week4增詞法.ppt

1、Parts of speech in Chinese and English,漢語(yǔ)的詞類(十類), 實(shí)詞類有：名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞和量詞，虛詞類有：代詞、連詞、介詞、助詞、嘆詞等。 英語(yǔ)：實(shí)詞類包括名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞，虛詞類包括代詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞、感嘆詞。 漢英中名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、介詞、連詞基本對(duì)應(yīng)。,（1）英語(yǔ)的冠詞漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有直接對(duì)應(yīng)。 （2）漢語(yǔ)的助詞是個(gè)特殊的詞類，它包括結(jié)構(gòu)助詞、時(shí)態(tài)助詞、語(yǔ)氣助詞等，英語(yǔ)無(wú)助詞，但其動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與體式，句式的陳述與疑問(wèn)，詞語(yǔ)之間的修飾關(guān)系都分別與漢語(yǔ)的助詞的功能相對(duì)應(yīng)。 （3）英語(yǔ)的副詞較復(fù)雜，只有一小部分能與漢語(yǔ)的副詞相當(dāng)。

2、漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有英語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代（副）詞，但關(guān)系詞在詞義上相當(dāng)于名詞，所以漢語(yǔ)的名詞、代詞有時(shí)譯成英語(yǔ)的關(guān)系詞。副詞在漢語(yǔ)中數(shù)量相對(duì)較少。英語(yǔ)中很大一部分副詞由形容詞派生而來(lái)，數(shù)量眾多。 （4）漢語(yǔ)方位名詞（東方、西方）在語(yǔ)義上等與英語(yǔ)的介詞,從詞類使用頻率分析: 漢語(yǔ)多用動(dòng)詞，英語(yǔ)多用名詞。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的使用要受限制，一句話只要一個(gè)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)，而漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞無(wú)此限制。 英語(yǔ)中代詞、介詞、連詞的使用頻率比漢語(yǔ)高。（形合和意合） 英語(yǔ)數(shù)詞的使用不如漢語(yǔ)多，因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)的成語(yǔ)及縮略語(yǔ)依靠數(shù)詞（詞素）構(gòu)成。,Translation methods for words,增詞法(amplification),意義上的需要,增

3、加動(dòng)詞 In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 晚上在參加宴會(huì)、出席音樂(lè)會(huì)、觀看乒乓球表演之后，他還得起草最后公報(bào),Good performance demands students of great efforts 學(xué)生要取得好成績(jī)，必須作出巨大的努力 They had been through it all at his side-the bruising

4、battles, the humiliations of the defeat, 他們始終站在他的一邊，經(jīng)歷過(guò)殘酷的廝殺，忍受過(guò)辛酸的失敗,Testing is a complicated problem，so be careful. 進(jìn)行測(cè)試是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題，因此，得格外仔細(xì)。,There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of mans hands and will master them in the end. 仍然具有這種信念，普通的

5、人要比自然的力量或人類造出的機(jī)器更偉大，而且最終會(huì)控制它們。,增加形容詞副詞,With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism! 中國(guó)人民正以多么高的熱情建設(shè)社會(huì)主義啊 In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractors together. 在那時(shí)的電影里，總是老一套：男女拖拉機(jī)手始

6、而相遇，繼而相愛(ài)，終而并肩開(kāi)拖拉機(jī)了。,增加名詞,Day after day he came to his work-sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天來(lái)干活掃地，擦地板，收拾房間 First you borrow, then you beg. 頭一遭借錢，下一遭就討飯 A new kind of aircraft small, cheap, pilotless-is attracting increasing attention. 一種新型飛機(jī)正越來(lái)越引起人們的注意這種飛機(jī)體積不大，價(jià)格便宜， 無(wú)人駕駛。,增加名詞,In the summer of 1969

7、, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. 1969年夏天，政府公開(kāi)主張緩和同中國(guó)的緊張關(guān)系 After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco. 一切準(zhǔn)備工作就緒后，飛機(jī)就飛越美國(guó)去舊金山 Persuasion, backwardness, arrogance，自滿情緒,antagonism 敵對(duì)態(tài)度，madness瘋狂行為 Transmission 傳輸方式，fissio

8、n 裂變現(xiàn)象 Floatation applies to iron as well as to wood. 浮力作用既適用于木頭，也適用于鋼鐵 Saturation occurs when the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in the solvent. 當(dāng)最大量的溶質(zhì)溶解在溶液中時(shí)，就發(fā)生飽和現(xiàn)象,Her failure resulted from her jealousy. 她的失敗是由她的嫉妒心理造成的。 We were all deeply moved by his braverity 我們都被他的英雄氣概所打動(dòng) His modesty

9、 wins him support from others 他的謙虛態(tài)度贏得了別人的支持 The house is filled with tense. 房間里充滿了緊張氣氛,The computations are so complicated that it would take one electronic computer several hours to work them out. 這個(gè)計(jì)算過(guò)程如此復(fù)雜，就是用計(jì)算機(jī)也得花上幾個(gè)小時(shí)才能算完。 Even countries with large populations like Britain and the United Stat

10、es are seriously considering imitating the Swedish. 甚至連人口眾多的美國(guó)和英國(guó)之類的國(guó)家也在認(rèn)真考慮仿效瑞典的這種做法。,When you turn a switch, you can easily operate lighting，heating or power-driven electrical devices. 旋動(dòng)開(kāi)關(guān)，就能輕而易舉地啟動(dòng)照明裝置、供熱裝置和電動(dòng)裝置。,增加名詞,He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son g

11、uilty. 他讓法官的職責(zé)戰(zhàn)勝了父子的私情，而判決他兒子有罪。 The high-altitude was and still is a remarkable bird. 該高空飛機(jī)過(guò)去是現(xiàn)在仍然是一種了不起的飛機(jī)。,增加數(shù)詞量詞,The lion is the king of animals 獅是百獸之王 The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men 連大地都震動(dòng)了，仿佛萬(wàn)馬奔騰，千夫怒吼。 A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.,增加數(shù)詞量

12、詞,A bike, a dream, a tractor, a bad dream Have a quarrel/a rest, make a stop A simple beam is a beam freely supported at the ends 簡(jiǎn)支梁是兩端自由支架的梁 Pictures taken from the spaces show the changes that both natural and human forces have brought about on the earths surface. 在太空拍攝的照片展示出大自然和人類的力量使地球表面發(fā)生的種種變化

13、。,Air is a mixture of gases. 空氣是多種氣體的混合物 Of visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength. 在各種可見(jiàn)光中，紅光的波長(zhǎng)最長(zhǎng)，紫光的波長(zhǎng)最短 There is enough coal to meet the worlds needs for centuries to come 未來(lái)幾個(gè)世紀(jì),增加概括詞,The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of

14、messages. 美日雙方在完全保密的情況下互相交換了信件。 They talked about inflation, unemployment, and environment.,增加概括詞助詞,The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites, and rockets. 論文總結(jié)了計(jì)算機(jī)、人造衛(wèi)星、火箭三方面的成就。 “方面”、“方式”、“問(wèn)題”、“情況”之類的范疇詞，在漢語(yǔ)可以使句子流暢。漢譯英時(shí)，可以不譯 Dont take it seriousl

15、y. Im just making fun of you 不要認(rèn)真嘛！我只不過(guò)開(kāi)開(kāi)玩笑罷了,句法上的需要,Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man. We dont retreat, we never have and never will. The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress. 仆人們?cè)敢夥趟?，就象他們?cè)敢夥趟麄兊呐魅艘粯印?The doctor will get more prac

16、tice out of him than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients. 醫(yī)生從他身上得到的實(shí)踐比從1700個(gè)普通病人身上得到的實(shí)踐還多,Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 從別人的失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)比從自己的失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)更好。 He could understand a passive opposition from Kennedy loyalists, but an open one would have dire consequences. 他了解到忠于肯尼

17、迪的那些人在消極反對(duì)他，但是如果他們公開(kāi)反對(duì)，那就會(huì)產(chǎn)生可怕的后果。,At the time of Kennedys assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster. Any leak, even at this late date, could have tremendous international repercussions 只要消息稍有泄漏，即使時(shí)至今日，也會(huì)在國(guó)際上引起巨大反響,替換與重復(fù)Substitutive vs reitera

18、tive,Never use the same word twice unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity. Substitution Omission Variation reference An electro tube is generally used for amplification, and vacuum tube is another name for this device. 電子管通常用來(lái)放大，而 真空管則是電子管的另一名稱。,substitution,She bought a

19、cotton dress and a silk one. The guard inside the prison had no guns. But those in the towers did It may snow. If so/not, we will cancel the plan.,重復(fù)（名詞）,They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy. 他們開(kāi)始研究敵情，分析敵情。 John is your friend as much as he is mine. 約翰既是你的朋友，又是我的朋友。,He was to w

20、ash and paint tables 他的工作是洗桌子和漆桌子 Ideas of stagnation, pessimism, inertia and complacency are all wrong. 停止的論點(diǎn)，悲觀的論點(diǎn)，無(wú)所作為和驕傲自滿的論點(diǎn)，都是錯(cuò)誤的 Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity. 水可由能量來(lái)分解，所謂能量也就是電流。,重復(fù)（動(dòng)詞）,The little apprentice in particular lived in terror of the boss, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left. 小學(xué)徒對(duì)老板尤其怕得要死， 老板經(jīng)常整他而且整得很重，簡(jiǎn)直把他整癟了。,重復(fù),They covered the 19th centur