專業(yè)英語復習要點土木工程專業(yè)英語

1、土木工程專業(yè)英語,Special English for Civil Engineering,土木工程專業(yè)英語,Lesson 1 Civil Engineering,土木工程,土木工程專業(yè)英語,試題結構形式,1. Translate the words and phrases into Chinese,20,2. Translate the words and phrases into English,20,3. Translate the paragraphs into Chinese,25,4. Translate the paragraphs into English,15,5. Wri

2、te a short paragraph,20,評分要點,1,詞匯：拼寫正確、符合專業(yè)性要求,7,2,句子：語法正確、結構符合專業(yè)英語特點,7,3,段落：整體意義描述合理得體,6,土木工程專業(yè)英語,Structural engineering,結構工程,Water resources engineering,水資源工程,Geotechnical engineering,巖土工程,Environmental engineering,環(huán)境工程,Transportation engineering,運輸工程,Pipeline engineering,管道工程,Construction enginee

3、ring,建筑工程,Community and urban planning,社區(qū)和城市規(guī)劃,Photogrametry,surveying,and mapping,攝影測量、勘測和制圖,Engineering management,工程管理,Engineering teaching,工程教學,Organization of this text,土木工程專業(yè)英語,Civil,engineering,the,oldest,of,the,engineering,specialties,is,the,planning,design,construction,and,management,of,the

4、,built,environment,This,environment,includes,all,structures,built,according,to,scientific,principles,from,irrigation,and,drainage,systems,to,rocket,launching,facilities,Civil engineering and civil engineers,土木工程，最老的工程專業(yè)，是建筑環(huán)境的規(guī)劃、設計、施工和管,理。這個環(huán)境包括從灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設施的所有根據(jù)科學原,理建造的結構物,Civil,engineers,build,r

5、oads,bridges,tunnels,dams,harbors,power,plants,water,and,sewage,systems,hospitals,schools,mass,transit,and,other,public,facilities,essential,to,modern,society,and,large,population,concentrations,土木工程師修建道路、橋梁、隧道、大壩、港口、發(fā)電站、水系統(tǒng)和,污水系統(tǒng)，醫(yī)院、學校、公共交通系統(tǒng)，以及現(xiàn)代化社會和大量人口集,中的地方所必需的其他公共設施,土木工程專業(yè)英語,They also build pr

6、ivately owned facilities such as,airports,railroads,pipelines,skyscrapers,and other large structures designed for industrial,commercial, or residential use,他們也修建私人擁有的設施，如機場、鐵路、管線、高樓大廈，和為工,業(yè)、商業(yè)、民用設計的其他大型建筑,Because it is so broad,civil engineering is,subdivided,into a number of,technical specialties,因

7、為土木工程的范圍太廣，所以它被細分為許多技術專業(yè),Geotechnical specialists perform,soil experiments,to determine if the,earth can bear the weight of the project,巖土工程專家要做,土工試驗,以確定該土是否能承受這項工程的重量,Civil engineering and civil engineers,土木工程專業(yè)英語,Environmental,specialists,study,the,project,s,impact,on,the,local,area,the,potential,

8、for,air,and,groundwater,pollution,the,project,s,impact,on,local,animal,and,plant,life,and,how,the,project,can,be,designed,to,meet,government,requirements,aimed,at,protecting,the,environment,環(huán)境專家要研究工程對當?shù)貐^(qū)域的影響：潛在的空氣污染和,地下水,污,染，工程對當?shù)貏又参锏挠绊懀约肮こ淘鯓釉O計才能滿足政府對保護環(huán),境的要求,Environmental Engineering,環(huán)境工程,土木工程專業(yè)英語

9、,Using computers,structural engineers determine the forces a structure,must resist,its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes,that expand or contract construction materials,and earthquakes,結構工程師用計算機確定結構必須抵抗的力：自重、風力、引起建筑材,料膨脹或收縮的溫度變化以及地震力,They also determine the combination of app

10、ropriate materials,steel,concrete,plastic,stone,asphalt,brick,aluminum,or other,construction,materials,他們還確定適當?shù)牟牧辖M合：鋼材,混凝土,塑料、石料,瀝青,磚,鋁,或其他的,建筑材料,Structural engineering,結構工程,土木工程專業(yè)英語,They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation,facilities, highways and streets, mass trans

11、it systems,railroads,and airfields,ports and,harbors,他們專門研究設計和維修所有類型的運輸設施，公路和街道，公共交通,系統(tǒng),鐵路,和機場，港口及,海港,Bridge is a structure that spans obstacles, such as rivers and valleys, to,provide a roadway for traffic,橋梁是跨越障礙（比如河流和峽谷）的結構物，從而為通行提供道路,Transportation engineering,運輸工程,土木工程專業(yè)英語,The,purpose of a buil

12、ding,is to provide a,shelter,for the performance of,human activities,一座建筑物的作用,是為人類活動的進行提供一個,躲避處,This art includes,in addition to buildings,all the civil engineering,structures such as,dams,canals,tunnels,aqueducts,and,bridges,除了建筑物，這藝術還包括所有的土木工程結構物，比如,大壩,運河,隧道,溝渠,和,橋梁,Architecture,is the art of buil

13、ding,建筑學,是建筑的藝術,Conversely,a bad plan results in,inconvenience,waste,and visual,confusion,相反，壞的設計方案所產(chǎn)生的結果是,不方便,浪費和視覺上的混亂,Building and Architecture,建筑物和建筑學,土木工程專業(yè)英語,This text mainly introduced the relationship between the,form of building and the environment, the aspect of architeture,and the relatio

14、nship between building and architeture. It also,introduced some building materials, such as wood, steel, stone,這篇文章主要介紹了建筑物的形式和環(huán)境的關系，建筑學的,有關概念，建筑物和建筑學的關系。這篇文章還介紹了一些建筑,材料，比如木材、鋼材和石料,要求：掌握短句的翻譯技巧,Brief Summary,土木工程專業(yè)英語,Materials and structural forms,are combined to make up the various,parts of a build

15、ing, including the,load-carrying,frame, skin, floors, and,partitions,材料和結構形式,被組合在一起形成了建筑物的不同部分。包括,承重的,框,架、外墻、樓板層、以及隔墻,The,superstructure,is that part of a building above ground, and the,substructure,and foundation, is that part of a building below ground,上部結構是建筑物在地面上的部分,而下部結構以及基礎是建筑物的地,下部分,The,skysc

16、raper,owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century,steel skeleton construction,and the,passenger elevator,摩天大樓,的出現(xiàn)得益于,19,世紀的兩大發(fā)展,鋼骨架建筑,和,載人電梯,鋼結構,steel structure/ steel construction,Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923) introduce,steel construction,in France,Gustave Eiffel,將鋼結構引入法國,Components of

17、A Building,建筑物的組成部分,土木工程專業(yè)英語,Until the late 19th century, the,exterior walls,of a building were used as,bearing walls,to support the floors,直到,19,世紀晚期，建筑物,外墻,被用作支承樓板的,承重墻,Skeleton construction,consisting of,steel beams,and,columns,was first,used in 1889,框架建筑，由,鋼梁和柱,組成，最早運用于,1889,年,The wall elements,

18、 which are used to cover the structure and are,supported by it, are built of a variety of materials,brick, precast concrete,stone, opaque glass, plastics, steel, and aluminum,實墻用于結構的維護以及承重，可以用各種各樣的材料,磚，預制混,凝土，石頭,不透明物玻璃，塑料，鋼和鋁,Wood is used mainly in house construction; it is not generally used for,co

19、mmercial, industrial, or public buildings because of the,fire hazard,木材主要用于住宅類建筑，商業(yè)、工業(yè)或其它公共建筑，考慮到,火災,的危險性不常使用,Load-Carrying Frame,承重框架,土木工程專業(yè)英語,All buildings are supported on the ground; and therefore the nature of,the soil becomes an extremely important consideration in the design of any,building,所

20、有的建筑物都支撐在地面上，因此，土體的性質成為任何建筑設計中,極為重要的考慮因素,The design of a foundation depends on many soil factors, such as,type of,soil,soil stratification,thickness of soil layers,and their,compaction,and,groundwater conditions,基礎的設計取決于許多土體因素，比如土體類型、土體分層、土層厚度,以及它們的密實性和地下水條件,Soils rarely have a single composition; t

21、hey generally are mixtures in,layers of varying thickness,土體很少有一個單一的成分。它們通常是不同厚度土層的混合物,Soils and Foundations,土體和基礎,土木工程專業(yè)英語,Although there have been many advancements in,building construction,technology,in general,spectacular,achievements have been made in the,design and construction of,ultrahigh-ri

22、se buildings,總的來說,建筑施工技術,已經(jīng)有了許多進步，但是在,超高層建筑,的設計,和施工中也取得了,驚人的,成就,The early development of high-rise buildings began with,structural steel,framing,高層建筑的早期發(fā)展始于,鋼結構框架,Reinforced concrete,and,stressed-skin tube systems,have since been,economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both

23、,residential and commercial purposes,從那以后,鋼筋混凝土,和,薄殼筒體體系,就被競相經(jīng)濟地用在了許多民用,和商用結構中,Tall Buildings,高層建筑,土木工程專業(yè)英語,Environmental engineering is a branch of engineering that is concerned,with pollution by the structures, machines, systems, and processes that are,involved in human activities,環(huán)境工程是和結構、機械、系統(tǒng)，以

24、及涉及到人類活動的過程所產(chǎn)生的污,染有關的一個工程學的分支,It is prudent to select the purest water available for drinking purposes,This can be underground water, springs, or upland lakes. It then becomes,imperative to protect that source,要謹慎選擇可利用水中最純凈的水作為飲用用途。這可能是地下水、泉水,或高地的湖泊。因此，保護這些水源就變得很迫切了,Prevention of chemical contaminat

25、ion of,groundwaters,is extremely,important, as is the judicious control of the use of the banks of a surface water,防止,地下水,受到化學污染非常重要，就像明智地控制河岸地表水的使用一,樣,Lakes can be used for recreation as well as for a water source; however,such mixed use requires good planning,湖泊可以被用作娛樂，也可作為水源，但是，這種混和利用需要有好的規(guī),劃,Env

26、ironmental engineering,環(huán)境工程,土木工程專業(yè)英語,16,Dam,A dam therefore is the central structure in a multipurpose scheme,aiming at the conservation of water resources,因此，針對水資源保護問題，一個水壩在多目標方案中是中心結構,The decision as to which type of dam be build depends largely on the,foundation conditions in the valley and the c

27、onstruction materials available,至于決定修建那種類型的水壩很大程度上取決于流域的地基條件和可,獲得的建筑材料,Basically,the choice of materials now lies between concrete,soils,and rockfill,基本上，現(xiàn)在材料的選擇就在混凝土、土和填石當中,Most modern dams continue to be of two basic types,masonry,concrete) and embankment (earthfill,大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代水壩一直用的兩種基本類型：砌石壩（混凝土）和堤壩,填

28、土,土木工程專業(yè)英語,17,Site investigation,and testing,現(xiàn)場調查和測試,In this method,a complicated structure is divided into a number of,separate,equilibrium,conditions,and strains are rendered compatible,thus leading to a complete analysis of,stress and strain,distribution,throughout the structure,在這種方法中，一個復雜的結構被分成

29、了許多相互獨立的平衡條件,并產(chǎn)生協(xié)調的應變，這樣就得到了整個結構的應力應變分布的完整分析,Earth fill,is of course more economical,and often a suitable,borrow area can be found close to the site,Soil consists of solid particles,with water and air in between,當然，填土是經(jīng)濟的，而且通常在壩址附近能找到合適的取土的地,方。土由固體顆粒和水以及中間的空氣組成,The environmental impact of constructi

30、ng highways has received,increased attention and importance,修建公路對環(huán)境的影響已經(jīng)受到了越來越多的注意和重視,土木工程專業(yè)英語,18,This text introduced the definition, the components and types of dams,We can also learn some basic problems in dam design, such as site,investigation and testing, problems of materials and the earthquak

31、e problem,from this text,這篇文章介紹了水壩的定義，組成部分和類型。我們還可以從文章中,了解到水壩設計過程中的一些基本問題，比如現(xiàn)場調查和試驗，材料的問,題，以及地震的問題,Brief Summary,土木工程專業(yè)英語,19,Soil Mechanics,土力學,Soil mechanics,is concerned with,the use of the laws of mechanics and,hydraulics,in engineering problems related to soils,土力學是在與土壤有關的工程問題中涉及到力學和,水力學,原理運用的,一

32、門學科,Soil is a natural,aggregate,of mineral grains,with or without organic,constituents,formed by the chemical and mechanical,weathering,of rock,土壤是礦物粒的一種自然集合體，有的有有機成份，有的沒有，這是,通過巖石的化學和物理,風化作用,形成的,Gradually,the,investigation,of failures of,retaining walls,foundations,embankments,pavements,and other st

33、ructures resulted in,a body of,knowledge concerning the nature of soils and their behaviour sufficient to give,rise to soil mechanics as a branch of engineering science,漸漸地，對,擋土墻、基礎、堤壩、道路,和其他結構物破壞的調查得到了,大量的關于土壤性質和它們的性能的知識，這足夠使得土力學作為一門工程,科學的分支,土木工程專業(yè)英語,20,Engineering properties of soils,土壤的工程性能,The p

34、roperties of soils that determine their suitability for engineering,use include internal,friction,cohesion,compressibility,elasticity,permeability,and capillarity,決定土壤適合工程應用的性能包括內(nèi)摩擦力、內(nèi)聚力、壓縮性、彈性,滲透性和毛細管作用,friction,n,摩擦、摩擦力,compressibility,n,壓縮性,壓縮系數(shù)、壓縮率,Cohesive forces,are markedly affected by the am

35、ount of moisture,present,內(nèi)聚力,被存在的水分含量顯著的影響著,土木工程專業(yè)英語,21,Foundations,基礎,Structures or other,constructed works,are supported,on the earth,by,foundations,結構或其他,已完成的建設工程,是由基礎支撐,在地面上,The foundation for an,earth-fill dam,would be the natural soil or rock,on which,the dam is placed,填土大壩,的基礎是天然土壤或巖石，大壩就放于其上

36、,Concrete footings or,piles,and,pile caps,are often referred to as,foundations without including the soil or rock,on which or in which,they are,placed,混凝土底座或,樁,和,樁帽,通常被稱為基礎，不包括它們被放于其上或其,中的土壤或巖石,Foundations,that,are installed,may be either,soil-bearing,or,rock,bearing,設置的基礎可能是,土壤承重,也可能是,巖石承重,The reac

37、tions of the soil or rock to the,imposed loads,generally,determined,how,well the foundation system functions,土壤或巖石對,外加荷載,的反應通常決定了基礎體系功能有多好,土木工程專業(yè)英語,22,Foundations,In designing the,installed portions,the designer must determine the,safe,pressure,which,can be used on the soil or rock,and the amount of

38、,total settlement and,differential settlement,which,the structure can,withstand,在設計安裝部分的過程中，設計者必須確定被用于土壤或巖石上的安,全壓力和總的沉降量以及結構能,抵抗,的,不均勻沉降,The installed parts of the foundation system may be footings,mat,foundations,slab foundations,and,caissons,or piles,all of which,are,used to transfer load from a,s

39、uperstructure,into the earth,These parts,which transmit load from the superstructure to the earth,are called the,substructure,Fig,1,基礎體系的安裝部分可能是底座,筏基,平板基礎,沉箱基礎,或樁,基礎，所有的這些都是被用來轉移,上部結構,的荷載到地表上。這些傳遞,上部結構的荷載到地表上的部分被稱為,下部結構,要求詞匯,differential settlement,mat foundation,slab foundation,caisson,superstructu

40、re,substructure,土木工程專業(yè)英語,23,Footings or,spread foundations,are used to spread the loads from,columns,or walls to the,underlying soil,or rock,底座或,擴大基礎,被用來擴散從,柱,或墻傳來的荷載到,下臥層,或巖石,Normally,footings are constructed of,reinforced concrete,However,under some circumstances they may be constructed of,plain c

41、oncrete,or,masonry,通常，底座是用,鋼筋混凝土,修建的。然而，在某些條件下，它們可能,是用,素混凝土,或,磚石,建造,Mats founded several meters below the,ground surface,when,combined with external walls,are termed,floating foundations,被建在,地表,以下幾米的板，當和外墻連在一起時，就被稱為,浮筏基礎,Groundwater,is a major problem in connection with the design and,installation o

42、f foundations,where,a substructure is to be placed below the,groundwater level,下部結構將被放置到,地下水,位下的基礎中，地下水是與其設計和施工,有關的一個重要的問題,Footings,底座,土木工程專業(yè)英語,24,Building Materials,建筑材料,Materials for building must have certain physical properties,to be,structurally useful,建筑材料必須具有某些對結構有用的物理性能,Primarily, they must

43、be able to carry a load, or weight, without changing,shape permanently,首先，它們必須能在不永久變形的情況下承受荷載或重量,This material property is called,elasticity,這種特性就被稱為,彈性,All materials used in architectural structures, such as,stone and brick,wood, steel, aluminum, reinforced concrete,and plastics,behave elastically,

44、within a certain defined range of loading,在建筑結構中使用的所有材料，如,石頭和磚、木材、鋼材、鋁材、鋼筋,混凝土和塑料,等，在某個有限的荷載范圍內(nèi)均表現(xiàn)出彈性,If the loading is increased above the range, two types of behavior can,occur,brittle and plastic,In the former, the material will break suddenly,如果荷載增加到超過了這個范圍，那么可能表現(xiàn)出兩種特性,脆性和塑,性,在前者中，材料將突然破裂,土木工程專業(yè)

45、英語,25,Building Materials,The ultimate strength of a material is measured by the stress,at which,failure (fracture) occurs,材料的極限強度通過發(fā)生破壞（斷裂）時的應力來測量,A second important property of a building material is its,stiffness,建筑材料的第二個重要特性是它的,剛度,This property is defined by the,elastic modulus,which,is the ratio

46、 of the,stress(force per unit area), to the strain(deformation per unit length,這種特性由,彈性模量,來定義，彈性模量是應力（單位面積的力）與應變,單位長度的變形）的比值,The,ultimate compressive strength,of,bonded masonry,depends on the,strength of the masonry unit and the mortar,砌合的圬工材料,的,極限抗壓強度,取決于圬工單元和砂漿的強度,Timber,is one of the earliest construction materials and one of the few,natural materials with good tensile properties,木材,是最早的建筑材料之一，是為數(shù)不多的具有好的抗拉特性的天然材,料之一,Steel is an outstanding structural material,鋼