英美概況復(fù)習(xí)

1、題型及分?jǐn)?shù):I. Multiple choice（共35題，每題1分）II. Judgments本大題10個判斷題，每題2分, 共20分IIITerm explanation本大題5個名詞解釋題，每題5分, 共25分IVWriting本大題2個論述題，共20分。 請注意： 1. 所有試卷都必須交給監(jiān)考老師！ 2所有答案全部寫在答題紙（ANSWER SHEET）上，否則視為無效卷。 3試卷首頁、答題紙（ANSWER SHEET）上都必須填寫姓名、學(xué)號等。選擇題請主要參考教材和課件知識點(diǎn)The Commonwealth of NationsOliver CromwellThe Supreme Co

2、urt of USAthe Hundred Years WarMinisters are appointed by the queen on the recommendation ofthe Declaration of Independencethe American Civil Warthe main agricultural crops of each part of USAElementary and secondary education in the U.S covers 12 years for ages 6 through 18, All the states have law

3、s that require children to go to school, generally until the age of 16, unless they are severely handicapped.The Capitol HillWashington D.C.the ancestors of the English and the founders of EnglandCockneyismHeptarchythe British and American educational systemsthe Glorious Revolutionthe Great Lakes Re

4、gionthe political parties in UK and USAthe Church of EnglandWhigs; ToriesEllis IslandWASPsThe North Atlantic Driftthe Peasant Uprisingthe American leading center of heavy industrychecks and balancesTerms:Thatcherism Thatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first wom

5、an prime minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasi

6、s on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the British economy. The Glorious RevolutionIn 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule wit

7、hout giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The

8、 takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.the Norman Conquest: The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confisticated almost all the land and gave it to his

9、 Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.A Constitutional Monarchy The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy: the head of State is a king or a queen. In practice, the Sovereign reigns, but doe

10、s not rule: the United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign, by His or Her Majestys Government a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament. The monarchy is the oldest institution

11、 of government, going back to at least the 9th century. The continuity of the monarchy has been broken only once when, between 1649 and 1660, a republic was established.a welfare state:The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its cit

12、izens throgh its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities.Martin Luther King:Martin Luther King was a black minister, who became a grest leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 60s. He led over 250 000 Americans on a march in Washington D.C. to fight for the civil

13、rights law to gurantee equality for all people and delivered his best-known speech “I Have a Dream”. Thus he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. But he was tragically murdered four years later.the NATOThe North Atlantic Treaty, signed on April 4, 1949, provided that an attack on any of th

14、e parties to the treaty would be regarded as an attack on all, and force, if necessary, would be used to restore and maintain peace and security.The War of Independence The 13 American colonies revolted against their British rulers in 1775. The war began on April 19, when British regulars fired on t

15、he Minutemen of Lexington, Mass. The fighting ended with the surrender of the British at Yorktown on Oct. 19, 1781. Great Britain signed a formal treaty recognizing the independence of the colonies.the New Dealit was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to deal with

16、 the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up some efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to “save American democracy” and to overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system up to that time.Magna CartaThis is a medieval Latin name

17、meaning “Great Charter”. In 1215, King John was forced by a group of feudal barons and the Church to grant them a charter of liberty and political rights. Magna Carta placed some limits on the kings ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britains key expression of the rights of

18、citizens against the Crown.The Black Death The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It reduced Englands population from four million to two million by the end of the

19、14th century.The industrial Revolution (1780-1830) refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuriesThe Hundred Years WarIt refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittentl

20、y from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders. Besides, Englands desire t

21、o stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.Stars and Stripes It is the national flag of the US. It has 13 stripes7 red stripes and 6 white tripes. A blue square in the upper corner contains 50 white stars. The stripes represent the 13 original Ame

22、rican colonies. The 50 stars stand for the 50 U.S. states.Bill of Rights The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States are called the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights lists the rights that belong to all American citizens. These rights are considered so important that the govern

23、ment may not take them away. VI 論述題1. The features of British climate and the factors influencing the climate.2. The frontiersmen spirit and its influence on American values.3. What do you think of individualism, which is popular with Americans?4. Briefly discuss the factors that contributed to the

24、fast growth of the American economy.1. 1). Britains favorable climate Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in

25、the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east. The temperature varies within a small range. 2).The factors influencing the climate in Britain:a. The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;的b. The preva

26、iling south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;的c. The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.2. The frontiersmen spirit and its influence on Americ

27、an values.The early immigrants who were English Puritans settled down in northeast part of American. The environment there was very rough but they believed the poor land could purify their mind so they chose the place along the coast. From 1607 to 1892, frontiers were pushed further west. The Americ

28、an frontier consisted of the relatively unsettled regions of the United States, usually found in the western part of the country. The frontiersmen looked for a land of rich resources and a land of promise, opportunity and freedom. Actually they looked for a better life. So individualism, self-relian

29、ce, and equality of opportunity have perhaps been the values most closely associated with the frontier heritage(遺產(chǎn)) of American.3. What do you think of individualism, which is popular with Americans?Individualism, a doctrine holding that the interests of the individual should take precedence over th

30、e interests of the state or social group, holds that the individual is the primary unit of reality and the ultimate standard of value. This view does not deny that societies exist or that people benefit from living in them, but it sees society as a collection of individuals, not something over and above them. Individualists see people dealing primarily with reality; other people are just one aspect of reality. Collectivists see people dealing primarily with other people; reality is dealt with through the mediator of the group; the group, not the individual, is what directl