單片機(jī)外文翻譯—單片機(jī)基礎(chǔ)(譯文+英文）

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CANBEDRIVENFROMANEXTERNALSOURCETHISLATTERARRANGEMENTISUSEFULISEXTERNALSYNCHRONIZATIONOFTHEMICROCOMPUTERISREQUIREDWORDSANDTERMSCULMINATIONN頂點(diǎn)SPILTADJ分離的VOLATILEN易變的COMMITV保證ALBEITCONJ雖然CUSTOMADJ定制的VARIANTADJ不同的PIGGYBACKADJ背負(fù)式的SOCKETN插座BPLC1PLCSPROGRAMMABLELOGICALCONTROLLERFACEEVERMORECOMPLEXCHALLENGESTHESEDAYSWHEREONCETHEYQUIETLYREPLACEDRELAYSANDGAVEANOCCASIONALREPORTTOACORPORATEMAINFRAME,THEYARENOWGROUPEDINTOCELLS,GIVENNEWJOBANDNEWLANGUAGES,ANDAREFORCEDTOCOMPETEAGAINSTAGROWINGARRAYOFCONTROLPRODUCTSFORTHISYEARSANNUALPLCTECHNOLOGYUPDATE,WEQUERIEDPLCMAKERSONTHESETOPICSANDMOREPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESHIGHERLEVELPLCPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESHAVEBEENAROUNDFORSOMETIME,BUTLATELYTHEIRPOPULARITYHASMUSHROOMING“ASRAYMONDLEVEILLE,VICEPRESIDENTPROGRAMMABLECONTROLSAREBEINGUSEDFORMOREANDMORESOPHISTICATEDOPERATIONS,LANGUAGESOTHERTHANLADDERLOGICBECOMEMOREPRACTICAL,EFFICIENT,ANDPOWERFULFOREXAMPLE,ITSVERYDIFFICULTTOWRITEATRIGONOMETRICFUNCTIONUSINGLADDERLOGIC“LANGUAGESGAININGACCEPTANCEINCLUDEBOOLEAN,CONTROLSYSTEMFLOWCHARTING,ANDSUCHFUNCTIONCHARTLANGUAGESASGRAPHCETANDITSVARIATIONANDTHERESINCREASINGINTERESTINLANGUAGESLIKECANDBASICPLCSINPROCESSCONTROLTHUSFAR,PLCSHAVENOTBEENUSEDEXTENSIVELYFORCONTINUOUSPROCESSCONTROLWILLTHISCONTINUE“THEFEELINGTHATIVEGOTTEN,“SAYSKENJANNOTTA,MANGER,PRODUCTPLANNING,SERIESONEANDSERIESSIXPRODUCT,ATGEFANUCNORTHAMERICA,ISTHATPLCSWILLBEUSEDINTHEPROCESSINDUSTRYBUTNOTNECESSARILYFORPROCESSCONTROL“SEVERALVENDORSOBVIOUSLYBETTINGTHATTHEOPPOSITEWILLHAPPENHAVEINTRODUCEDPLCSOPTIMIZEDFORPROCESSAPPLICATIONRICHRYAN,MANGER,COMMERCIALMARKETING,ALLENBRADLEYPROGRAMMABLECONTROLSDIV,CITESPLCSSINCREASINGUSESUCHINDUSTRIESASFOOD,CHEMICALS,ANDPETROLEUMRYANFEELSTHEREARETWOTYPESOFAPPLICATIONSINWHICHTHEYREAPPROPRIATE“ONE,“HESAYS,“ISWHERETHESIZEOFTHEPROCESSCONTROLSYSTEMTHATSBEINGAUTOMATEDDOESNTJUSTIFYDCSDISTRIBUTEDCONTROLSYSTEMWITHTHESTARTINGPRICETAGSOFCHOSEPRODUCTSBEINGRELATIVELYHIGH,APROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERMAKESSENSEFORSMALL,LOWLOOPCOUNTAPPLICATIONTHESECONDISWHEREYOUHAVETOINTEGRATETHELOOPCLOSELYWITHTHESEQUENTIALLOGICALBATCHCONTROLLERSAREPRIMEEXAMPLE,WHERETHESEQUENCEANDMAINTAININGTHEPROCESSVARIABLEAREINTERTWINEDSOCLOSELYTHATTHEBENEFITSOFHAVINGAPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERTODOTHESEQUENTIALLOGICALOUTWEIGHSSOMEOFTHEDISADVANTAGESOFNOTHAVINGADISTRIBUTEDCONTROLSYSTEM“BILLBARKOVITZ,PRESIDENTOFTRICONEX,PREDICTSTHAT“ALLFUTURECONTROLLERSTHATCOMEOUTINTHEPROCESSCONTROLSYSTEMBUSINESSWILLEMBRACEALOTOFMOREPLCTECHNOLOGYANDALOTMOREPLCFUNCTIONALITYTHANTHEYEVERDIDBEFORE“COMMUNICATIONSANDMAPCOMMUNICATIONSAREVITALTOANINDIVIDUALAUTOMATIONCELLANDTOBEAUTOMATEDFACTORYASAWHOLEWEVEHEARDALOTABOUTMAPINTHELASTFEWYEARS,ANDALOTOFCOMPANIESHAVEJUMPEDONTHEBANDWAGON2MANY,HOWEVER,WEREDISAPPOINTEDWHENAFULLYDEFINEDANDCOMPLETEDMAPSPECIFICATIONDIDNTAPPEARIMMEDIATELYSAYSLARRYKOMAREK“RIGHTNOW,MAPISSTILLAMOVINGTARGETFORTHEMANUFACTURERS,ASPECIFICATIONTHATISNOTFINALPRESENTLY,FOREXAMPLEPEOPLEAREINTRODUCINGPRODUCTSTOMEETTHEMAP21STANDARDYET21BASEDPRODUCTSWILLBEOBSOLETEWHENTHENEWSTANDARDFORMAP30ISINTRODUCED“BECAUSEOFTHIS,MANYPLCVENDORSAREHOLDINGOFFONFULLMAPIMPLEMENTATIONSOMRON,FOREXAMPLE,HASANONGOINGMAPCOMPATIBILITYPROGRAM3BUTFRANKNEWBURN,VICEPRESIDENTOFOMRONSINDUSTRIALDIVISION,REPORTSTHATBECAUSEOFTHELACKOFAFIRMDEFINITION,OMRONSPLCSDONTYETTALKTOMAPSINCEITSUNLIKELYTHATANINDIVIDUALPLCWOULDTALKTOBROADMAPANYWAY,MAKERSARECONCENTRATINGONPROPRIETARYNETWORKSACCORDINGTOSALPROVANZANO,USERSFEARTHATIFTHEYDOGETONBOARDANDVENDORSWITHDRAWFROMMAP,THEYLLBETHEONESLEFTHOLDINGACOMMUNICATIONSSTRUCTURETHATSNOTSUPPORTEDUNIVERSALI/OWHILETHEREARECONCERNSABOUTTHELACKOFCOMPATIBLECOMMUNICATIONSBETWEENPLCSFROMDIFFERENTVENDORS,THECONNECTIONATTHEOTHERENDTHEI/OISEVENMOREFRAGMENTEDWITHRAREEXCEPTIONS,I/OISSTILLPROPRIETARYYETTHEREARETHOSEWHOFEELTHATI/OWILLEVENTUALLYBECOMEMOREUNIVERSALGEFANUCISHOPINGTODOTHATWITHITSGENIUSSMARTI/OLINETHEINDEPENDENTI/OMAKERSAREPULLINGINTHESAMEDIRECTIONMANYSAYTHATI/OISSUCHAHIGHVALUEITEMTHATPLCMAKERSWILLALWAYSWANTTOKEEPITPROPRIETARYASKENJANNOTTA,SAYS“THEI/OISGOINGTOBEADISPROPORTIONATEAMOUNTOFTHEHARDWARESALECERTAINLYEACHPLCVENDORISGOINGTOTRYTOPROTECTTHAT“FORTHATREASON,HESAYS,PLCMAKERSWONTBEGINSELLINGUNIVERSALI/OSYSTEMFROMOTHERVENDOR“IFWESTARTSELLINGTHATKINDOFPRODUCT,“SAYSJANNOTTA,“WHATDOWEMANUFACTURE“WITHMOREINTELLIGENTI/OAPPEARING,SALPROVANZANOFEELSTHISWILLLEADTOMOREDIFFERENTIATIONAMONGI/OFROMDIFFERENTMAKERS“WHERETHEI/OBECOMESEXTREMELYINTELLIGENTANDBECOMESPARTOFTHESYSTEM,“HESAYS,“ITREALLYISHARDTODEFINEWHICHISTHEI/OANDWHICHISCPUITREALLYCPU,IFYOUWILL,ISEQUALLYINTEGRATEDINTOTHESYSTEMASTHEI/O“CONNECTINGPLCI/OTOPCSWHILEDIFFERENTPLCSPROBABLYWILLCONTINUETOUSEPROPRIETARYI/O,SEVERALVENDORSMAKEITPOSSIBLETOCONNECT5THEIRI/OTOIBMPCCOMPATIBLEEQUIPMENTALLEBRADELEY,COULD,ANDCINCINNATIMILACRONALREADYHAVE,ANDRUMORHASITTHATGEISPLANNINGSOMETHINGALONGTHESESAMELINES4BILLKETELHUT,MANAGEOFPRODUCTPLANNINGATGEFANUCNORTHAMERICA,SEESTHISSORTOFTHINGASALTERNATIVETOUNIVERSALI/O“ITHINKTHETREND,INSTEADOFTOWARDUNIVERSALI/O,WILLBEMULTIPLEHOSTINTERFACE,“HESAYSJODIEGLORE,DIRECTOROFMARKING,SQUAREDAUTOMATIONPRODUCTS,VIEWSITASANOTHERINDICATIONTHATPLCSARE,ANDHAVEBEENFORSOMETIME,INDUSTRIALCOMPUTERSPLCSVSPCSIFTHEIBM7552,THEACTIONINSTRUMENTSBC22,ANDOTHERCOMPUTERSAREAPPEARINGONTHEFACTORYFLOOR,WONTTHISMEANNEWCOMPETITIONFORPLCSRICHRYAN“THEREARESOMECONTROLFUNCTIONSTHATAREBETTERJOBSFORCOMPUTERSPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERSHAVEBEENFORCEDTOFITINTOTHOSEAPPLICATIONS“YET,THEMAJORITYOFVENDORSWESURVEYEDDONTLIKETHE“PCINVASION“WILLPOSEAPROBLEMFORTHEMMOSTSAIDTHATPLCSANDPCSAREENOUGHAPARTINARCHITECTURETHATTHEYWILLUSUALLYDOTHECONTROLTHEYDONTFEELTHATPCSWILLTAKEJOBSFROMPLCSJUSTBECAUSEPLCI/OMODULESCANNOWBECONNECTEDTOPCSTHEYBELIEVETHISSIMPLYMEANSTHATPLCSANDPCSWILLBEABLETOSHARETHESAMEDATA“THEREAREINHERENTARCHITECTURALDIFFERENCESBETWEENAGENERALPURPOSECOMPUTER,“SAYSRICHRYAN,“ANDAPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERTHEREAREHARDWARECONSTRUCTSBUILTINTOALMOSTEVERYMANUFACTURESPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERTODAYTHATCUSTOMIZETHEHARDWARETORUNLADDERLOGICANDTOSOLVEMACHINECODE“ONEFUNDAMENTALDIFFERENCEHECITESISCALLEDSTATEOFTHEMACHINERYAN“WHENYOUSHUTTHEMACHINEOFF,ORINTERRUPTTHECYCLE,ORYOUJUMPTOANOTHERSPOTINTHECYCLE,PROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERSINHERENTLYREMEMBERTHESTATEOFTHEMACHINEWHATTHETIMERSWERE,WHATTHECOUNTERSWERE,WHATTHESTATESOFALLTHELATCHESWERECOMPUTERSDONTINHERENTLYDOTHAT“WORDSANDTERMSBETV確信OPTIMIZEDN優(yōu)化程序CORPORATEADJ共同的MUSHROOMV迅速發(fā)展TRIGONOMETRICFUNCTION三角函數(shù)VENDORN廠商TAGN標(biāo)簽SMARTADJ智能型的COMPATIBLEADJ兼容的1、外文資料翻譯譯文單片機(jī)基礎(chǔ)單片機(jī)是電腦和集成電路發(fā)展的巔峰，有據(jù)可查的是他們也是20世紀(jì)最有意義的兩大發(fā)明。這兩種特性在單片機(jī)中得到了充分的體現(xiàn)。一些廠家用這兩種特性區(qū)分程序內(nèi)存和數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)存在硬件中的特性，如圖35A1，依據(jù)同樣的原理廣泛的適用于一般目的的電腦和微電腦，一些廠家在程序內(nèi)存和數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)存之間不區(qū)分的像PRINCETON特性，展示如圖35A2只讀存貯器ROMROM是通常的永久性的，非應(yīng)用程序的易失性存儲(chǔ)器。不少微機(jī)和單片機(jī)用于大批量應(yīng)用，因此，經(jīng)濟(jì)的設(shè)備制造要求的程序存儲(chǔ)器的內(nèi)容是在制造期間永久性的刻錄在芯片中，這意味著嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)姆椒ǎ驗(yàn)樾薷腞OM代碼不能制造之后發(fā)展。這一發(fā)展過(guò)程可能涉及仿真,使用硬件仿真功能以及強(qiáng)大的軟件工具使用先進(jìn)的開發(fā)系統(tǒng)。一些制造商在其提供的設(shè)備包括的范圍（或擬使用）用戶可編程內(nèi)存其中最簡(jiǎn)單的通常是設(shè)備能夠運(yùn)行于微處理器模式通過(guò)使用一些輸入/輸出作為地址線額外的ROM選項(xiàng)和數(shù)據(jù)總線訪問(wèn)外部?jī)?nèi)存這種類型的設(shè)備可以表現(xiàn)為單芯片微型計(jì)算機(jī)盡管有限制的I/O和外部修改這些設(shè)備的電路小內(nèi)存裝置的應(yīng)用是非常普遍的在永久性內(nèi)存的制造中2但仍然可以在我節(jié)省大量成本I/O和其它芯片相比，傳統(tǒng)的基于微處理器電路更準(zhǔn)確的ROM設(shè)備更換，可在與形式變種背馱式EPROM（可擦除可編程只讀存儲(chǔ)器）插座或存儲(chǔ)器，而不是ROM器件。這些器件自然價(jià)格比同等ROM設(shè)備貴，但不提供完整的等效電路EPROM的設(shè)備也非常有吸引力對(duì)于低容量應(yīng)用中，他們提供的單芯片器件的優(yōu)勢(shì)，在以下方面的板載I/O等，在靈活的用戶可編程帶來(lái)的便利。隨機(jī)存取存儲(chǔ)器（RAM）。RAM用于變量和工作在程序使用該存儲(chǔ)器的執(zhí)行隨數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備的大小不同類型而有所不同，但具有相同的特征寬度（4,8,16比特等）作為處理器。特殊功能寄存器，如棧指針或定時(shí)器寄存器，往往邏輯納入內(nèi)存區(qū)域它也在型微電腦的硬件中做集中內(nèi)存，它是不必要的區(qū)分內(nèi)存和處理器之間的區(qū)別在通常不物理上分開的微機(jī)中。中央處理單元（CPU）。CPU是很象微型電子計(jì)算機(jī)和微控制器的任何微電腦許多微電腦和微控制器涉及到二進(jìn)制編碼十進(jìn)制處理（BCD）的數(shù)據(jù)為例）數(shù)字顯示，因而，常?？梢园l(fā)現(xiàn)該CPU是很適合處理這種類型的數(shù)據(jù)。對(duì)設(shè)施良好與否進(jìn)行的測(cè)試，設(shè)置和重置單個(gè)位的內(nèi)存或I/O控制器的應(yīng)用程序，也是常見的因?yàn)樵S多涉及打開和關(guān)閉的單輸出線或在單線這些線很容易連接到二進(jìn)制的設(shè)備，如開關(guān)，恒溫器，固態(tài)繼電器，閥門，電機(jī)等并行輸入/輸出并行輸入和輸出的計(jì)劃有所不同，在不同的微機(jī)，在大多數(shù)設(shè)立一個(gè)機(jī)制，至少選擇讓其中一些引腳輸出，一些引腳輸如是非常靈活的。這可能適用于所有或端口有些I/O線直接連接到適當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)備，例如，熒光顯示器，也可以提供足夠的電流，使接口和其他設(shè)備直接相連一些設(shè)備允許一個(gè)I/O端口,其他組件將作為系統(tǒng)總線配置為允許片外存儲(chǔ)器和I/O擴(kuò)展。這個(gè)設(shè)施是潛在有用的一個(gè)產(chǎn)品系列的發(fā)展，因?yàn)檫B續(xù)增強(qiáng)可能成為太上存儲(chǔ)器，這是不可取的，不是建立在現(xiàn)有的軟件基礎(chǔ)上的。串行輸入/輸出。串行通信是指與終端設(shè)備的鏈接使用少量的通訊線這種通訊也可利用特殊的接口連接功能芯片使幾個(gè)微型機(jī)連在一起。雙方共同異步同步通信方案要求的規(guī)則提供成幀（啟動(dòng)和停止）的信息。這可以作為一個(gè)硬件設(shè)施或U（擰）藝術(shù)（通用執(zhí)行（同步）異步接收器/發(fā)送器）減輕處理器（和應(yīng)用程序）的這種低層次的確費(fèi)時(shí)它也只需要選擇一個(gè)波特率及其他可能的選擇（停止位，奇偶校驗(yàn)等）和負(fù)載號(hào)碼（或讀?。?，串行發(fā)送器（或接收）的緩沖器進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)母袷降臄?shù)據(jù)串行處理，然后由硬件電路完成。定時(shí)/計(jì)數(shù)器設(shè)施。許多應(yīng)用的單片機(jī)需要對(duì)過(guò)去的真實(shí)時(shí)間準(zhǔn)確的評(píng)價(jià)。這可以由每個(gè)程序中的執(zhí)行時(shí)間分支認(rèn)真評(píng)估，但除最簡(jiǎn)單的程序外，他的工作效率不高。首選方法是使用計(jì)時(shí)器電路，能獨(dú)立計(jì)算精確的時(shí)間增量，并生成一個(gè)預(yù)設(shè)的時(shí)間后中斷的時(shí)間。這種類型的定時(shí)器通常在所要求的數(shù)量可重載中應(yīng)用。計(jì)時(shí)器然后減少此值產(chǎn)生中斷或設(shè)置標(biāo)記時(shí)，計(jì)數(shù)器到達(dá)零更好的計(jì)時(shí)器有自動(dòng)加載初始值的功能。這將緩解重新加載計(jì)數(shù)器和評(píng)估所用的時(shí)間，計(jì)時(shí)器重新啟動(dòng)之前這是必要的。有時(shí)候與定時(shí)器相關(guān)的是一個(gè)事件計(jì)數(shù)器。這個(gè)設(shè)備通常有一個(gè)特殊的輸入引腳，可直接驅(qū)動(dòng)計(jì)數(shù)器。定時(shí)元件。大多數(shù)微型計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)鐘電路只需要簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)時(shí)元件如果要求最高性能，必須使用晶體以確保最大時(shí)鐘頻率接近，但不會(huì)超出。許多時(shí)鐘電路，還具有電阻和低電容工作成本定時(shí)元件，也可以從外部源驅(qū)動(dòng)。這后一種安排是有用的在微機(jī)外部同步是必需的時(shí)候。BPLC1今天的PLC（可編程邏輯控制器）將面對(duì)日益復(fù)雜的挑戰(zhàn)。一旦他們悄悄地取代繼電器，偶爾向主機(jī)報(bào)告，如果他們將他們比作細(xì)胞，賦予新的工作和新的語(yǔ)言，將被迫和大量的控制產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。對(duì)于今年的年度PLC技術(shù)的更新，我們對(duì)PLC的制造商會(huì)就這些主題提出更多問(wèn)題編程語(yǔ)言更高水平的PLC編程語(yǔ)言已經(jīng)推行有一段時(shí)間了，但最近的流行，如雨后春筍般。正如雷蒙德萊韋耶，副總裁兼總經(jīng)理，西門子能源和自動(dòng)化公司，可編程控制正在為更復(fù)雜的操作使用，梯形邏輯比語(yǔ)言變得更加實(shí)際，有效和強(qiáng)大的。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，很難寫三角函數(shù)使用梯形邏輯?！罢Z(yǔ)言為人們所接受，包括布爾，控制系統(tǒng)流程圖，這種功能圖及其變化圖表語(yǔ)言。而且有越來(lái)越多像C和BASIC語(yǔ)言的興趣?！痹谶^(guò)程的PLC控制到目前為止，PLC的沒(méi)有大量用于連續(xù)過(guò)程控制，會(huì)繼續(xù)嗎“我感覺(jué)到了，PLC將用于過(guò)程工業(yè)，但不一定過(guò)程控制?！盝ANNOTTA說(shuō)。幾個(gè)供應(yīng)商，顯然是把賭注押在相反會(huì)發(fā)生，已經(jīng)實(shí)行了PLC的應(yīng)用優(yōu)化的過(guò)程。富瑞安的經(jīng)理認(rèn)為PLC將越來(lái)越多地使用食品等行業(yè)，化工，石化RYAN認(rèn)為有兩種類型的應(yīng)用程序中，他們是合適的。“之一，”他說(shuō)，“是其中的過(guò)程控制系統(tǒng)，目前已被沒(méi)有理由自動(dòng)化DCS的大小分布式控制系統(tǒng)隨著價(jià)格標(biāo)簽開始。產(chǎn)品的選擇是比較高，可編程控制器為小，低環(huán)數(shù)的應(yīng)用意義。第二種是你必須融入順序邏輯。批次控制循環(huán)密切