定語從句句型圖解方法及其分類正誤例析

定語從句句型圖解方法及其分類正誤例析湖北省麻城市第三中學(xué) 尹繼友一、定語從句句型圖解高一，高二我們學(xué)習(xí)了定語從句，高三我想采用句型圖解法在大家理解了定語從句的定義、結(jié)構(gòu)和用法的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步揭示其結(jié)構(gòu)和位置，展示一下關(guān)系詞（who, whom, which, that, when, where, why, as）在從句中的功能，并通過大量的糾錯練習(xí)以幫助中學(xué)生鞏固和運用。圖解一. 1）_ 先行詞關(guān)系代詞（who/ which/ that 主語） + 謂語 主 句 定 語 從 句例如：This is the boy who won the first prize the day before yesterday.(NSEFCB1AP.36) The squirrel is a good animal which makes secret food stores for the winter.(NSEFCB2AP.77) Do you know the comrade that gave us a lecture last time? 2) _ 關(guān)代（who/ which/ that 主 ） + 謂 _ 主 定 語 從 句 句例如：The boy that/ who helped me is my elder brother. He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man. Anyone who refused to bow was thrown into prison.提示： 關(guān)系代詞作 主語時不可省略， who指人， which指物， that指人和物。圖解二. _ 先行詞關(guān)代（whom/ which/ that 賓語 ） + 主 + 謂（vt. ） 主句 定 語 從 句例如：She is the teacher whom we all like/ respect. Here is the pen which I lost yesterday. They seemed to be eating something which they had cooked on the fire. You should not judge a stranger always by the clothes that he wears. 提示： 關(guān)系代詞 作從句的賓語時?？墒÷浴?先行詞指物時可選用which或that但先行詞是不定代詞all, no, much, little, few, everything, nothing, anything等或被它們所修飾時； 先行詞被順序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級修飾時； 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last等修飾時可用that。例如：Is there anything that I can do for you in town?That is all that I know.We were interested in everything that we had seen.There is no difficulty that we cannot smooth away.This is one of the most exciting films that I have ever seen.The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan.This is the very book that I want to find.That is the only thing that we can do at the very moment. My father and Mr. Crossett talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school.圖解三. _ 先行詞whose + 名詞 （ 主 ） + 謂 主句 定語從句例如：Xiao Li is the student whose home caught fire last night. He lives in the house whose window faces south . (the window of which faces south ) That is the girl whose mother is our English teacher.圖解四. _ which/ that (whom ) + 主 + 謂 + 介 （ 介 + which/ whom + 主 + 謂 ） 主句 定 語 從 句 定從例如： This is the house which( that)Comrade Li once lived and worked in . That is the school which he once studied in. The person is the manager to whom I spoke just now. Dont bring the children to see the animals of which they are afraid. The two things about which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and idioms.圖解五： _ when/ where/ why (狀語 ) + 主 + 謂 （ vi. ） 主 句 定 語 從 句例如：I do not know the exact time when the school meet will take place. This is the school where he once came for a parents meeting. I do not know the reason why she cried out last night.提示：定語從句的謂語動詞若為visit, spend, take, like, respect, remember, forget, find, regret,fix, spare,kill, waste等及物動詞沒帶賓語時，應(yīng)該選擇關(guān)系代詞which,that作賓語；如果有賓語，就應(yīng)該選擇關(guān)系副詞where,when,why的了。例如：The Bird Net and the Water Cube, _(志愿者參觀的) during a recent trip to Beijing, is one of Beijings tourist attraction.（visit）解析：答案為which volunteers visited?？疾槎ㄕZ從句。Which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，在從句中作visited的賓語，代指The Bird Net and the Water Cube。圖解六. _such/ the same先行詞as( 主 / 賓 / 表語 ) + 或主 + 謂 + 或賓 主句 定 語 從句例如： We need such materials as can stand high temperature. Do not read such books as you cannot understand. I would like to buy the same dictionary as was used yesterday. He is not the same man as he was ( used to be ) . Mr. Yin is such an excellent teacher that we all respect him very much.= Mr. Yin is such an excellent teacher as we all respect very much.二、定語從句分類正誤例析定語從句是中學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)中的難點之一。本文試圖對他們學(xué)習(xí)該從句時常犯的錯誤作一歸類，并略加分析，以期對他們學(xué)習(xí)有所裨益。一 成分重復(fù)類誤： The factory where we worked there last year was built in 1968.正： The factory where we worked last year was built in 1968.析： 別忘記定語從句的關(guān)系詞在從句中必定充當(dāng)某一成分。誤句中的關(guān)系副詞where在從句中作狀語用，意味：“在那工廠”，再用there就重復(fù)狀語了，必須刪去。又例如：Who is the man ( that ) you talked to him just now?應(yīng)改為Who is the man that you talked to just now? (that在從句中作賓語用，意味“那個人”。him是多余的。 )二 關(guān)系詞用錯類誤： This is the right bookstore where we are looking for.正： This is the right bookstore which we are looking for.析： 要弄清各個關(guān)系詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧Ｕ`句中的關(guān)系詞應(yīng)指bookstore, 在從句中作look for的賓語，而where在從句中只能作狀語，因而是錯誤的。故關(guān)系副詞where應(yīng)改為關(guān)系代詞which。又:例如：This is the boy whom was praised by Mr. Jack yesterday.應(yīng)改為This is the boy who was praised by Mr. Jack yesterday. (關(guān)系代詞在從句作主語用，應(yīng)把whom改為who 。)三 主謂矛盾類誤： Can you show me the book which have been translated into English by Xiao Hong?正： Can you show me the book which has been translated into English by Xiao Hong ?析： 在定語從句中，當(dāng)關(guān)系詞為主語時，從句的謂語動詞必須與先行詞相一致，而不是與主句的主語相一致。應(yīng)將have been translated改為has been translated。四 缺關(guān)系代詞類誤： The man is giving a report in our school is a scientist.正： The man who is giving a report in our school is a scientist.析： 犯這類錯誤有兩個原因：一是受漢語的影響，把英語和漢語結(jié)構(gòu)等同起來；二是沒有弄清關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語用時不能省略。應(yīng)把作主語的關(guān)系代詞who補起來。五 漏掉介詞類誤： The woman whom I went to the concert is a singer.正： The woman whom I went to the concert with is a singer.析： 該句的漢語意思是：“和我一起 去參加音樂會的那個婦女是位歌唱家?！备鶕?jù)句義，定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞whom應(yīng)作介詞with的賓語用。如果漏掉介詞with，則關(guān)系代詞whom就無處可放，也無法解釋了。這是中學(xué)生常犯的錯誤，必須引起高度重視。又例如：The man whom I talked to you lives upstairs.應(yīng)改為The man whom I talked to you about lives upstairs.( whom作about的賓語用， 故about不能漏掉。 )六 詞語錯位類誤： The room in that she lives is a large one.正： The room that she lives in is a large one.析： 在定語從句中，介詞不能置于關(guān)系代詞that 之前。當(dāng)介詞放在從句后面時，that可以用，也可以省略。例如：This is the question that we have had so much discussion about .注意，含有介詞的短語動詞一般不可坼開。不能說The book for which he is looking was given by my brother.而應(yīng)說:The book which he is looking for was given by my brother.當(dāng)然，在一般情況下，定語從句的關(guān)系代詞which和whom作介詞的賓語時，介詞是可以置于which和whom之前的。例如：Do you know the comrade to whom she was talking ? The tool with which he is working is called a saw.鞏固演練：糾正下列定語從句中的錯誤。1 The students who was often praised by the teacher went to college last summer.2 Wu Ping is one of my friends who helps me with my English.3 Li Hua is the only one of my classmates who help me with my English.4 Is there anything which you want to buy in this shop?5 You can take any seat which is free.6 This is the only thing which we can do now.7 This is the best film which I have ever seen.8 He talked about some writers and books which/ who were unknown to us all.9 Yesterday I caught two birds, now you can see the two which are still alive.10 Edison built up a factory which produced things which had never been seen before.11 There is a girl that wants to see you .12 The man, you met in the library, is our new teacher.13 Do you know the student who father is a writer.14 I live in the house which door opens to the south.15 This is not such a book that I want.16 I bought the same pen that you are using now.17 Which we all know, Taiwan belongs to China.18 May I use the pen that you bought it yesterday?19 The office where I work there is very large.20 1949 was the year when marked the beginning of the new life.21 This is the bank where was broken inti last night.22 That was the reason why he gave me yesterday.23 The way which he learns English is very good.24 I have three sons, none of them can speak Russian.25 All those that are in favor of the plan, raise your hands, please.Key:1. The students who were often praised by the teacher went to college last summer.2. Wu Ping is one of my friends who help me with my English.3.Li Hua is the only one of my classmates who helps me with my English.4. Is there anything that you want to buy in this shop?5. You can take any seat that is free.6. This is the only thing that we can do now.7. This is the best film that I have seen.8. He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all.9. Yesterday I caught two birds , now you can see the two that are still alive.10. Edison built a factory which produced things that