GMAT GWD 閱讀總結(jié).doc

Q4 to Q6: Prior to 1965 geologists assumedthat the two giant rock plates meeting atthe San Andreas Fault generate heatLinethrough friction as they grind past each (5)other, but in 1965 Henyey found thattemperatures in drill holes near thefault were not as elevated as hadbeen expected. Some geologistswondered whether the absence of (10)friction-generated heat could beexplained by the kinds of rock com-posing the fault. Geologists pre-1965assumptions concerning heat gen-erated in the fault were based on (15)calculations about common varieties ofrocks, such as limestone and granite;but “weaker” materials, such as clays,had already been identified in samplesretrieved from the fault zone. Under (20)normal conditions, rocks composed ofclay produce far less friction than doother rock types. In 1992 Byerlee tested whetherthese materials would produce friction (25)10 to 15 kilometers below the Earthssurface. Byerlee found that when claysamples were subjected to the thou-sands of atmospheres of pressurethey would encounter deep inside the (30)Earth, they produced as much frictionas was produced by other rock types.The harder rocks push against eachother, the hotter they become; in otherwords, pressure itself, not only the (35)rocks properties, affects frictionalheating. Geologists therefore won-dered whether the friction between theplates was being reduced by pocketsof pressurized water within the fault thatpush the plates away from each other.-Q4:The passage suggests which of the following regarding Henyeys findings about temperature in the San Andreas Fault?A. Scientists have yet to formulate a definitive explanation for Henyeys findings.B. Recent research suggests that Henyeys explanation for the findings should be modified.C. Henyeys findings had to be recalculated in light of Byerlees 1992 experiment.D. Henyeys findings provided support for an assumption long held by geologists.E. Scientists have been unable to duplicate Henyeys findings using more recent experimental methods.Q5:The passage is primarily concerned withA. evaluating a method used to test a particular scientific hypothesisB. discussing explanations for an unexpected scientific finding C. examining the assumptions underlying a particular experimentD. questioning the validity of a scientific findingE. presenting evidence to support a recent scientific hypothesisQ6:The passage mostly agree that Heneys findings about temperature in the San Andreas Fault made the greatest contribution in that theyA. revealed an error in previous measurements of temperature in the San Andreas Fault zoneB. indicated the types of clay present in the rocks that form the San Andreas FaultC. established the superiority of a particular technique for evaluating data concerning friction in the San Andreas FaultD. suggested that geologists had inaccurately assumed that giant rock plates that meet at the San Andreas Fault generate heat through frictionE. confirmed geologists assumptions about the amount of friction generated by common varieties of rocks, such as limestone and graniteQ10 to Q13: One proposal for pre- serving rain forests is to promote the adoption ofLinenew agricultural technolo- (5)gies, such as improvedplant varieties and use ofchemical herbicides, whichwould increase productivityand slow deforestation by (10)reducing demand for newcropland. Studies haveshown that farmers in developing countries who have achieved certain levels (15)of education, wealth, andsecurity of land tenure aremore likely to adopt suchtechnologies. But thesestudies have focused on (20)villages with limited landthat are tied to a marketeconomy rather than onthe relatively isolated, self-sufficient communities with (25)ample land characteristic ofrain-forest regions. A recent study of the Tawahka peopleof the Honduran rain forestfound that farmers with some (30)formal education were more likely to adopt improved plant varieties but less likely touse chemical herbicidesand that those who spoke (35)Spanish (the language ofthe market economy) weremore likely to adopt bothtechnologies. Nonlandwealth was also associated (40)with more adoption of bothtechnologies, but availabilityof uncultivated land reducedthe incentive to employ theproductivity-enhancing tech- (45)nologies. Researchersalso measured land-tenuresecurity: in Tawahkasociety, kinship ties are a more important indicator of (50)this than are legal propertyrights, so researchersmeasured it by a house-holds duration of residencein its village. They found (55)that longer residence cor-related with more adoptionof improved plant varietiesbut less adoption ofchemical herbicides.-Q10:The primary purpose of the passage is toA. evaluate the likelihood that a particular proposal, if implemented, would ultimately succeed in achieving its intended resultB. question the assumption that certain technological innovations are the most effective means of realizing a particular environmental objectiveC. discuss the progress of efforts to encourage a particular traditional society to adopt certain modern agricultural methodsD. present the results of new research suggesting that previous findings concerning one set of conditions may not be generalizable to another set of conditionsE. weigh the relative importance of three factors in determining whether a particular strategy will be successfulQ11:According to the passage, the proposal mentioned in line 1 is aimed at preserving rain forests by encouraging farmers in rain-forest regions to do each of the following EXCEPTA. adopt new agricultural technologiesB. grow improved plant varietiesC. decrease their use of chemical herbicidesD. increase their productivityE. reduce their need to clear new land for cultivationQ12:The passage suggests that in the study mentioned in line 27 the method for gathering information about security of land tenure reflects which of the following pairs of assumptions about Tawahka society?A. The security of a households land tenure depends on the strength of that households kinship ties, and the duration of a households residence in its village is an indication of the strength of that households kinship ties.B. The ample availability of land makes security of land tenure unimportant, and the lack of a need for secure land tenure has made the concept of legal property rights unnecessary.C. The strength of a households kinship ties is a more reliable indicator of that households receptivity to new agricultural technologies than is its quantity of nonland wealth, and the duration of a households residence in its village is a more reliable indicator of that households security of land tenure than is the strength of its kinship ties.D. Security of land tenure based on kinship ties tends to make farmers more receptive to the use of improved plant varieties, and security of land tenure based on long duration of residence in a village tends to make farmers more receptive to the use of chemical herbicides.E. A household is more likely to be receptive to the concept of land tenure based on legal property rights if it has easy access to uncultivated land, and a household is more likely to uphold the tradition of land tenure based on kinship ties if it possesses a significant degree of nonland wealth.Answer: -Q13:The findings of the study mentioned in line 27, if valid for rain-forest regions in general, suggest that which of the following is an obstacle most likely to be faced by those wishing to promote rain-forest preservation by implementing the proposal mentioned in line 1?A. Lack of legal property rights tends to discourage local farmers from investing the time and resources required to successfully implement new agricultural technologies.B. The ability to evaluate the wider economic ramifications of adopting new aricultural technologies depends on a relatively high level of formal education.C. Isolation from the market economy tends to restrict local farmers access to new agricultural technologies that could help them to increase their productivity.D. Ready availability of uncultivated land tends to decrease local farmers incentive to adopt new agricultural technologies that would reduce their need to clear new land for cultivation.E. Traditions of self-sufficiency and reliance on kinship ties tend to diminish local farmers receptivity to new agricultural technologies introduced by people from outside the local community.Q25 to Q28: In Winters v. United States(1908), the Supreme Court heldthat the right to use waters flow-Lineing through or adjacent to the (5)Fort Berthold Indian Reservationwas reserved to American Indiansby the treaty establishing the res-ervation. Although this treaty didnot mention water rights, the Court (10)ruled that the federal government,when it created the reservation,intended to deal fairly withAmerican Indians by preservingfor them the waters without which (15)their lands would have been use-less. Later decisions, citingWinters, established that courtscan find federal rights to reservewater for particular purposes if (20)(1) the land in question lies withinan enclave under exclusive federaljurisdiction, (2) the land has beenformally withdrawn from federalpublic lands i.e., withdrawn from (25)the stock of federal lands avail-able for private use under federalland use laws and set aside orreserved, and (3) the circum-stances reveal the government (30)intended to reserve water as wellas land when establishing thereservation. Some American Indian tribeshave also established water rights (35)through the courts based on theirtraditional diversion and use ofcertain waters prior to the UnitedStates acquisition of sovereignty.For example, the Rio Grande (40)pueblos already existed when theUnited States acquired sovereigntyover New Mexico in 1848. Althoughthey at that time became part of theUnited States, the pueblo lands (45)never formally constituted a partof federal public lands; in anyevent, no treaty, statute, or exec-utive order has ever designatedor withdrawn the pueblos from (50)public lands as American Indianreservations. This fact, how-ever, has not barred applicationof the Winters doctrine. Whatconstitutes an American Indian (55)reservation is a question ofpractice, not of legal definition,and the pueblos have alwaysbeen treated as reservations bythe United States. This pragmatic (60)approach is buttressed by Arizonav. California (1963), wherein theSupreme Court indicated that themanner in which any type of federalreservation is created does not (65)affect the application to it of theWinters doctrine. Therefore, thereserved water rights of PuebloIndians have priority over othercitizens water rights as of 1848, (70)the year in which pueblos mustbe considered to have becomereservations.-Q25:The author cites the fact that the Rio Grande pueblos were never formally withdrawn from public lands primarily in order to do which of the following?A. Suggest why it might have been argued that the Winters doctrine ought not to apply to pueblo landsB. Imply that the United States never really acquired sovereignty over pueblo landsC. Argue that the pueblo lands ought still to be considered part of federal public landsD. Support the argument that the water rights of citizens other than American Indians are limited by the Winters doctrineE. Suggest that federal courts cannot claim jurisdiction over cases disputing the traditional diversion and use of water by Pueblo IndiansQ26:The passage suggests that, if the criteria discussed in lines 16 32 were the only criteria for establishing a reservations water rights, which of the following would be true?A. The water rights of the inhabitants of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation would not take precedence over those of other citizens.B. Reservations established before 1848 would be judged to have no water rights.C. There would be no legal basis for the water rights of the Rio Grande pueblos.D. Reservations other than American Indian reservations could not be created with reserved water rights.E. Treaties establishing reservations would have to mention water rights explicitly in order to reserve water for a particular purpose.Q27:According to the passage, which of the following was true of the treaty establishing the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation?A. It was challenged in the Supreme Court a number of times.B. It was rescinded by the federal government, an action that gave rise to the Winters case.C. It cited American Indians traditional use of the lands resources.D. It failed to mention water rights to be enjoyed by the reservations inhabitants.E. It was modified by the Supreme Court in Arizona v. California.Q28:The primary purpose of the passage is toA. trace the development of laws establishing American Indian reservationsB. explain the legal bases for the water rights of American Indian tribesC. question the legal criteria often used to determine the water rights of American Indian tribesD. discuss evidence establishing the earliest date at which the federal government recognized the water rights of American IndiansE. point out a legal distinction between different types of American Indian reservationsQ33 to Q35:(This passage was excerpted from materialpublished in 1993.) Like many other industries, thetravel industry is under increasingpressure to expand globally in orderLineto keep pace with its corporate cus- (5)tomers, who have globalized theiroperations in response to marketpressure, competitor actions, andchanging supplier relations. But it isdifficult for service organizations to (10)globalize. Global expansion throughacquisition is usually expensive, andexpansion through internal growth istime-consuming and sometimesimpossible in markets that are not (15)actively growing. Some service indus-try companies, in fact, regard thesetraditional routes to global expansionas inappropriate for service industriesbecause of their special need to pre- (20)serve local responsiveness throughlocal presence and expertise. Onetravel agency has eschewed the tra-ditional route altogether. A survivorof the changes that swept the travel (25)industry as a result of the deregulationof the airlines in 1978changes thatincluded dramatic growth in the cor-porate demand for travel services,as well as extensive restructuring and (30)consolidation within the travel industrythis agency adopted a unique structurefor globalization. Rather than expandby attempting to develop its own officesabroad, which would require the devel- (35)opment of local travel managementexpertise sufficient to capture foreignmarkets, the company solved itsglobalization dilemma effectively byforging alliances with the best foreign (40)partners it could find. The resultingcooperative alliance of independentagencies now comprises 32 partnersspanning 37 countries.Q33:The passage suggests that one of the effects of the deregulation of the airlines wasA. a decline in the services available to noncommercial travelersB. a decrease in the size of the corporate travel marketC. a sharp increase in the number of cooperative alliances among travel agenciesD. increased competition in a number of different service industriesE. the merging of some companies within the travel industryQ34:The author discusses a particular travel agency in the passage most likely in order toA. provide evidence of the pressures on the travel industry to globalizeB. demonstrate the limitations of the traditional routes to global expansionC. illustrate an unusual approach to globalizing a service organizationD. highlight the difficulties confronting travel agencies that attempt to globalizeE. underscore the differences between the service industry and other industriesQ35:According to the passage, which of the following is true of the traditional routes to global expansion?A. They have been supplanted in most service industries by alternative routes.B. They are less attractive to travel agencies since deregulation of the airlines.C. They may represent the most cost-effective means for a travel agency to globalize.D. They may be unsuitable for service agencies that are attempting to globalize.E. They are most likely to succeed in markets that are not actively growing.Q6 to Q9: Scientists generally creditviolent collisions betweentectonic plates, the mobileLinefragments of Earths rocky (5)outer shell, with sculptingthe planets surface, as, forexample, when what is nowthe Indian subcontinent col-lided with Asia, producing (10)the Himalayan Mountains.However, plate tectonicscannot fully explain certainmassive surface features,such as the “superswell” (15)of southern Africa, a vastplateau over 1,000 milesacross and nearly a milehigh. Geologic evidenceshows that southern African (20)has been slowly rising forthe past 100 million years,yet it has no