車輛工程外文翻譯--- 麥弗遜式獨(dú)立懸架的模式圖

附錄外文翻譯MCPHERSONMODELOFTHEINDEPENDENTSUSPENSIONMCPHERSONFRONTSUSPENSIONINTHECARONTHEOTHERISTHEBREADTHOFAPPLICATIONOFTHEHOISTINGSECONDTONONETOTHEBIGBMWM3,PORSCHE911SUCHHIGHPERFORMANCECARS,SMALLFIATSTILO,FORDFOCUS,EVENBEFORECHINASHAFEIVANMAIFUXUNSHIHOISTINGANDAREBASEDONTHEDESIGNWHATISTHEREASONINTHEENDALLOWTHEHOISTINGOFTHEMCPHERSONSUCHWIDEAPPLICATIONTHISSOCOMMONLYUSEDHOISTEDINTHEENDWHATCHARACTERISTICSITWESTARTWITHTHEDESIGNOFSTRUCTURALUNDERSTANDINGFROMTHEBARDIAGRAMBELOWISATYPICALEXAMPLEOFTHEHOISTINGOFTHEMCPHERSONCONSTRUCTIONOFTHE1FIGURE1MCPHERSONHOISTEDCHARTMCPHERSONUSUALLYHOISTEDBYTWOBASICCOMPONENTSAPILLAROFSHOCKABSORBERSANDFONTSCAREARMTHEREASONISBECAUSEITISTHEPILLAROFSHOCKABSORBERDAMPINGISALSOAVAILABLEINADDITIONTOSUPPORTINGTHEROLEOFTHEWHOLEBODY,HISSTRUCTUREISCOMPACT,THESHOCKABSORBERDAMPINGANDSPRINGTOGETHERTOFORMAMOVEMENTFROMTOPTOBOTTOMCANSLIPCOLUMNUNDERABOOMISUSUALLYENTRUSTEDTHEDESIGNFONTS,FORTHEWHEELSTOPROVIDESOMEOFTHELATERALSUPPORTANDDIRECTIONTOBEARALLTHESTRESSBEFOREANDAFTERTHEWEIGHTOFTHEENTIREBODYANDVEHICLEMOVEMENTTOBEARALLTHEWHEELSONTHEIMPACTOFTHESETWOCOMPONENTSCOMMITMENTSOMCPHERSONONEOFTHEGREATESTFEATURESOFTHEDESIGNISSIMPLE,SIMPLESTRUCTUREWILLBRINGDIRECTBENEFITSOFTHETWOTHATISTHEHOISTINGOFLIGHTWEIGHTANDSMALLSPACEWEKNOWTHATTHECARBELONGSTOTHEHOISTINGOFMOVINGPARTS,MOVINGPARTSTHELIGHT,THENHOISTEDRESPONSERATEOFSPEEDANDRESILIENCEWILLBESOONER,SOTHEHOISTINGOFTHESHOCKABSORPTIONCAPACITYOFMORESTRONGANDREDUCETHEQUALITYOFTHEHOISTINGOFSPRINGALSOMEANSREDUCINGTHEQUALITY,THENINBODYWEIGHTCERTAINCIRCUMSTANCES,THECOMFORTISALSOBETTERSPACEONTHEDIRECTBENEFITSOFTHEDESIGNERISINSTORELAYOUTENGINEUNDERGREATERENGINEANDTHEENGINECANBEPLACEDARBITRARYMANNERINMEDIUMSIZEDCARENGINECANBEPUTASIDELARGE,SMALLCARINTHEMEDIUMCANALSOLAYDOWNTHEIRENGINES,SOTHATALLTHEMATCHINGENGINEMOREFLEXIBLEWEALLKNOW,THEBMWINLINESIXCYLINDERENGINEISDESIGNED,INTHEPURSUITOFSPORT,THELAYOUTOFITSCENTEROFGRAVITYINTHEFRONTAXLE,SOTHEENGINETOUSEUPALOTOFWAREHOUSESPACEOFTHEENGINE,THENTHECHOICEOFASIMPLESTRUCTURE,THEHOISTINGOFTHESMALLSPACEITISBYDESIGNISIMPORTANTMCPHERSONSUSPENDEDFROMTHEUPWARDJOURNEY,THATIS,INTHEEVENTTOROLL,WHEELANGLE,WILLAUTOMATICALLYINCREASE,SOTHATTIRESCANBETTERINTEGRATEWITHTHEROAD,THEVEHICLETOPROVIDEGREATERLATERALFORCE,TOIMPROVETHECONTROLLIMITHAVEEXCELLENTCONTROLANDRESPONSIVENESSCOUPLEDWITHTHETIGHTSTRUCTURE,ITISCLEARONABMWDESIGNERSBEFOREHOISTINGTHEPREFERREDOPTIONFORSMALLCARSANDMINICARS,ASFARASPOSSIBLEINASMALLENGINESTORESMAKEROOMLAYOUTENGINEBECOMESEVENMOREIMPORTANT,SOTHEYHAVENOCHOICEBUTTOSELECTMCPHERSONHOISTEDMOREOVER,IFAREASONABLEMATCH,MCPHERSONWHETHERMANIPULATIONANDCOMFORTAREVERYGOODTHATSOMUCHHASBEENHOISTEDATTHEMERITSOFMCPHERSON,THETALKABOUTTHESHORTCOMINGSITISALSOPRECISELYBECAUSEMCPHERSONISTOOSIMPLESTRUCTURE,CAUSINGTHEHOISTINGOFTHESTIFFNESSLIMITEDASMCPHERSONHOISTEDONLYCAREARMANDSHOCKABSORBERTOWITHSTANDASTRONGPILLAROFTHEWHEELIMPACT,ITISEASIERINGEOMETRYDEFORMATIONTHISDEFORMATIONOFTHEDRIVINGEXPERIENCE,ISTHATMOTORISTSWILLOBVIOUSLYFEELTHESTABILITYOFPOORBODYWHETHERTURNINGROLLORBRAKENODPHENOMENON,AREVERYOBVIOUSOFCOURSE,THEDESIGNERSALSOLIKEALOTOFWAYSTOSOLVETHEPROBLEMOFINSTABILITYWEHAVEOFTENHEARDTHATTHEHORIZONTALWENDINGGAN,THEANTIROLLBARS,BALANCE,ETCAREUSEDTOINCREASETHEHOISTINGOFMAIFUSGEOMETRICSTIFFNESSANDLATERALSTABILITYOFTHECOMPONENTSHOWEVER,WENDINGGANOPTICALINCREASEBYIMPROVINGTHEPERFORMANCEISLIMITED,THEUSEOFWENDINGGANDESIGNCANIMPROVETHESTABILITYOFCERTAINEXTENT,GEOMETRYANDSUSPENSIONSTIFFNESSIFINORDERTOFUNDAMENTALLYSOLVETHESEPROBLEMS,WEMUSTCHANGETHEHOISTINGOFTHEGEOMETRICSHAPES,ANDTHENMULTILINKDOUBLEROCKERHOISTEDONBEHALFOFTHEHOISTINGOFAHIGHPERFORMANCEMCPHERSONADDITIONTOTHEHOISTINGOFSTABILITYANDRIGIDITYINREGARDTOINFERIORTOMULTILINK,ONTHEDURABILITYANDMULTILINKCANNOTBEHOISTEDATPARASMCPHERSONHOISTEDPILLARSNEEDTOBEARTHESHOCKABSORBEROFTHEHORIZONTAL,FROMTOPTOBOTTOMATTHESAMETIMEACAMPAIGNTOREDUCETHEPURPOSEOFVIBRATION,SHOCKABSORBERSUPPORTINGBARTHEFRICTIONISVERYUNEVEN,SHOCKABSORBEROILSEALTOWEARAHYDRAULICOILDAMPINGEFFECTOFREDUCINGLEAKAGE麥弗遜式獨(dú)立懸架的模式圖麥弗遜在汽車前懸掛上的應(yīng)用之廣是其他懸掛無法比擬的。大到寶馬M3，保時(shí)捷911這類高性能車，小到菲亞特STILO，福特FOCUS，甚至國產(chǎn)的哈飛面包車前懸掛都是采用的麥弗遜式設(shè)計(jì)。到底是什么原因能讓麥弗遜懸掛的應(yīng)用如此廣泛這種如此常用的懸掛到底有哪些性能特點(diǎn)呢我們先從它的設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)了解起吧。如下圖就是一套最典型的麥弗遜懸掛的構(gòu)造圖1圖1麥弗遜懸掛結(jié)構(gòu)圖麥弗遜懸掛通常由兩個(gè)基本部分組成支柱式減震器和A字型托臂。之所以叫減震器支柱是因?yàn)樗藴p震還有支撐整個(gè)車身的作用，他的結(jié)構(gòu)很緊湊，把減震器和減震彈簧集成在一起，組成一個(gè)可以上下運(yùn)動(dòng)的滑柱；下托臂通常是A字型的設(shè)計(jì)，用于給車輪提供部分橫向支撐力，以及承受全部的前后方向應(yīng)力。整個(gè)車體的重量和汽車在運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)車輪承受的所有沖擊就這兩個(gè)部件承擔(dān)。所以麥弗遜的一個(gè)最大的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)就是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單能帶來兩個(gè)直接好處那就是懸掛重量輕和占用空間小。我們知道，汽車懸掛屬于運(yùn)動(dòng)部件，運(yùn)動(dòng)部件越輕，那么懸掛響應(yīng)速度和回彈速度就會(huì)越快，所以懸掛的減震能力也就越強(qiáng)；而且懸掛質(zhì)量減輕也意味著彈簧下質(zhì)量減輕，那么在車身重量一定的情況下，舒適性也越好。占用空間小帶來的直接好處就是設(shè)計(jì)師能在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)倉布置下更大的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，而且發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的放置方式也能隨心所欲。在中型車上能放下大型發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，在小型車上也能放下中型發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，讓各種發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的匹配更靈活。大家都知道，寶馬的6缸發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是直列設(shè)計(jì)的，為了追求運(yùn)動(dòng)性，把其重心布置在前軸之后，因此發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)要占用大量的引擎?zhèn)}空間，那么，選用一款結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，占用空間小的懸掛設(shè)計(jì)就顯得由為重要。麥弗遜懸掛在向上行程時(shí)，也就是在發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)向側(cè)傾時(shí)，車輪外傾角會(huì)自動(dòng)加大，使輪胎能更好的跟路面結(jié)合，給整車提供更大的橫向力，提高了轉(zhuǎn)向操控極限。擁有出色的操控和響應(yīng)性再加上緊湊的結(jié)構(gòu)，很顯然就成了寶馬設(shè)計(jì)師設(shè)計(jì)前懸掛時(shí)的首選方案。對(duì)于小型車和微型車來說，盡可能的在狹小的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)倉騰出空間布置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)就更加重要了，所以他們也不得不選擇麥弗遜懸掛，況且，如果做出合理的匹配，麥弗遜無論是操控和舒適性都是相當(dāng)出色的。說了這么多麥弗遜懸掛的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，也該談?wù)勅秉c(diǎn)了。也正是因?yàn)辂湼ミd結(jié)構(gòu)過于簡(jiǎn)單，造成懸掛的剛度有限。由于麥弗遜懸掛只能下托臂和減震器支柱來承受強(qiáng)大的車輪沖擊力，所以較易發(fā)生幾何變形。這種變形體現(xiàn)到駕駛感受上，就是駕駛者會(huì)明顯的感覺到車身穩(wěn)定性較差。無論是轉(zhuǎn)彎側(cè)傾，還是剎車點(diǎn)頭現(xiàn)象，都非常明顯。當(dāng)然，設(shè)計(jì)師們也想了不少辦法來解決穩(wěn)定性問題。我們經(jīng)常聽說的橫