主從復(fù)句考點問答 0808.doc

1、大學(xué)英語四級考試決勝語法講座主從復(fù)句考點問答中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)（武漢）外語學(xué)院 許峰主從復(fù)句是由兩個或更多的處于從屬關(guān)系的分句組成的，其中一個是主要分句，另一（或幾）個是從屬分句。由于從屬分句需由連詞來聯(lián)接，因此，在考查主從復(fù)句時，往往涉及到連詞的選擇與應(yīng)用。根據(jù)從屬分句在句中的功能，主從復(fù)句可分為名詞性從句、形容詞性從句（即定語從句）和副詞性從句（即狀語從句）。對不同類型從句的判斷，以及相應(yīng)連詞的選用，歷來是大學(xué)英語學(xué)習(xí)和考試中的一個重點和難點，也是學(xué)生容易出錯項目。問：that和what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的有何區(qū)別？答：that和what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別主要在：連詞that在名詞性從句中只起連接

2、作用，而不充當(dāng)句子成分，本身無詞義。而連接代詞what不但起連接作用，還可在從句中充當(dāng)句子主語、賓語、表語等。如：That copper is widely used in electrical wires to transmit electricity is well known. 銅廣泛地被使用在電線中進(jìn)行導(dǎo)電是眾所周知的。 What the press reported was not the way the event happened. 報到所報道的并不是事情發(fā)生的真實情況。問：作“是否”解時，whether和if的用法有何異同？答：if和whether都可以表示“是否”。當(dāng)引導(dǎo)賓語

3、從句，用if或whether都可。如：I dont know if（或whether）he is satisfied with my work. 我不知道他對我的工作是否滿意。但是，當(dāng)引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句時，需用whether，不可用if。如：Whether he will come is still a question. 他是否來還是個問題。（主語從句）What we want to know is whether he can finish the work in time. 我們想知道的是他能否及時完成這工作。（表語從句）They asked him the questi

4、on whether an electric current can be produced by magnetism. 他們問了他關(guān)于電流能否由磁力產(chǎn)生的問題。（同位語從句）whether可用在不定式前，if不能。如：She wondered whether to wait for them or leave immediately. 她不知道是等他們還是馬上離開。whether可用在介詞后，if不能。如：I havent settled the question of whether Ill go back home. 我是否回家，還沒有定。當(dāng)提出兩種選擇時，要用“whetheror”或“

5、whetheror not”；而不用“ifor”或“ifor not”。如：Mr. Smith did not know whether he should make a new decision or not. 史密斯先生不知道他是否應(yīng)該做出新的決定。問：doubt和doubtful后連詞的選用是怎樣的？答：作動詞和名詞的doubt以及形容詞doubtful用于否定句或疑問句時，從句的引導(dǎo)詞只可用that。如：I dont doubt that he will succeed in doing the experiment. 我確信他做這次實驗會成功的。It is not doubtful

6、that he will succeed. 他會成功，這是確信無疑的。在肯定句中通常用whether或if。例如：I doubt whether he will come tomorrow. 我懷疑他明天會來。Im in doubt whether you are right. 我懷疑你未必正確。Im doubtful whether he has gone abroad. 他是不是已經(jīng)出國了，我還不能確信。問：定語從句與同位語從句的主要區(qū)別是什么？答：同位語從句多數(shù)由that引導(dǎo)，that只起連接作用，在從句中不作任何的語法成分。而定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that在句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語。如：He t

7、old us the news that he heard on broadcast.他告訴了我們他在廣播上聽到的消息。(定語從句) He told us the news that the Civil War was ended.他告訴我們內(nèi)戰(zhàn)結(jié)束的消息。(同位語從句)問：as和which作關(guān)系代詞時引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句用法有何異同？答：當(dāng)as, which作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句用以指代位居前面的主句的全部意義時，as和which可以互換使用。如：He said that he was invited, which/as was a lie. 他說他受到了邀請，那是個謊言。The

8、elephant is like a snake, as/which anybody can see. 任何人都能看得出，這頭大象像條蛇。但是which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句應(yīng)置于主句之后，間或也能置于句中；而as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句卻可位于主句之前、之中或之后。如：As is announced in todays papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays. (CET-4, 1997.1 ) 正如今天報紙所宣布的一樣，上海出口商品博覽會星期日也開放。須注意下列固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)系代詞as代表整個主句

9、，一般不能隨意變動為which。如：as is often the case 情況常常如此，as often happens 這情況常常發(fā)生，正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那，as has been said before 如上所述，as may be imagined 這可以想象得出來，as might be expected 這是可能預(yù)料到的，as is well known（這是）眾所周知的，as has been pointed out 正如已指出的那樣，as we all can see 正如我們大家都能看到的那樣，as will be shown in 將如所示，as we know 正如我們所知

10、道的那樣。如：As might be expected ,the response to the question was very mixed. (CET-4, 1996.6 ) 正如可以預(yù)料一樣，對于這個問題的回答非常含糊不清。The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, as is often the case in other countries. (CET-4, 1998.6 ) 英國人對不同的文化和不同的做事方法不太熟悉，在其他國家情況也常常如此。問：a

11、s作關(guān)系代詞時引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句用法是怎樣的？答：as引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句，一般出現(xiàn)在“such+名詞+as”結(jié)構(gòu)或“the same+名詞+as”結(jié)構(gòu)之中。as在從句中可以用作主語、賓語或表語。如：He returned to us later in the day with tobacco, matches, and such provisions as were needed. 那天晚些時候他回到我們這里來，帶著煙、火柴以及我們必需的給養(yǎng)。（as在從句中作主語）The instrument is not such as I saw on the exhibition. 這臺儀器不是我在展覽

12、會上看到的那種。（as在從句中作賓語，such用作代詞，充當(dāng)as的先行詞）。It was, of course, just the same with the official as it had been with the minister. 當(dāng)然，這位官員所遇到的情況和那位大臣所遇到的完全一樣。（as在從句中作表語，the same作代詞，作as的先行詞）問：but用作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句時的用法是怎樣的？答：but用作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句時，具有否定的含義，相當(dāng)于who not或that not。在這種情況下，主句中常含有否定詞或否定意義的詞。如：There is not a man

13、 but was moved to tears. 沒有一個人不被感動得流下眼淚來。There are few books but have a misprint or two. 很少有不存在一兩處印刷錯誤的書。問：英語中，“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況是怎樣的？答：不少學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)中對“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句感到比較困惑，尤其是究竟用什么介詞對他們來說有一定難度。同時，這也是考試的重點測試項目。事實上，由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句中的介詞的選用通常還是有規(guī)律可循的。1、定語從句中的短語動詞，所選介詞需與動詞搭配。如：The goals for which he had fough

14、t all his life no longer seemed important to him.(CET-4, 1990.1 ) 他過去一生為之奮斗的目標(biāo)在他看來似乎已不再重要。2、定語從句中的形容詞短語。所選介詞與形容詞構(gòu)成短語。如：The metals with which we are most familiar are steel and iron. 我們最熟悉的金屬是鋼和鐵。3、定語從句中的短語介詞。所選介詞是短語介詞的組成部分。如：Inertia is that property of matter because of which a force must be exerted

15、 on a body in order to accelerate it. 慣性是物質(zhì)的一種特性，由于這種特性，必須對一個物體施加一個力才能使物體加速前進(jìn)。4、在英語中，熟悉一些固定的介詞短語，即可正確選用介詞。如：in ones honor / in whose honor, in this (that) case / in which case, with ones help / with whose help 等等。如：We extended our warm welcome to the visiting delegation in whose honor a grand banque

16、t was given. 我們舉行盛大宴會熱烈歡迎代表團的來訪。5、一些表示“所屬”意義介詞of，其中of前常冠有“部分”含義的名詞代詞或數(shù)詞，如：one , a few , several , some , any , either , neither , none , half , the larger , the smallest 等。即構(gòu)成“名詞（代詞或數(shù)詞）of 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，of 的前與后是部分與整體的關(guān)系。如：Living in the western part of the country has its problems, of which obtaining fresh

17、water is not the least. (CET-4, 2000.6 ) 生活在那個國家的西部有許多自身問題，其中，獲得水源還不是個非常大的問題。Both players, neither of whom reached the final, played well. 兩名選手都打得很好，盡管誰都沒有取得決賽權(quán)。問：because, since, as, for引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句時用法上有何區(qū)別？答：四個詞均可表示“因為，由于”，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。because語氣最強，用以回答why,可表已知或未知的事實。它可與強調(diào)詞only，just以及否定詞not連用。如：He cant come

18、 to help us now because he is busy with some other work. 他現(xiàn)在不能來幫助我們，是因為他正忙于別的工作。as語氣較弱，較口語化，所表示的原因比較明顯，as引導(dǎo)的從句多置于主句之前。如：As everybody has come, we can set off. 既然大家都到了，我們可以動身了。for 則的是邏輯上的理由，即根據(jù)所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果來推斷造成這種結(jié)果的理由，這種理由起著補充說明的作用，通常放在第一個分句后。如：It must have rained last night for the ground is wet this morn

19、ing. 昨晚準(zhǔn)是下雨了，今天早上地面還是濕的。since表示對方已知曉，無須加以說明的原因或事實，語氣比because弱，一般可譯為“既然”，全句的重點落在主句上。如：Since no one is against it, well adopt the proposal. 既然沒有人反對，我們將采納這個建議。 問：在英語中，名詞具有連接詞的功能嗎？答：狀語從句通常是由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的。但是某些表示時間的名詞詞組也可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。起連詞作用引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的名詞詞組有：the+瞬間名詞(如：instant, moment, minute, second等), the+季節(jié)名詞(如：sprin

20、g, summer等), the+序數(shù)詞+time, the day/week/year等, each/every/any/time。如：You see the lightning the instant it happens, but you hear the thunder late. (CET-4, 1997.1 ) 閃電一發(fā)生你就看到閃光，但過一會兒你才聽到雷聲。 We hadnt met for 20 years, but I recognized her the moment I saw her. (CET-4, 2001.6 ) 我們已20年沒見面了，但當(dāng)我一見到她就能認(rèn)出她。T

21、he minute he saw me, he began to cry. 他一看見我就大哭起來。 Well leave the second youre ready. 你一準(zhǔn)備好我就走。 He helps me out every time I am in trouble. 每當(dāng)我遇到困難時，他總是幫助我擺脫困境。問：在英語中，副詞可用來連接狀語從句嗎？答：在英語中，時間狀語從句通常是由從屬連詞或某些表示時間的名詞詞組來引導(dǎo)；除此之外，三個副詞如immediately, directly, instantly也可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，此時，意為“一就”，相當(dāng)于as soon as。如：I got

22、 in touch with him immediately I received his letter. 我一收到他的信，就同他取得了聯(lián)系。Ill telephone you directly I hear the news. 我一聽到這個消息，我就會給您打電話。I recognized her instantly I saw her. 我一看到她就把她認(rèn)出來了。問：英語中in that可作連詞使用嗎？ 答：in that現(xiàn)在通常被看為一個復(fù)合從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。這種從句起解釋作用，對主句中所講的事特別加以說明或提供一定的例證，可譯為“因為”或“其理由就在于”。如：These two

23、 areas are similar in that they both have a high rainfall during this season. (CET-4, 1999.1 )這兩個地區(qū)很相似，因為在這個季節(jié)，兩地雨量十分豐沛。 Although many people view conflict as bad , conflict is sometimes useful in that it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes and behavior. (CET-4, 2000.1 ) 雖然一

24、些人認(rèn)為沖突是不好的，但它有時也有好處，因為它迫使人們?nèi)z驗他們的態(tài)度和行為的相關(guān)價值。此外，有些表示原因的短語亦可引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，如considering that，on the ground that，seeing that等。如：Seeing that it is ten oclock, we will not wait for Mary any long. 既然已經(jīng)十點多了，我們不再多等瑪麗了。I came to see you on the ground that Mr.Anderson said that you were interested in our project.我來

25、看你是因為安德森先生說你對我們的計劃感興趣。配套練習(xí)：一、請選擇正確答案1. I am pleased with what you have given me and you have told me.A) it B) all that C) which D) about whatever2. Generally I love reading, but I start to read this book Ill immediately fall sleep.A) at a time B) every time C) in time D) on time3. Just as the Americ

26、an eagle is being saved, we can save the primitive potato.A) so B) as C) thus D) like4. Reading is to the mind food is to the body.A) that B) which C) of which D) what5. There are 110 elements found on the earth, are metals.A) most of that B) most of whom C) which of most D) most of which6. , I must

27、 do another experiment.A) Be it ever so late B) It is ever so late C) It be ever so late D) So late it be ever7. His grandmother, he often sends money to, exists otherwise on a small pension.A) whom B) whose C) that D) which8. Hes a doctor, was his wife before she had children.A) for B) as C) which

28、D) like9. This is one of the rarest questions that at such a meeting.A) has ever been raised B) are raised C) have ever been raised D) is raised10. it is youve found, you must give it back to the person it belongs to.A) Whatever B) However C) That D) Because 11. , I will marry her all the same.A) Be

29、 she rich or poor B) Is she rich or poor C) Rich or poor she is D) Rich or poor she be12. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, obtaining water is not the least.A) of which B) what C) as D) whose13. It must have rained much of late, the river is so high.A) for B) as C) because D)

30、 since14. The thought suddenly came to me perhaps they had already got ahead of us.A) what B) which C) whose D) that15. In her writing, she often dealt with her own personality as it was, rather than .A) as others defined it B) it was defined by othersC) others definition D) its definition by others

31、16. Just as they are going to the concerts, we.A) as me B) so are C) the same are D) and so are17. Whatever the difficulties, we must go on with the experiment.A) were B) should be C) be D) could be18. The second material has exactly the same functions as the first .A) except for that it is three ti

32、mes as big B) except that it is three times as bigC) except it is three times as big D) except that it is as three times as big19. The metals which we are most familiar are aluminum, iron and copper.A) with B) about C) on D) in20. He was at a disadvantage he couldnt express his opinion clearly.A) wi

33、th that B) in that C) for that D) at that21. There is some doubt he will attend the meeting.A) that B) whether C) which D) what22. My success in business is the reason he dislikes me.A) when B) where C) which D) why23. We want such material can withstand high temperature and strong stress.A) that B)

34、 as C) which D) what24. No sooner had he arrived home he was asked to start on another journey.A) when B) then C) than D) until25. Help will come from the committee; but the aid will be near whats needed.A) everywhere B) somewhere C) nowhere D) anywhere26. Study the next lesson you will know more to

35、o.A) otherwise B) and C) but D) or else27. The policeman rushed to the spot the minute he of the traffic accident.A) have heard B) heard C) hears D) will hear28. I will go my expenses are paid.A) in case that B)in order that C)even if D)providing that29.Scarcely had the words been spoken he realized

36、 that he should have remained silent. A) than B)then C)when D)as soon as 30.The higher income tax is harmful it may discourage people from trying to earn more. A) at that B)but that C)except that D)in that 31. The examination was postponed, was exactly what we wanted.A) as B) that C) what D) which32

37、. Youre responsible to is in charge of the project. A) whichever B) whomever C) whoever D) however33. is known to all of us, a body at rest will not move unless it is acted upon by a force.A) It B) That C) As D) Which34. The only thing really matters to the children is how soon they can return to th

38、eir aunt and uncles farm.A) which B) what C) that D) this答案及解析：1. B。從本題結(jié)構(gòu)上看，and后缺的應(yīng)是with的賓語，而能充當(dāng)該賓語又符合題意的只有all一詞，that引出的句子是修飾all的定語從句，故B項為正確答案。A項it不能用作定語從句的先行詞，也應(yīng)排除。C項which連接名詞從句時作“哪一個”解，不符題意。D項顯然錯誤。2. B。在英語中除了連接詞可以連接狀語從句外，部分名詞，如the day，the moment，the minute，the whole time，each time，every time等都可直接引

39、導(dǎo)一個狀語從句。其作用像是一個連接詞。A項at a time意為“一次”，C項in time意為“及時”，D項on time意為“準(zhǔn)時”，都只做狀語，而不能引導(dǎo)一個狀語。只有B項才能引導(dǎo)一個狀語從句，符合題意要求。3. A?！埃╦ust）as+從句，so+主句”結(jié)構(gòu)，是英語中一種常見的比喻結(jié)構(gòu)。As作為連接詞，意為“正如”，連接一個帶有比喻意義的狀語從句，so連接的是主句。這種結(jié)構(gòu)可譯為“正如，也可以”，“正如，于是也”。B、C、D三項不符合上述結(jié)構(gòu)要求。4. D。“A is to what C is to D”是一種比喻結(jié)構(gòu)。What作為連詞相當(dāng)于as，意為“恰似”，“猶如”，what前為主

40、句，后連接一個比較狀語從句。A、B、C三項均不合結(jié)構(gòu)的要求。5. D。在非限定性定語從句中，of可放在whom和which之前，以及下列單詞或短語之后表示數(shù)和量，如a few，several，some，many，either，much，most，none，neither等。例如：Both players, neither of whom reached the final, played well.（兩名運動員都未進(jìn)入決賽，但都表現(xiàn)得很好。）以上分析，可先排除A、C，因為that不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，C項位置排序錯誤；又因本題中心詞elements是表示物而非人，故又排除B項。6. A。本

41、題考查讓步狀語從句。本題中be用于讓步狀語從句中，采用部分倒裝。它是由Though it（may）be ever so late這一句子省略though再將be移至主語it之前而來。此處ever so=very。7. A。在引導(dǎo)定語從句時，代表人的關(guān)系代詞如果作動詞或介詞的賓語時，要采用whom，在本題中，A項whom作to的賓語。8. B。在英語中as作為連詞使用時，其后可接“be或do（或其他助動詞）+主語”，表示“也”的含義。A、C、D三項均不具備此種語法作用。9. C。that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾questions，定語從句中的謂語動詞須用復(fù)數(shù)；在結(jié)構(gòu)“This（That/It）is+形

42、容詞最高級+名詞+定語從句”中，從句謂語通常用完成時態(tài)。綜上所述，C項為本題正確答案。10. A。whatever=no matter what，意為“不論什么”，在本題中，它既作it is的表語，又作have found的賓語，還引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；其他幾項不具備如此多種功能。11 A。Be she rich or poor是由虛擬讓步狀語從句whether she be rich or poor去掉whether再將be移到句首構(gòu)成。以whetheror引導(dǎo)的虛擬讓步狀語從句，若將whether去掉，則須倒裝，語序為：be+主語+表語。12. A?？杖碧幒竺媸菍roblems的補充說明，中

43、間有逗號隔開，很明顯是一非限制性定語從句，關(guān)系詞須用which；what，as和whose均不可以；which代替先行詞problems，of which在從句中作范圍狀語，表達(dá)“在這些問題中”的意思。13. A。for，as，because和since這四個連詞都可作“因為”解，但用法上有區(qū)別。For是并列連詞，as，because和since是從屬連詞，具體用法區(qū)別如下：because語氣最強，常用來回答why的問題，指道德上或自然的原因，一般位于主句后；for指的是邏輯上的理由，即根據(jù)所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果來推斷造成這種結(jié)果的理由，起補充說明作用，一般放在第一分句后；since比as要正式一些，它

44、們的語氣都要比because弱，一般位于主句前。本題中of late等于recently。14. D。that在此引導(dǎo)同位語從句，對thought作進(jìn)一步的解釋或說明。同位語從句通常用在thought，fact，news，idea，question，problem，evidence，proof，fear，doubt等名詞之后。what，which，whose起連接作用時是關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系形容詞，在引出的從句中起某種句子成分作用；而本題空缺后面是一個結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子形式，不可能用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系形容詞。故D項為正確答案。15. A。連詞rather than連接與as it was相平行的結(jié)構(gòu)，依據(jù)平

45、行兩部分間要成分、結(jié)構(gòu)相同，故A項為正確答案。16. B。asso作“正像一樣，也”解，這里的連詞as和so用來連接兩個概念，指出程度上或關(guān)系上相似的地方。As引出的是方式狀語從句，為了加強語氣，還可以在as之前加just（此處just as屬于此情況），so引出的是主句，主句有時可以部分倒裝。A、C項可首先排除。D項雖主謂倒裝，但其前多了and，若要保留and，前半部分必須是完整的簡單句，不能是從句。如：Tom speaks English，and so does his brother.（湯姆會講英語，他哥哥也會。）若要選D，應(yīng)去掉Just as。故B項為正確答案。17. C。在以what

46、ever，whoever，no matter what等引導(dǎo)的虛擬讓步從句中，謂語多用may+動詞原形，may也可省略，只用動詞原形。18. B。except后的賓語從句須用that引導(dǎo)。A項中except for后不能接從句，只能接短語；C項中的賓語從句沒有that引導(dǎo)；D項中雖有that，但其后的用法有誤，“倍數(shù)+as+副詞（形容詞）+as”句型是表達(dá)倍數(shù)的一種常見的方式，故A、C、D三項都可排除；B項中except that it is three times as big是except that it is three times as big as the first materia

47、l的省略形式。19. A。引出定語從句的關(guān)系代詞，由于意義或結(jié)構(gòu)上（動詞與介詞及形容詞與介詞搭配）需要，有時在其前面帶上一個介詞，構(gòu)成介詞短語在從句中作狀語、定語等。此項內(nèi)容涉及到介詞的基本用法、形容詞與介詞的搭配、動詞與介詞搭配等基礎(chǔ)知識。例如：The world in which we live is in constant motion.（我們生活的世界是在不斷地運動的。）本題中be familiar with為固定搭配，B、C、D三項都不能與familiar構(gòu)成搭配。20. B。根據(jù)句意需要，空白處應(yīng)填一連接詞。in that為一復(fù)合連接詞，其作用相當(dāng)于because。類似的復(fù)合連詞還

48、有except that，but that等，顯然A、C、D三項均應(yīng)排除。21. B。當(dāng)doubt用在肯定結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般用whether（或if）引導(dǎo)從句；若用于否定或疑問結(jié)構(gòu)時，后面的從句常用that引導(dǎo)。例如：There can be little doubt that he will help me out.（他將幫我擺脫困境，那沒什么問題。）/Can you doubt that I will pass the exam?（你不相信我會通過考試？）22. D。若定語從句中的先詞是reason，通常應(yīng)采用疑問副詞why來引導(dǎo)定語從句。23. B。能和such構(gòu)成搭配的只有as和that，可先排除C、D項。根據(jù)句意，空白處應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞，引出定語從句。當(dāng)主句中有such時，that也可引出從句，但此時that是連接詞而不是關(guān)系代詞，它引出的是表示結(jié)果的狀語從句。例如：He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.（他給我們講了一個如此有趣的故事以致我們都笑了起來。）在本題中，as作為關(guān)系代詞，引出定語從句，在從句中作主語，故B項是正確答案。24. C。No soo