to sb.4) in the opinion of sb.5) from the viewpoint of sb.6) believe (think, argue, insist, maintain, etc.) that.例如： -I have the view that over the years there has been a slowdown in revenue growth. -In my opinion, Nancy, you are the best reporter Ive ever worked with. -According to the police, his attackers beat him with a blunt instrument. -As to me, I prefer the first idea. -From the viewpoint of us manufacturers, only the source of competition has changed, but the burden is as heavy as before. -I argued that the war had shown scientists could help solve intelligence problems without necess