語言學終極復(fù)習之簡答題加名詞解釋

1、語言學終極復(fù)習之簡答題加名詞解釋 語言學終極復(fù)習之簡答題加名詞解釋 chapter 1 introduction 52.arbitrariness: it is one of the design features of language. it means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53 productivity language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpr

2、etation of new signals by its users. 54. displacement displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. in other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed f

3、rom the immediate situations of the speaker 55.duality :the duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56. design features: design features refer to the defining properties of human lang

4、uage that distinguish it from any animal system of communication chapter ii 37. allophone : the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 44. minimal pair : when two different forms are identical in every way except f

5、or one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. chapter3 +7 back-formation: a word invented usually unwittingly by subtracting an affix on the assumption that a familiar word derives from it blending: a blend is a word formed by comb

6、ining parts of other words. chapte5 29. synonymy :synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. 35. hyponymy :hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 36.antonymy :antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of

7、meaning. chapter 6 31. locutionary act : a locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. it is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. 32. illocutionary act: an illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speakers intention; it is the act

8、performed in saying something. for example, in the utterance “you have left the door wide open.” the illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance, he has expressed his intention of asking the hearer to close the door. 33. perlocutionary act: a perlocutionary act is

9、the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. n the example “you have left the door wide open.”, if the hearer gets the speakers message and sees that the speaker means to

10、ask someone to close the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed. 簡答題出自第五和第六章 1.principle of conversation（from chapter 6 p85）(必考) 2.how do you distinguish between entailment and presuppositio

11、n in terms of truth values?(p71)（東哥預(yù)測from chapter 5） 3.according to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? illustrate them with examples. （東哥預(yù)測from chapter 5） according to the ways synonyms differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups. i. dialectal synon

12、yms they are synonyms which are used in different regional dialects. british english and american english are the two major geographical varieties of the english language. for examples: british english american english autumn fall lift elevator then dialectal synonyms can also be found within britis

13、h, or american english itself. for example, scottish dialect, and ii. stylistic synonyms they are synonyms which differ in style or degree of formality. some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal, others tend to be casual, and still oth-ers are neutral in style. for example: old man, dadd

14、y, dad, father, male parent chap, pal, friend, companion iii. synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning they are the words that have the same meaning but express different emotions of the user. the emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is tal

15、king about . for exam-ple, “collaborator” and “accomplice” are synonymous, sharing the meaning of person who helps anotherbut they are different in their evaluative meaning. the former means that a person who helps another in do-ing something good, while the latter refers to a person who helps anoth

16、er in a criminal act. iv. collocational synonyms they are synonyms which differ in their collocation. for example, we can use accuse, charge, rebuke to say that someone has done something wrong or even criminal, but they are used with different preposi-tions accuse. . . of, charge. . . with, rebuke. . .for. v. v. semantically different synonyms semantically different synonym